Law of Georgia on Official Language
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Georgian Consonants and Their Romanization *
UNITED NATIONS WORKING PAPER GROUP OF EXPERTS NO. 94 rev.2 ON GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES Twenty-sixth session 5 May 2011 Vienna, 2-6 May 2011 Item 11 of the Provisional Agenda Activities relating to the Working Group on Romanization Systems GEORGIAN CONSONANTS AND THEIR ROMANIZATION * ___________________ * Prepared by: Shukia Apridonidze, Georgia 1 26th Session of the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names Vienna, 2-6 May 2011 Item 11 of the Provisional Agenda Georgian Consonants and Their Romanization Shukia Apridonidze (Tbilisi, Georgia) Georgian belongs to those rare languages in which the pronunciation of phonemes is ade- quately reflected by corresponding graphemes: one to one: 33 phonemes and the same number of graphemes. Each phoneme is rendered by a single letter, and vice versa, each letter is pronoun- ced by a corresponding individual phoneme. There are no exceptions either in vowels (5 in all) or consonants (28). However, this does not mean that there are no problems in transliterating Georgian pho- nemes in the Latin type, which has 26 graphemes: having seven graphemes in excess of Latin, the presence of specific Georgian phonemes differing from the sounds rendered in the Latin type call for a special study and solution of a number of practical tasks. Before I present this communication, the traditions and two systems must be delimited: 1) the traditional international scientific transcription system, accepted in philological circles and based on the Latin alphabet, with specific diacritical marks, and 2) the modern system of transli- teration using the Latin type but oriented to the English alphabet. A. The international scientific system We shall begin with the rules of rendering common to both systems. -
The Svan Spoken Language Is Notable for Its Musicality
1 An Articulation Phenomenon in Svan Singing RepertoRepertoireire “… The Svan spoken language is notable for its musicality. Accentuation and intonation in Svan speech is so rich that no other Kartvelian language can be compared to it. Many things which have been either concealed or diminished are presented powerfully in the Svan language” [Zhghenti 1949:96] Introduction. Svaneti is a high mountainous region in the west of Georgia with a pronounced ethnical identity and sub-culture. Geographically, Svaneti is divided into two - Upper and Lower Svaneti. Similarly, the Svan musical repertoire can also be divided into two branches –Upper and Lower. The Svan language is one of the four Kartvelian languages, namely Georgian, Megrelian, Laz, and Svan. For historical and geopolitical reasons, the Svans have, over the centuries, maintained their unique identity through their traditions and customs. In spite of the fact that most Svan songs are in the Svan language, some Georgian language songs also exist in Svaneti. Due to different factors, including chiefly the performing style of Svan songs of certain types, as well as peculiarities of the musical language, it is worthwhile to raise the question of the bi-musicality of Svans. 1 In this regard, the following questions present themselves: * What is the character of the Svan musical repertoire? * Does a perceptible Svan musical sub-culture exist and if so, what is its nature? * Are there special peculiarities which distinguish Svan singing? * What are the characteristic features of Svan music, with special reference to the correlation between the music and lyrics (verbal texts) of Svan songs, etc.? 1 The concept of bi-musicality was introduced by Mental Hood. -
Georgian Country and Culture Guide
Georgian Country and Culture Guide მშვიდობის კორპუსი საქართველოში Peace Corps Georgia 2017 Forward What you have in your hands right now is the collaborate effort of numerous Peace Corps Volunteers and staff, who researched, wrote and edited the entire book. The process began in the fall of 2011, when the Language and Cross-Culture component of Peace Corps Georgia launched a Georgian Country and Culture Guide project and PCVs from different regions volunteered to do research and gather information on their specific areas. After the initial information was gathered, the arduous process of merging the researched information began. Extensive editing followed and this is the end result. The book is accompanied by a CD with Georgian music and dance audio and video files. We hope that this book is both informative and useful for you during your service. Sincerely, The Culture Book Team Initial Researchers/Writers Culture Sara Bushman (Director Programming and Training, PC Staff, 2010-11) History Jack Brands (G11), Samantha Oliver (G10) Adjara Jen Geerlings (G10), Emily New (G10) Guria Michelle Anderl (G11), Goodloe Harman (G11), Conor Hartnett (G11), Kaitlin Schaefer (G10) Imereti Caitlin Lowery (G11) Kakheti Jack Brands (G11), Jana Price (G11), Danielle Roe (G10) Kvemo Kartli Anastasia Skoybedo (G11), Chase Johnson (G11) Samstkhe-Javakheti Sam Harris (G10) Tbilisi Keti Chikovani (Language and Cross-Culture Coordinator, PC Staff) Workplace Culture Kimberly Tramel (G11), Shannon Knudsen (G11), Tami Timmer (G11), Connie Ross (G11) Compilers/Final Editors Jack Brands (G11) Caitlin Lowery (G11) Conor Hartnett (G11) Emily New (G10) Keti Chikovani (Language and Cross-Culture Coordinator, PC Staff) Compilers of Audio and Video Files Keti Chikovani (Language and Cross-Culture Coordinator, PC Staff) Irakli Elizbarashvili (IT Specialist, PC Staff) Revised and updated by Tea Sakvarelidze (Language and Cross-Culture Coordinator) and Kakha Gordadze (Training Manager). -
Ghia Nodia Components of the Georgian National Idea
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ILIAUNI Open Journal Systems (Ilia State University, Tbilisi) Ghia Nodia Components of the Georgian National Idea: an Outline Since the 1980s, theoretical literature on nationalism has abounded, its most influential stars including Ernest Gellner, Benedict Anderson, An- thony Smith and Rogers Brubaker. The main thrust has been to problema- tize the concept of nation as most people have tended to perceive it since the 19th century. To reject, that is, the romanticized idea of a nation as an age- old, pre-given entity one is supposed to speak of with awe. The new scholars of nations and nationalism disdain these approaches as “primoridialist” and “essentialist” - which, for them, is synonymous with unprofessionalism and inadequacy. On the other hand, most of Georgian intellectual tradition, in- asmuch as it is preoccupied with the concept of the Georgian nation, takes the essentialist-primordialist approach for granted - even when authors dis- play sharply critical attitudes towards different aspects of Georgian social or political realities. Georgian sociologists who teach contemporary theories of nationalism rarely apply them to Georgian material.1 The latter attempts are rare and mostly belong to foreign scholars.2 The aim of this article is to propose a tentative trajectory of the evolu- tion of the idea of the modern Georgian nation. I will not go into theoretical debates on nationalism but start by briefly summarizing my general approach towards the problem. Then I will proceed with a general description of two major components of the Georgian national idea: identity-building on the one hand, and the Georgian nation as a political project. -
Church – Consolidating the Georgian Regions
Church – Consolidating the Georgian Regions Metropolitan Ananya Japaridze Saint Ilia the Righteous said from the very establishment of the holy Church of Georgia, that it presented a strong power consolidating the whole population of the state. It was not locked within the narrow ethnic borders but was the belonging of different ethnos residing in the state. According to Holy Writ, it never differentiated Hellenist from Jew, Georgian from non-Georgian, as its flocks were children of Georgia with mutual responsibility to the country and citizenship. Even Saint Nino, founder of the Georgian Church, came from Kapadokia. Saint of Georgian Church, martyr Razhden, and Saint Evstati Mtskheteli were Persian. Famous 12 fathers struggling against fire-worship and Monophysitism were Assyrian (Syrian). Neopyth Urbani Episcope was Arabian. The famous Saint Abo Tbileli came from Arabia too. The Saint Queen Shushanik was Armenian etc. The above list shows that Georgian church unified all citizens of the country in spite of their ethnic origin. At the same time, the Georgian church always used to create a united cultural space. The Georgian Church was consolidating regions and different ethnic groups of Georgia. The Georgian language was the key factor of Georgian Christian culture. Initially, Georgian language and based on it Georgian Christian culture embraced whole Georgia, all its regions. Divine services, all church acts, in mountains and lowlands from the Black Sea to Armenia and Albania were implemented only in Georgian language. Georgian language and Georgian culture dominated all over the Georgian territory. And just this differentiates old Georgia from the present one. It’s evident that the main flocks of Georgian Church were Georgians of West, South and East Georgia. -
Expression of the Perfect Semantics in Georgian Verbs1
Journal of Literature and Art Studies, December 2019, Vol. 9, No. 12, 1266-1268 doi: 10.17265/2159-5836/2019.12.006 D DAVID PUBLISHING Expression of the Perfect Semantics in Georgian Verbs1 Nino Bagration-Davitashvili Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia In Georgian the verbal form comprises the names expressing the subjective-objective references of certain quantity, which shows the representing signs to express the category of the subjective and objective person. However, sometimes the subjective person is expressed by the sign of the objective person or vice versa, which is called inversion in Georgian language. There are many options about the reason of inversion. Bipersonal static verbs are considered as the oldest verbs as believed by many scientists. These are the verbs of feeling and owning; they are inverse, bipersonal and hold the dative construction. We think that inversion cannot be only explained with the static character. There are the verbs, which are not static but are inverse. We believe that it must be one and the same aspect in every case: perfect semantics. In Indo-European languages, the verbs of the perfect semantics have been converted from the class of the lexical words into the grammar perfect. When the Georgian language encountered the need to express the perfect forms respective to Indo-European languages, thus, the third series has been generated and it used the form as the model, belonging to the verbs of bipersonal non-transitional “perfect semantics” in present. This form has been supplemented by preverb and has become dynamic and gradually acquired various semantic nuances characterizing the perfect tense: resultativity, will, evidentiality, interrogative and negative, etc. -
A Language Guide to Georgian Language
Georgian Language Beginner Program Peace Corps/Georgia The script accompanies the following 13 audio tracks. GE_Georgian_Lesson_1 (Time 3:57) (File Size: 2.72 MB) GE_Georgian_Lesson_2 (Time 1:38) (File Size: 1.12 MB) GE_Georgian_Lesson_3 (Time 5:01) (File Size: 3.45 MB) GE_Georgian_Lesson_4 (Time 5:10) (File Size: 3.55 MB) GE_Georgian_Lesson_5 (Time 2:59) (File Size: 2.05 MB) GE_Georgian_Lesson_6 (Time 5:46) (File Size: 3.96 MB) GE_Georgian_Lesson_7 (Time 2:22) (File Size: 1.62 MB) GE_Georgian_Lesson_8 (Time 7:47) (File Size: 5.35 MB) GE_Georgian_Lesson_9 (Time 5:02) (File Size: 3.45 MB) GE_Georgian_Lesson_10 (Time 4:20) (File Size: 2.98 MB) GE_Georgian_Lesson_11 (Time 3:15) (File Size: 2.23 MB) GE_Georgian_Lesson_12 (Time 3:52) (File Size: 2.66 MB) GE_Georgian_Lesson_13 (Time 5:58) (File Size: 4.09 MB) 2 Table of Contents Lesson 1 Letters and Sounds of Georgian Language 4 Lesson 2 Pronouns/The Verb "To Be" 6 Lesson 3 Greetings and Getting Acquainted 8 Lesson 4 Phrases for Meeting Somebody 13 Lesson 5 Meeting Somebody 14 Lesson 6 Forms of Address 16 Lesson 7 Members of the Family 18 Lesson 8 Some Basic Questions and Answers 19 Lesson 9 In a Restaurant 21 Lesson 10 House Orientation 22 Lesson 11 Buying Personal Items 23 Lesson 12 Georgian dancing 25 Lesson 13 Georgian Supra 26 Foreword Note (without an audio track) The following pre-departure language CD and an accompanying script will briefly introduce you to the basics of the Georgian Language, as well as give you some insights on two of the core cultural values of Georgia – folk dances and supra (feast). -
Towards Enhancing the Role of the Georgian Orthodox Church in the Country's Democratic Development
Towards Enhancing the Role of the Georgian Orthodox Church in the Country’s Democratic Development 2017 POLICY STUDY Towards Enhancing the Role of the Georgian Orthodox Church in the Country’s Democratic Development POLICY STUDY 2017 The publication includes research findings assessing the attitudes and perceptions within the Georgian Orthodox Church on the issues of domestic and foreign policy and recommendations for enhancing the Church’s role in the country’s democratic development. This study was conducted in the framework of the project “Investigating the Attitudes of the Georgian Church on Democracy and Development” supported by the National Endowment for Democracy. Senior Researcher: ARCHIL GEGESHIDZE Contributors: EKATERINE METREVELI KETEVAN EMUKHVARI NANA SUMBADZE TAMAR GEGECHKORI TATIA KUKHALASHVILI Technical Editor: Artem Melik-Nubarov Copies Printed: 200 The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of the Georgian Foundation for Strategic and International Studies and can under no circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of the National Endowment for Democracy © 2017 Georgian Foundation for Strategic and International Studies ISBN 978-9941-27-690-3 Summary This paper is devoted to the study of the current and future place and role of the Georgian Orthodox Church (GOC) in the political and the public life of Georgia. In the last decade, the issue of the position of the GOC in the state, its attitude to certain aspects of the democratic transformation of society and the country’s foreign policy orientation has been actively discussed. While no one disputes the historical role of the GOC in preserving the identity and statehood of Georgia, liberal NGOs, and the media, as well as individual political parties, are increasingly criticizing the GOC for its conservative views and excessive loyalty to the Russian Federation. -
Languages in Contact in N.W. Georgia: Fact Or Fiction? B.George Hewitt SOAS London University England "One of the Most Impo
Languages in contact in N.W. Georgia: fact or fiction? B.George Hewitt SOAS London University England "One of the most important problems of our discipline is to establish the date of the settlement of the Abkhazian population upon the territory of modern Abkhazia" -- the words of Svan linguist, Aleksandre Oniani, used to open his 2-part article Abkhazia and NW Georgia according to the linguistic evidence, published in saxalxo ganatleba (Narodnoe Obrazovanie) over the New Year 1989-90. Although we can all undoubtedly think of many other, rather more urgent tasks for Caucasologists in general and Kartvelologists in particular, Oniani has presented a case, and it has to be answered, however tedious this may be. Some may wish to interpose at this point the observation that the article in question was answered in the self-same paper on the 8th March by Teimuraz Gvanceladze and Merab Chuxua. But, as we shall see, what these two individuals set out to achieve can in no way be regarded as an attempt to challenge the central proposition of Oniani's argument, namely that the people we call Abkhazians have resided in Abkhazia for no more than 400-500 years. How is this conclusion reached in terms of the linguistic data? There are three basic strings to Oniani's bow: 1. apart from the odd, insignificant example of lexical exchange, there has been no deep, long-standing influence from Abkhaz on either Mingrelian or Laz, as has been claimed by others; 2. contrary to the opinions expressed by a number of even Kartvelian scholars in the middle of this century, toponymic evidence does not support the possibility that W. -
1 George Hewitt School of Oriental and African
Conference Research and Identity: non-Russian Peoples in the Russian Empire, 1800-1855 Kymenlaakso Summer University, 14-17 June 2006 George Hewitt School of Oriental and African Studies, London The Russian Imperial Academy and Western Transcaucasia (late-eighteenth century to the 1850s)1 Historical Sketch Known to western civilisations since the eighth century BC when the Ancient Greeks (specifically, the Ionians of Miletus) established colonies (e.g. ¡ låca| pisto’|, today’s Pitsunda, in northern Abkhazia) along the eastern shores of the Black Sea (Pontic Euxine), the Western (Trans-)Caucasus has always been distinguished for its multi-ethnicity. At the start of the Christian era, for instance, the geographer Strabo observed how Dioskuria (later called Seb/vastopolis, designations for what is today’s capital of Abkhazia, namely Aqw’a, more commonly known as Sukhum) served as the commercial centre for the peoples living in the mountains above it and for the surrounding neighbourhood, whilst Pliny Secundus in the second half of the first century AD speaks of it as a depopulated Colchidian town previously famed for the fact that up to 300 representatives of peoples speaking different languages would gather there, for the purpose of carrying on trade with whom the Romans needed 130 interpreters (see Inal-Ipa 1965.109). Colchis was, of course, the fabled land of the Golden Fleece in the popular myth of Jason. And in recent years this myth has become a common theme in a tiresome nationalist debate as to which Caucasian people might have been the ‘original’ denizens of this realm — one frequently has the impression that certain commentators are incapable of recognising the difference between legends and historical data. -
Georgian Language
M. Nikolaishvili N. Bagration-Davitashvili Georgian Language (Intensive Course) Tbilisi 2012 1 УДК 809.463.1 N67 The present work represents the English version of M.Nikolaishvili’s book «Грузинский Язык» («Georgian Language») published in 1999. which is recognised by the Ministry of Education of Georgia as a sound basic course text book of the Georgian Language for the non-Georgian students. The course includes all topics needed for everyday relations and also gives an idea of the basic grammatical peculiarities of the Georgian language. The book can be used as a self study course as well. Editor Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor E. Babunashvili, K. Gelashvili Reviewers: Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor F. Uturgaidze, Professor T. Injia Proof Reader: Lydia West. Technical Editor: P. Korkia All rights reserved. © M. Nikolaishvili, N. Bagration-Davitashvili ISBN 978-9941-0-4539-4 BY THE AUTHOR The present book represents a basic course of the Georgian language, with a preface stating the general characteristics of the grammar of this language. The book begins with the study of writing and reading. Then follow texts, that encompass all the main topics of the language spoken in everyday life and are intended for an exact knowledge of the spoken Georgian language. There are ten topics in the book and each of them is divided into sections short texts, composed of the most frequently used words, grammatical explanations, the need of which may arise from the text. The explanations concern other forms of individual words marked with an asterisk. Ibidem are exercises, lexical groups connected with a topic, and at the end, a text that includes represented dialogues on certain subjects. -
The Svan Language. Kevin Tuite Département D'anthropologie
The Svan language. Kevin Tuite Département d’anthropologie, Université de Montréal PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. This description of the grammar of the Svan language is more than a revised edition of the grammatical sketch I published in 1997. That earlier attempt appeared just as Svan linguistics was entering a new and exciting stage. At the Arnold Chikobava Institute of Linguistics in Tbilisi, a new generation of researchers, many of them native speakers of Svan, were bringing the long-overdue Svan dictionary project to completion, and beginning to explore aspects of the language that had hitherto drawn little or no attention. I cannot adequately express my gratitude to these extraordinary colleagues, without whom this grammatical sketch could never have been written. Their works are cited throughout this grammar, and many of their publications are listed in the bibliography, but there are some whom I wish to thank personally in this preface: Roena Ch’k’adua, Lela Giglemiani, Chato Gujejiani, Rusudan and Xatuna Ioseliani, Ketevan Margiani- Subari, Meri Saghliani, Nato Shavreshiani, and of course, Madame Iza Chant’ladze. Deep thanks as well to my friends in the commune of Lat’ali, for their hospitality, patience, and willingness to let a clueless outsider learn something about daily life in a Svan village: the C’erediani family (Nino, Leri, Levan, Maik’o; their beloved parents Davit and Valia, who alas are no longer with us); also Bagrat Nansq’ani, Madona Chamgeliani, and many other kind residents who have shared their knowledge, food and drink over the years. Among the non-Georgian colleagues who have generously offered their comments and expertise, I wish to acknowledge Winfried Boeder, Jost Gippert, Christine Jourdan; and my students Hélène Gérardin and Jean-François Juneau.