This is a reproduction of a library book that was digitized by Google as part of an ongoing effort to preserve the information in books and make it universally accessible. https://books.google.com MIGRATIONS IN BALKAN HISTORY Serbian Academy of Sciences and • Department of History, University of Arts, Institute for Balkan Studies, California, Santa Barbara Belgrade (special editions No 39) Prosveta, Export-Import Agency, Belgrade Editors in chief: • Nikola Tasid, corresponding member, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts • DuSica StoSid, director Prosveta, Export-Import Agency Editorial board: • Radovan Samard2id, full member, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts • Dimitrije Dordevic, full member Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts • Ivan Ninid publishing manager Prosveta, Export-Import Agency Secretary: • Dr. Milan St. Protid, fellow Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Institute for Balkan Studies The publication was financially supported by the "Republidka Zajednica nauke Srbije" MIGRATIONS IN BALKAN HISTORY BELGRADE 1989 £33/ И*1 CIP - Каталогизација у публикацији Народна библиотека Србије, Београд 325.1 (497) (082) MIGRATIONS in Balkan History / [urednik Ivan Ninic]. - Beograd: Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti, 1989. - 171 стр. : 24 cm ПК: a. Миграције - Балканско полуострво - Зборници ISBN 86-7179-006-1 ■1130 Ml CONTENTS Radovan Samardzic Dimitrije Djordjevid PREFACE 7 Mark R. Stefanovich ETHNICITY AND MIGRATION IN PREHISTORY 9 Nikola Tasic PREHISTORIC MIGRATION MOVEMENTS IN THE BALKANS 29 Robert Frakes THE IMPACT OF THE HUNS IN THE BALKANS IN LATE ANTIQUE HISTORIOGRAPHY 39 Henrik Birnbaum WAS THERE A SLAVIC LANDTAKING OF THE BALKANS AND, IF SO, ALONG WHAT ROUTES DID IT PROCEED? 47 Dragoljub Dragojlovid MIGRATIONS OF THE SERBS IN THE MIDDLE AGES 61 BariSa Krekic DUBROVNIK AS A POLE OF ATTRACTION AND A POINT OF TRANSITION FOR THE HINTERLAND POPULATION IN THE LATE MIDDLE AGES 67 Dragan R. Zivojinovid WARS, POPULATION MIGRATIONS AND RELIGIOUS PROSELYTISM IN DALMATIA DURING THE SECOND HALF OF THE XVIIth CENTURY 77 Radovan Samardzic MIGRATIONS IN SERBIAN HISTORY .... 83 Milan St. Protic MIGRATIONS RESULTING FROM PEASANT UPHEAVALS IN SERBIA DURING THE XlXth CENTURY 91 Linda L. Nelson THE BULGARIAN INTELLECTUAL EMIGRATION IN RUMANIA DURING THE VUZRAZHDANE 97 Frank J. Frost FALLMERAYER REVISITED 109 Dimitrije Djordjevid MIGRATIONS DURING THE 1912-1913 BALKAN WARS AND WORLD WAR ONE 115 Veselin Djuretid THE EXODUS OF THE SERBS FROM KOSOVO IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY AND ITS POLITICAL BACKGROUND .... 131 Dragoslav Antonijevid CATTLEBREEDERS' MIGRATIONS IN THE BALKANS THROUGH CENTURIES 147 Djurica Krstic MIGRATIONS AND CUSTOMARY LAW IN THE BALKANS 157 Elsie Ivancich Dunin MIGRATIONS AND CULTURAL IDENTITY EXPRESSED THROUGH DANCE: A STUDY OF DANCE AMONG SOUTH SLAVS IN CALIFORNIA 161 PREFACE On April 10-12, 1988, a conference was held at the University of California in Santa Barbara on Population Magrations in the Balkans From Pre-History to Recent Times. The conference was the result of an agreement for collaboration reached in 1986 between the History Department of the University of California in Santa Barbara and the Institute for Balkan Studies of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. The purpose of the meeting was to present and discuss the results obtained in different disciplines concerning Balkan migrations (in history, anthropology, ethnography, linguistics) and to study their interaction. The topic was chosen due to the importance of migrations which stamped the history of the Balkan peoples. For centuries the Balkans were the transit area and the crossroads of European civilizations. Ancient Greece, the Roman nad Byzantine empires, the settlement of the Slavs, their medieval states as well as centuries of Ottoman rule left a deep impact on the ethnic, political and cultural composition of the Peninsula. The Eastern Question and the rivalry of the European powers to participate in the Ottoman heritage introduced the Balkans into modern European history, parallel to the birth of domestic, national Balkan States in the nineteenth century. The conflict between modernization and traditionalism created a fascinating symbiosis in the development of Balkan national societies and cultures. Nationalism created confrontations between Balkan States which played an important role in the outbreak of World War I. Population migrations were among the decisive factors which contri buted to the dynamism of Balkan history. The succession of the Illyrians and Thracians and the Celtic tribes changed the ethnic composition of the Balkans. The Roman invasion of Dacia created the Rumanian nation. The Slavic intrusion in the Balkans introduced the Yugoslavs and Bulgarians to the historical stage. The split of the Churches further divided the population and religious heresies stimulated ethnic movements. Throughout the middle ages the mountaineer, the cattle breeder, followed his herds and contributed to the population mixture. The Ottoman invasion caused a massive migration of population from South to North, towards the Western and Northern Balkans. Similar migrations were provoked by the following Austro-Otto- man and Russo-Ottoman wars in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The formation of modern Balkan states and the establishment of their political frontiers caused new migrations and the intermingling of peoples. The mobility of peoples who lived for centuries in multi-national empires (Roman, Byzantine, Ottoman, Habsburg) made extremely difficult the establishment of ethnic frontiers based on the principle of national self- determination. This became most evident during the 1912-1913 Balkan Wars, World War I and its aftermath. Ethnic mixtures resulting from 7 migrations blurred national affiliations in adjacent Balkan national confines. This mixture stimulated nationalism, caused the presence of national minorities in the Balkan States and contributed to the genocide and fratri cidal conflicts during World War II. Twenty-three scholars, among them eight from Yugoslavia, as well as from Hungary, Universitiy of California in Santa Barbara, Berkeley, Los Angeles and Stanford took part in the conference. Presented papers were grouped in four parts. The first group of papers dealt with the migrations in pre-history, ethnicity and social organization in pre-Roman times, the impact of the Huns on migrations, and the Slavic landtaking. The second group included presen tations referring to migrations during the middle ages, the movements of cattle-breeders, the city of Dubrovnik and its hinterland. Serbian migrations and ethnic movements in general and in Bosnia and Hercegovina particu larly. Papers presented in the third part of the conference dealt with migrations and cultural identity expressed through dances, the effects of migrations on the South Slav dialects, the historian Fallmerayer and his theory of migrations, the impact of migrations on the customary law and the Jewish migrations in the Balkans. The fourth part included papers dealing with the modern period starting from the eighteenth century, wars and migrations during the Ottoman rule, migrations resulting from peasant upheavals in the nineteenth century, Bulgarian migrations to Rumania, migrations caused by the 1912-1913 Balkan Wars and World War I as well as recent migrations from the Kosovo region in Yugoslavia. Papers presented at the conference are included in this volume. The intention of the authors is to contribute to the understanding of Balkan migrations and to stimulate further research in this complex and significant aspect of Balkan social history. The meeting of scholars in Santa Barbara was made possible by grants obtained from the Universitiy of California Santa Barbara (the Interdisciplinary Humanities Center, the Opportunity Fund, the Office of Research Development and the Department of History), the support from the International Research and Exchanges Board - IREX, the Center for Russian and East European Studies of the University of California in Los Angeles and the generous private donation of Mr. Peter Dimitri in Geneva. Last but not least this volume could not appear without the funds obtained from the Institute for Balkan Studies of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts. Our gratitude goes to all of these scholarly institutions. Radovan Samardiii Director of the Institute for Balkan Studies, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts. Dimitrije Djordjevid Professor of History Chairman of Balkan Studies at UCSB. 8 Mark R. Stefanovich University of California Los Angeles ETHNICITY AND MIGRATION IN PREHISTORY Methodological considerations What in observation is loose and vague, is in information deceptive and treacherous. Francis Bacon Archaeology is most often associated by the lay person with images of exotic temples overgrown with hundreds of years of unfettered verdage, rich tombs, decorated caves, underground cities or meeting places that are now being exposed for the first time by the archaeologist. Although this does happen occasionally - the Mayan temples, Tuthankhamen's tomb, the Caves of Altamira and Lascaux or the tomb of Philip the II of Macedon - these stunning finds are more the exception than the rule, yet they are fuel for the romantic imagination of the dreamer in all of us. But the archaeologist is often obliged of necessity to operate with much scantier and less glamorous material in order to reconstruct the cultural, social and economic systems of the past. The archaeologist needs to understand how change