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Innehåll Regionala Översikter AMNESTY INTERNATIONALS ÅRSRAPPORT 2015/16 Innehåll Regionala översikter ................................................................................................................................ 2 Afrika ................................................................................................................................................... 2 Amerika ............................................................................................................................................. 11 Asien och Stillahavsregionen ............................................................................................................. 20 Europa och Centralasien ................................................................................................................... 29 Mellanöstern och Nordafrika ............................................................................................................ 37 Landavsnitt ............................................................................................................................................ 46 Afghanistan ........................................................................................................................................ 46 Brasilien ............................................................................................................................................. 51 Demokratiska republiken Kongo ....................................................................................................... 56 Eritrea ................................................................................................................................................ 61 Etiopien ............................................................................................................................................. 63 Irak ..................................................................................................................................................... 66 Iran .................................................................................................................................................... 72 Israel och de ockuperade palestinska områdena .............................................................................. 78 Kina .................................................................................................................................................... 84 Palestina ............................................................................................................................................ 90 Ryssland ............................................................................................................................................. 94 Saudiarabien ...................................................................................................................................... 99 Sverige ............................................................................................................................................. 105 Syrien ............................................................................................................................................... 106 USA .................................................................................................................................................. 112 1 Regionala översikter Afrika När den Afrikanska unionen (AU) utropade 2016 till ”Året för mänskliga rättigheter i Afrika”, tändes hoppet, inte bara på den afrikanska kontinenten utan i även andra delar av världen, att afrikanska ledare, regionala institutioner och världssamfundet skulle visa beslutsamhet och politisk vilja att verkligen ta tag i utmaningen och agera mot de djupt rotade människorättsproblemen. Och förhoppningar var inte utan grund. Samtidigt som konflikter, politisk instabilitet, auktoritära regimer, fattigdom och humanitära katastrofer hindrar många från att åtnjuta sina rättigheter och leva ett värdigt liv i trygghet, är möjligheterna i Afrika stora. Den socio- ekonomiska utvecklingen märks tydligt i många länder och relativt fredliga politiska övergångar uppnåddes i andra. Antagandet av historiska åtaganden såväl regionalt som globalt, som AU:s Agenda 2063 och FN:s mål för hållbar utveckling, SDG (sustainable development goals) erbjuder en möjlighet att förverkliga de rättigheter som ingår i den afrikanska stadgan om mänskliga och folkens rättigheter (Afrikanska stadgan) och internationella överenskommelser om mänskliga rättigheter. Men utmaningarna är stora och under hela 2015 pågick mycket omfattande kränkningar av mänskliga rättigheter och humanitär rätt i samband med väpnade konflikter. De utdragna konflikterna i Centralafrikanska republiken, Demokratiska republiken Kongo, Sudan, Sydsudan och Somalia ledde till tusentals civila dödsoffer och miljontals människor levde i fruktan och osäkerhet. I Burundi förvärrades den politiska krisen och våldet ökade. I västra, centrala och östra Afrika; Kamerun, Kenya, Mali, Nigeria, Niger, Somalia och Tchad, ledde det ständiga våldet från väpnade grupper som al-Shabab och Boko Haram till att tiotusentals civila miste sina liv. Tusentals blev bortförda och rädsla och osäkerhet blev vardag för människor både i konfliktområden och i närliggande områden och länder. Många regeringar reagerade på dessa säkerhetshot utan hänsyn till internationell humanitär rätt och mänskliga rättigheter. Militär- och säkerhetsoperationer i Nigeria och Kamerun kantades av godtyckliga massarresteringar, utomrättsliga avrättningar, tortyr och misshandel och många hölls i hemligt förvar utan kontakt med omvärlden. Liknande mönster av kränkningar av mänskliga rättigheter förekom även i Niger och Tchad. Straffrihet var en bidragande orsak till konflikter och instabilitet. Trots vissa framsteg var det sällsynt att säkerhetsstyrkor eller väpnade grupper ställdes till svars för folkrättsbrott. På den internationella arenan fortsatte vissa stater och även AU sin politik att undergräva den internationella brottmålsdomstolens, ICC:s, oberoende, genom att kräva åtalsimmunitet för sittande statschefer, även då de anklagades för grova folkrättsbrott som till exempel brott mot mänskligheten. Sydafrika underlät att gripa och överlämna Sudans president till ICC i juni, då han besökte landet, vilket var ett svek mot de hundratusentals offer som dödades under Darfurkonflikten. Många civilsamhällesorganisationer, människorättsförsvarare, journalister och regeringskritiker agerade i en allt mer fientlig omgivning, deras verksamhet inskränktes med hänvisning till lagar om nationell säkerhet, terrorismbekämpning, allmän ordning och regleringar av NGOs (frivilligorganisationer) och media. 2 I länder som Eritrea, Etiopien och Gambia var utrymmet för civilsamhället i princip stängt och i vissa andra länder försämrades det genom ytterligare begränsningar av yttrandefrihet, föreningsfrihet och rätten till fredliga sammankomster. Fredliga sammankomster avbröts med brutalt övervåld i länder som Angola, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Demokratiska republiken Kongo, Etiopien, Guinea, Republiken Kongo (Kongo-Brazzaville), Sydafrika, Tchad, Togo och Zimbabwe. I Sydafrika användes övervåld i en ”upprensningsaktion” för att avlägsna irreguljära migranter. Val och politiska övergångar utlöste omfattande kränkningar och förtryck. I många länder förbjöds protester och säkerhetsstyrkorna attackerade demonstranter och oppositionella, människorättsförsvarare och journalister utsattes för godtyckliga gripanden och trakasserier. Den humanitära krisen fortsatte i regionen och ebolaepidemin, som började spridas i Västafrika under 2014, ledde även under 2015 till många människors död i Guinea, Liberia och Sierra Leone. Men det fanns även hoppfulla tecken och framsteg. Den socio-ekonomiska utvecklingen bredde ut sig i många länder och erbjöd skäl till verklig optimism när det gäller möjligheten att åtgärda strukturella anledningar till fattigdom, som bristande jämlikhet, klimatförändringar, väpnade konflikter och brist på ansvarsutkrävande. Flera stater lyckades uppnå några av FN:s milleniemål och Afrika spelade en betydande roll i antagandet av FN:s mål för hållbar utveckling (SDG). Vissa åtgärder, som vidtogs av Afrikanska unionens Freds-och Säkerhetsråd och andra regionala organ, visade på ett skifte från tidigare likgiltighet till ökande engagemang gällande väpnade konflikter. Trots begränsningar i kapacitet och bristen på gemensam hållning, gällande vilka metoder som var lämpliga som åtgärder för att motverka människorättskränkningar och straffrihet, visade både AU och regionala organ att de kunde ta steget från förhandling till konkreta insatser för fred – som ett svar på kriser och konflikter. Åtskilliga människorättsnormer och standarder utvecklades. I november antog den Afrikanska kommissionen en allmän kommentar till artikel 4 i den Afrikanska stadgan gällande rätten till liv. AU:s juridiska kommitté, STC (AU Special Technical Committee on Legal Affairs) behandlade och godkände ett protokoll som lagts fram av Afrikanska kommissionen gällande äldre personers rättigheter i Afrika. Dessvärre avslog STC utkastet gällande ett avskaffande av dödsstraff i Afrika. Flera länder öppnade upp för en granskning av mänskliga rättigheter. Periodiska rapporter gällande staters implementering av den Afrikanska stadgan lämnades in av Algeriet, Burkina Faso, Kenya, Malawi, Namibia, Nigeria och Sierra Leone. Reformer och positiva åtgärder vidtogs i flera länder. I Mauretanien antogs en ny lag som definierade tortyr och slaveri som brott mot mänskligheten
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