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Indonesia, the Year of Living Dangerously

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Indonesia, the Year of Living Dangerously INDONESIA, THE YEAR OF LIVING DANGEROUSLY SUKARNO UN ORATORE CHE INCENDIA Kusno Sosrodiharjo, Sukarno conosceva una frase in lingua italiana: vivere pericolosamente o vivere in pericolo e chiamò il discorso strategico che tenne in occasione della festa nazionale il 17 agosto, TAVIP, Tahun vivere pericolosamente, the year of living dangerously, l’anno del vivere pericoloso. Il discorso venne considerato dagli Stati Uniti come la più sistematica espressione delle differenze sia in termini di politica interna ma innanzitutto di politica estera tra Sukarno, il suo governo, ed i loro interessi imperiali. Da quella data, ed anche prima, fino al 30 settembre ed al 1 ottobre del 1965 fu un anno vissuto pericolosamente, un pericolo rosso per la borghesia locale e per l’imperialismo americano percorse il pianeta indonesiano. Elenco alcuni dei fatti pericolosi. -Il primo agosto fu riconosciuto uno dei nemici più importanti degli Stati Uniti il Nord Viet Nan. -Fu rafforzata una politica estera che privilegiava i rapporti con Pechino, Ha Noi, Pyongyang in primis ed altre nazioni non allineate, ma non amiche degli Stati Uniti, Algeria, Jugoslavia ed altre. -Fu intensificato il confronto anche armato con la Malesia considerato uno strumento di penetrazione dell’imperialismo nell’area d’influenza indonesiana. - Si allacciarono rapporti più stretti con il PKI ( Partito Comunista Indonesiano) - Si tentò di mettere in atto la riforma agraria anche con occupazione delle terre - Crebbero il movimento operaio e quello degli studenti le loro lotte e le loro rivendicazioni Lo sviluppo della democrazia guidata, ma socialmente avanzata , non fu certamente aiutata da una crisi economica provocata e via via aggravata dal taglio degli aiuti e dal sabotaggio dell’occidente, ma fu violentemente troncata da un complotto inventato e da un colpo di stato. La dinamica è ben raccontata / confessata dall’analista della CIA Helen Louise Hunter nel suo rapporto pubblicato nel libro SUKARNO AND THE INDONESIAN COUP: THE UNTOLD STORY ( può essere ordinato da Amazon). 1 Il pretesto per la sanguinaria controrivoluzione si verifica il 30 settembre 1965: il colpo di stato di un quartetto di colonelli che proclama un “ un governo rivoluzionario” dopo aver giustiziato dei membri dello stato maggiore della fazione di centro destra. Suharto, responsabile delle truppe riserviste nazionali (KOSTRAD), il giorno dopo il 1 ottobre 1965, prende il controllo di Jakarta ed inizia la repressione. Il coinvolgimento della CIA, dell’ambasciata degli Stati Uniti, così come dei servizi segreti britannici sono provati. Furono gli Stati Uniti a contribuire alla formazione alla guerra contro-isurrezionale degli ufficiali indonesiani nella Scuola ufficiali a Bandung ( SESKOAD). La CIA svolgerà inoltre un ruolo chiave nell’elaborazione della propaganda anticomunista dei golpisti, non solo facendo circolare false notizie sulle atrocità commesse dai comunisti, ma fomentando l’ odio razziale contro i cinesi o religioso contro gli atei. L ambasciata e l’intelligence americano avevano anche stilato un elenco di 5000 quadri di tutti i livelli del PKI per l’esercito indonesiano, facilitando così la decapitazione del Partito. La bibliografia su questo periodo, oltre il libro citato, è ampia con un ventaglio di punti di vista. Consiglio la lettura di INDONESIAN COMUNISM UNDER SUKARNO, ideology and politics 1956 1965 di Equinox Publishnig, Londra. Propongo, inoltre, due links uno con il seguente documento dell’ intelligence americano, SUKARNO’S CONFRONTATION WITH THE UNITED STATES DECEMBER 1964 – SEPTEMBER 1965: http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB52/doc189.pdf Aidit, segretario generale del PKI e l’atro con THE DESTRUCTION OF THE INDONESIAN COMMUNIST PARTY IN 1965 AND THE ROAD NOT TAKEN che chiarisce la responsabilità storica del PKI per il colpo 2 di stato e per il successivo massacro per non aver portato a fondo il processo rivoluzionario http://www.mlmrsg.com/attachments/article/75/The%20Destruction%20of%20the%20Indo nesian%20Communist%20Party%20-%20revised%202013.pdf Dopo il colpo di stato l’esercito indonesiano con l’aiuto degli Stati Uniti, come abbiamo visto lanciò una campagna di un anno per sterminare leder comunisti, funzionari, membri e simatizzanti del PKI. Alla fine il bagno di sangue assieme ai comunisti aveva decimato anche il movimento sindacale assieme alla classe intellettuale ed artistica, ai partiti democratici, a leader studenteschi, giornalisti, persone d’etnia cinese, uomini donne e bambini che si erano trovati nel posto sbagliato all momento sbagliato. Secondo le stime il bagno di sangue fu un massacro di oltre un milione di persone. Molti corpi vennero gettati nei fiumi, sepelliti in fretta e furia o abbandonati ai lati delle strade. Alla strage parteciparono anche squadre della morte private come la Gioventù Pancasila, che contava 3 milioni di aderenti. I responsabili dal genocida numero uno il generale Suharto all’ultimo degli assassini da strada non sono stati mai puniti. Sotto la dittatura di Suharto ogni riferimento agli eventi del 1965 era stato vietato ed ancor oggi largamente taciuto. Ma qualcosa inizia a muoversi. I cadaveri tornano a galla. Un rapporto della Commissione nazionale indonesiana per i diritti dell’uomo ( Komnas-HAM) riconobbe nel 2012 per la prima volta la repressione anticomunista del 1965 come crimine contro l’umanità. È un primo passo importante, ma il cammino è ancora lungo e non privo d’ostacoli. Un immagine della repressione dopo il colpo di stato del 1 ottobre 1965. Concludo con link è con il trailer italiano del documentario L’atto di uccidere – The act of killing sul genocidio indonesiano del 1965 del regista Joshua Oppenheimer. In Francia il documentario circolò largamente nelle sale cinematografiche, in Italia molto meno. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QwuJaxs9KDE&feature=youtube_gdata_player Le letture proposte sono in inglese perché in italiano c’è poco o niente. 3 .
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