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Bab Iii Model Propaganda Sobsi Melalui Kebudayaan Dan Olahraga

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Bab Iii Model Propaganda Sobsi Melalui Kebudayaan Dan Olahraga perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id BAB III MODEL PROPAGANDA SOBSI MELALUI KEBUDAYAAN DAN OLAHRAGA TAHUN 1961–1965 Taraf revolusi nasional Indonesia, telah menemukan garis persatuan dibawah pimpinan Soekarno. Garis persatuan tersebut ada teori dan praktek yang ditarik ke dalam Pancasila, Manipol dan Ide Nasakom.1 Kekuatan garis tersebut terbentuk berkat hukum-hukum sejarah dan perkembangan gerakan kemerdekaan nasional sejak berpuluh-puluh tahun yang lalu. Persatuan tersebut tercapai dan dikembangkan terus selama masyarakat Indonesia pandai mematuhi hukum- hukum, dapat menafsirkan, serta menyesuaikannya dengan perkembangan zaman. Garis Pancasila, Manipol, dan Ide Nasakom telah didukung oleh front persatuan revolusioner. Mereka adalah tenaga-tenaga sosial progresif, berkonsentrasi pada kelas buruh dan tani yang setiap hari semakin mengerti akan kesadaran dalam gerak masyarakat. Sesuai dengan harapan Sukarno bahwa golongan-golongan tersebut menjadi sokoguru revolusi nasional Indonesia dalam taraf nasional dan demokrasi sebagai pelopor kaum marhaen. Sifat demokrasi dari revolusi nasional Indonesia tergantung dari kesanggupan masyarakat untuk memelihara sifat kerakyatan dari setiap gerakan dibidang politik. Terutama dalam penanggulangan masalah-masalah ekonomi dan 1 Prasaran oleh Sitor Situmorang (Ketua Umum LKN), Garis Bung Karno:Garis Nasakom disektor Kebudayaan, Koleksi Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia, RA. 22 No. 317, DN SOBSI:commit toBerkas user Jakarta bulan Juni 1963 tentang KEBORA. 45 perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id46 2 usaha-usaha kebudayaan. Pada masa itumasih ada “front” kontra-revolusioner yang menegaskan secara objektif. Akibat yang terjadi yaitu masyarakat pro- revolusioner melakukan gerakan persatuan nasional dibidang kebudayaan. Propaganda kebudayaan kemudian digunakan Sukarno untuk mempertahankan kekuasaan. Kepribadian nasional selalu didengung-dengungkan dalam setiap pidatonya untuk menyadarkan rakyat bahaya Imperialisme Barat. Pemerintah menyatakan bahwa revolusi nasional bukan hanya revolusi yang bersifat fisik, namun juga revolusi mental.3 Aksi Sukarno dalam kebudayaan tidak lepas dari propaganda politik. Menurut Dan Nimmo dalam bukunya The New Propaganda: The Dictatorship of Palaver in Contemporary Politics, propaganda politik adalah usaha yag dilakukan dengan menonjolkan ide-ide politik, untuk menggerakan masyarakat agar melakukan apa yang tidak mungkin mereka lakukan.4 Imperialisme Barat tersebut membahayakan kaum buruh di Indonesia. SOBSI sebagai klas buruh terbesar di Indonesia memiliki “Tata Tertib Sentral Biro SOBSI” yang salah satu isinya menerangkan bahwa mereka senantiasa siap 5 menghadapi keadaan yang paling berat, termasuk melawan Imperialisme Barat. Seperti yang tercantum dalam pelaksanaan Plan 3 Tahun SOBSI, yaitu semua 2 Ibid. 3 Dwi Aris Subakti, Pemboikotan Film Amerika oleh PAPFIAS Dalam Rangka Propaganda Politik “Kepribadian Nasional” Tahun 1964, (Surakarta: UNS. skripsi, 2006), hlm. 45. 4 Ibid. 5 Tata Tertib Sentral Biro SOBSI, Koleksi Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia, RA. 22 No. 48, DNcommit SOBSI: to Berkasuser tanpa tanggal tentang Tugas Sentral Biro SOBSI. perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id47 kegiatan badan organisasi dititikberatkan pada mengkombinasikan setiap aksi 6 untuk perluasan hak-hak demokrasi, sosial ekonomi, dan kebudayaan. A. Plan 3 Tahun SOBSI Propaganda bukan saja dalam peri kehidupan sehari-hari, tetapi juga dalam rangka usaha Pemerintah menggalakkan pembangunan untuk masa-masa yang akan datang. Propaganda merupakan alat persuasi untuk menggerakkan massa. Propaganda diartikan memberikan penerangan positif yang mendorong aktivitas massa berdasarkan kebenaran dan tidak membohongi rakyat seperti yang dilakukan oleh negara diktatorial dalam menjalankan indoktrinasinya.7 Pada 1 Januari 1961 SOBSI mengumumkan rencana tiga tahun yang ambisius yaitu Plan 3 Tahun Pertama SOBSI, antara lain tindakan pada perluasan anggota dan Plan pendidikan. Plan 3 Tahun Pertama tersebut merupakan bentuk kegiatan kongkrit untuk memperbesar tubuh SOBSI serta mempertinggi kemampuan kader-kader SOBSI yang berarti mempertinggi daya juang kaum 8 buruh Indonesia. Pelaksanaan Plan 3 Tahun Pertama tidak lepas dari kegiatan- kegiatan semua badan organisasi dengan mengkombinasikan setiap aksi untuk perluasan hak-hak demokrasi, sosial ekonomi, dan kebudayaan. Dewan Nasional (DN) SOBSI membuat peraturan di mana terdapat kompetisi-kompetisi antar 6Petundjuk No. 10/E/60, Koleksi Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia, RA. 22 No. 76, DN SOBSI: Berkas tanggal 24 April 1961 tentang Program Kerdja Pelaksanaan Plan Tiga Tahun SOBSI Untuk Tahun Pertama 1961. 7 Santoso Sastropoetro, PROPAGANDA: Salah Satu Bentuk Komunikasi Massa, (Bandung: Penerbit Alumni, 1983), hlm. 15. 8 Program Kerdja Pelaksanaan Plan Tiga Tahun SOBSI untuk Tahun Pertama 1961, Koleksi Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia, RA. 22 No. 76, DN SOBSI: Berkas tanggal 24 Aprilcommit 1961 todi user Jakarta Tentang Penyampaian Plan Kebawah dan Menciptakan Syarat-syarat Pelaksanaan Plan 3 Tahun SOBSI. perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id48 daerah, antar cabang, dan antar basis satu bidang pekerjaan yang bertujuan meningkatkan semangat para buruh dalam melaksanakan Plan 3 Tahun Pertama. Organisasi tersebut kemudian mengadakan “Plan 3 Tahun Pertama SOBSI” yang dilaksanakan pada tahun 1961–19639. Plan tersebut juga bertujuan sebagai alternatif dalam memperkuat persatuan nasional untuk melawan imperialisme dan feodalisme. Propaganda SOBSI melalui Kebudayaan dan Olahraga tidak lepas dari Plan 3 Tahun SOBSI. Plan tersebut menitikberatkan 3 mata plan yaitu perluasan anggota, perluasan pendidikan, dan perluasan pemasukan keuangan. Pada plan pendidikan terdiri dari: 1. Sekolah guru SOBSI Cabang 2. Sekolah guru SOBSI Daerah 3. Sekolah OB atau KOB yang ditujukan untuk mendidik sebanyak- banyaknya Kepala Kelompok atau aktivis lainnya. 4. Jatah tenaga guru penuh di pusat sampai di OB/KOB 5. Perluasan kursus PBH 6. Perluasan peredaran Brosur 7. Perluasan rombongan koor/kecakapan menyanyi 8. Perluasan Ceramah Manipol dan ceramah lainnya 9. Perluasan rombongan olahraga 10 10. Pelaksanaan kerja bakti. Konsep tersebut adalah satu-satunya program kerja SOBSI yang dimulai sejak tahun 1961 dan berakhir tahun 1963. Plan 3 Tahun SOBSI adalah Plan yang 9 Organisasi Lebih Baik Kegiatan Kesenian dan Olahraga, Koleksi Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia, RA. 22 No. 316, DN SOBSI: Berkas Bulan Juni 1963 di Jakarta Tentang Lawan Kebudayaan Imperialis dan Tingkatkan Kebudayaan Kaum Buruh. 10 Tentang Masalah Mata Plan dan Pelaksanaanya, Koleksi Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia, RA. 22 No. 63, DN SOBSI: Berkas tanggal 9 Juni 1962, Jakarta tentang Pelaksanaancommit Perluasan to user Anggota dan Organisasi. perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id49 11 menyeluruh, banyak mencakup segala bidang dan bersifat nasional. Tujuan program tersebut adalah untuk memperkokoh organisasi SOBSI dan Serikat Buruh yang tergabung didalamnya serta meningkatkan perluasan persatuan kaum buruh Indonesia. Tujuan lain dari program tersebut juga mengintensifkan pengembangan kekuatan progresif dan demokratis di Indonesia, menekan kedudukan para musuh kaum buruh dan rakyat, yaitu imperialisme dan feodalisme.12 Plan 3 Tahun ketika dilaksanakan oleh seluruh massa kaum buruh dan dikooordinasikan serta dipimpin secara intensif. Fase pertama pelaksanaan Plan 3 Tahun SOBSI telah ditetapkan oleh Konferensi Nasional Pertama pada tahun 1961, yaitu mencapai 25%. Pelaksanaan tahapan pertama mempunyai kedudukan dan peranan penting, karena pertama kali organisasi SOBSI dan Serikat Buruh dijalankan secara umum. Pelaksanaan tersebut dilakukan baik secara nasional maupun daerah, lokal, ataupun secara lapangan kerja. Semua tingkat organisasi dituntut untuk melaksanakan tugas mengkonsolidasi organisasi secara terus-menerus, secara sistematis dan terpimpin.13 Pelaksanaan Plan 3 Tahun tahapan pertama menyinggung kegiatan- kegiatan semua badan organisasi dari atas sampai ke bawah, terutama pada 11 Plan adalah salah satu program kerja SOBSI. Plan ini dilaksanakan dalam jangka waktu tiga tahun. Plan Tiga tahun pertama pada tahun 1961-1963 dan plan Tiga tahun kedua pada tahun 1964-1966. Program plan tiga tahunan SOBSI bertujuan untuk memperbanyak anggota dan memperbaiki kualitas anggota lewat pendidikan di sekolah-sekolah SOBSI. 12 Laksanakan Plan 3 Tahun SOBSI untuk Memenangkan Persatuan atas Perpecahan, Koleksi Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia, RA. 22 No. 76, DN SOBSI: Berkas tanggal 3 Maret 1961, Jakarta tentang Memperkuat SOBSI Cabang adalah Kunci Berhasilnya Plan 3 Tahun Organisasi dan Pendidikan. 13 Fase Pertama Pelaksanaan Plan 3 Tahun Pada Pokoknja Telah Tertjapai, Koleksi Arsip Nasionalcommit Republik to user Indonesia, RA. 22 No. 63, DN SOBSI: Berkas tanpa tahun. perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id50 kombinasi setiap aksi untuk perluasan hak demokrasi, sosial ekonomi, 14 kebudayaan, dan lain-lain dengan aktivitet pelaksanaan Plan. Plan 3 Tahun SOBSI tentang Perluasan Anggota/Organisasi dan Plan Pendidikan dimulai pada bulan Januari 1961. Program tersebut merupakan bentuk kegiatan kongkrit untuk memperbesar tubuh SOBSI serta mempertinggi kemampuan kader-kader SOBSI, yang berarti mempertinggi daya juang kaum buruh Indonesia. Pada tanggal 17 Agustus 1963 Plan 3 Tahun telah dilengkapi dengan Plan Kebudayaan, yaitu untuk mempertinggi taraf pendidikan umum dan vaksentral15 bagi semua kader dari tingkat pusat sampai para aktivis di OB.16 Plan kebudayaan tersebut merupakan terapan dari 3 mata plan terpenting
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