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CLIMATE CLASSIFICATION of PAKISTAN Saif Ullah Khan 1 Ph.D Scholar

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CLIMATE CLASSIFICATION of PAKISTAN Saif Ullah Khan 1 Ph.D Scholar CLIMATE CLASSIFICATION OF PAKISTAN Saif Ullah Khan 1 Ph.D Scholar [email protected] Prof. Dr. Mahmood-Ul-Hasan 2 [email protected] Prof. Dr Fazal Karim Khan3 Dr Anjum Bari (Late)4 1. Ph.D Scholar Department of Geography University of Peshawar, Manager GIS and Mapping USF CO 5th Floor HBL Tower Blue Area Islamabad, Pakistan 2. Chairman Department of Geography, Urban and Regional Planning Peshawar University, NWFP, Pakistan. 3. Former, Chairman Department of Geography University of Karachi, Sind, Pakistan. 4. Late, Director, Pakistan Meteorological Department, Islamabad, Pakistan Abstract The work deals with the climates of Pakistan. It is based on the study and analysis of the data regarding temperature, rainfall, number of rainy days, humidity, wind speed and direction, pressure, evapotranspiration, sunshine, and also with the classification of climates. The factors bringing variation in the climates of Pakistan are latitudinal location, proximity to sea level, rough topography, continentitlity, marine influence in the extreme south, vegetation cover, and soil contents. On the basis of temperature, Pakistan has been classified into five regions i.e. hot, warm, mild, cool, and cold. The southern parts of Pakistan have high temperature (28oC at Hyderabad) that decreases toward north upto 10oC at Astore. Four rainfall regions have been identified i.e. arid, semi-arid, sub-humid, and humid. The rainfall concentration decreases from 171.4cm (68.6inches) at Murree in the north to 3.4cm (1.5inches) at Nokkundi in the south. The eastern part of Pakistan receives heavy rains during summer, from southwesterly currents, called monsoon, whereas the western parts have high rains in winter, from southwesterly winds, called western disturbances. The extreme north of the country has heavy rains from local thunderstorms caused by convectional uplifting of air parcel due to local heating. Pakistan experiences four rainy seasons i.e. winter rainfall, pre-monsoon rainfall, monsoon rainfall, and post monsoon rainfall. The winter and monsoon are the moistest seasons, while the other two constitutes as the driest seasons of the country. The highest annual number of rainy days is 91.3 at Murree in the north, while it decreases to 4 at Nokkundi in the south. The relative humidity of Pakistan is above 70% at Makran coast and less than 40% in southwestern Balochistan, and in the extreme north, while the rest of Pakistan has 40% to 70percent. The lower latitudes of the BALWOIS 2010 – Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia –25, 29 May 2010 1 country along with coastal belt have a recorded wind speed of above 6knots, while it decreases to 2knots in the northern mountainous region. The lower Indus plain and southwestern Balochistan records low pressure in summer, while a ridge of high pressure develops over Himalayas in winter. The Makran coast and parts of Balochistan and Sind have sunshine duration above 8hr/day, which reduces to 7hr/day toward northern mountainous region. Most of the plain has evapotranspiration above 3mm (0.12inches), while it decreases to 2mm (0.08inches) in highland. Due to its sub-tropical location, Pakistan has two main season’s i.e. summer and winter. The summer season of the country lasts for seven months in plain and for four months in highland, while the winter season varies for five months in plain and seven months in highland. These two main seasons of Pakistan are further sub-divided into four sub-seasons i.e. cold, hot, monsoon, and warm. The cold season varies from mid-November to mid-April, hot season from mid-April to June, and monsoon season from July to mid-September and warm season from mid-September to mid-November. On the basis of distribution and variation of weather elements, Pakistan can be divided into five macro-regions, which are further sub-divided into 18 meso and 46 micro climatic types. BALWOIS 2010 – Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia –25, 29 May 2010 2 1. Introduction: The term climatology is a Greek word, which literally means, “inclination,” i.e. inclination of the sunrays to the ground; to denote the mean weather condition. The word climate refers to the mean or normal condition over a long period; such as 20, 30 and 100 years (Trewartha, 1937). According to Pettersson (1941), “climatology or statistical meteorology determines the statistical relations, mean values, normal, frequencies, variation distribution, etc, of the meteorological elements, such as temperature, pressure, precipitation, wind speed and direction, humidity, sunshine, cloudiness and number of rainy days etc. Blair (1942) has defined the climate as “the summation of weather conditions in historical time” or “climate is the summary of all the manifold weather influences”. Miller (1959) is of the opinion that the science that discusses the weather condition of the earth surface”. Thus although, the wind, temperature, humidity, precipitation, vegetation and sunshine etc, are subjected to continuos variations, which is more or less invariant at a given place. According to Oliver (1981), “climate is the aggregate of weather at a given area for a given time period”. The term weather refers to the more or less instantaneous conditions of these elements over a relatively short time period. The generalized picture of weather is called climate (Anwar, 1993). Climatology deals with atmospheric conditions over a longer time period and as a result, is often defined inadequately as “average weather”. It is difficult to devise a proper system of climate classification because various climatologists have defined it according to their own criteria. However, some specific definitions are stated as under: According to Trewartha (1968), “classification of climate is a process basic to all sciences, consisting of recognizing individuals with certain important characteristics in common and grouping them into a few classes or types”. Griffith in 1978 defined it as, “Climatic classification is merely a method of arranging various climatic parameters either singly or grouped into ranks or sets, so, as both to simplify the mass of data and to identify analogies. In other words, “there are no two places in the world that experience exactly the same climate; but it is possible to identify areas with similar climate; this grouping or analogue method is referred to as climate classification”. A classification is often developed to deal with a special problem, such as the study of inter-relationship between climate, vegetation, temperature and precipitation etc. There are three broad approaches, which are equally feasible for climatic classification of a locality or a region (Critchfield, 1987) that is: 1.1. Empirical approach: It is based on the observable feature of climate, which may be treated singly or in combination to establish criteria for climatic types. Temperature criteria; for example, might yield, “hot, warm, cool and cold. 1.2. Genetic approach: It attempts to study climates according to their effects e.g. latitude, longitude, slopes, altitude and continentality. However, explanations are often theoretical, incomplete and difficult to explain. 1.3. Applied or technical or functional approach: It is the most advance and specific approach of climate classification. Recently most of climatologists used applied approach for the climatic division or classification of a region, because it is easier and more systematic way. This approach helps to solve special problems that involve one or more climatic factors, such as natural vegetation, precipitation and temperature. The above mentioned approaches constitute the basic objects for the climatic classification, but the features of all three may be incorporated in a single system. Sometimes, we classify climate of a region based on certain similar effects, for example, group together all the desert climates irrespective of their cause of aridity, therefore, this type of classification is termed as, “classification of convenience,” (Trewartha, 1954). There are many classifications of climate both for Pakistan and the world as a whole. Some are the qualitative descriptions of the climate, while the others are quantitative in nature. Some classifications are complex; while some are simple. Whatever the basis of divisions for the various climates are, and whatever name, symbol, or letter used to show the divisions. The goal of all the schemes is essentially the same i.e. to divide climate of a specific area or the world. The classifications are different from each other in term of criteria, as some of them accomplish one thing better thence other do. Some workers have used empirical approaches, while some have genetic and applied approaches or both. The brief description of various climatic classifications adopted by different workers in Pakistan and abroad is as follow. Permanide a Greek Philosopher (Fifth Century B.C) being the first who divided climate of the world on the basis of solar concentration. He proposed five well-known zones i.e. torrid, two temperate and two frigid. Aristotle’s in 350 B.C. suggested astronomical limits for these zones. He 1 0 limited the torrid zone by the horse latitudes (23 /2 North and South) and the Arctic and Antarctic 1 0 at 66 /2 in either hemisphere. The former defines the extreme seasonal limits of the sun vertical rays, and later, the limits of the tangent rays. Generally, he did not identify the micro-climatic regions of the world but the study, conducted provides a base for further work and introduces an idea of climate classification, a great contribution of that time. After them the most well know workers are, Supan in 1896, Koppen (1846-1940), Thornthwaite (1931-48), Blair (1942), Rodoulf Geiger a German climatologist (1953), Miller (1969), and Griffiths (1978). In Pakistan the prior contributors are, Kendrew2 (1941), Spate and Learmonth (1951), Kazi in 1951, Shamshad in 1956, Nasarullah (1968), Johnson in 1979, Raja and Twidell (1990), Khan in 1991, and Khan F. K (1993). 2. Methods and Data: The present study has been focused to study the distribution of temperature, precipitation, number of rainy days, humidity, wind speed and direction, sunshine, evapotranspiration and atmospheric pressure of Pakistan.
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