PHYSICAL MEASUREMENT LABORATORY Gauging nature on all scales

NIST.GOV/PML

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r Facility IEEE, SPIE, AND AAAS STANDARDS INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS MORE THAN 100 FELLOWS OF APS, OSA, OSA, OF APS, MORE THAN 100 FELLOWS MORE THAN 250 MEMBERS OF 470 FEDERAL AND 670 ASSOCIATE STAFF 110 NON-SCIENTIST SCIENTISTS; AND MEASURES OFFICIALS EACH YEAR OFFICIALS EACH AND MEASURES TRAINERS OF OVER 1,000 STATE WEIGHTS WEIGHTS 1,000 STATE TRAINERS OF OVER NIST.GOV/PML [email protected] DRIVE 100 BUREAU MD 20899-8400 GAITHERSBURG,    ❱❱ ❱❱ ❱❱ ❱❱ frequency, electricity, temperature, humidity, pressure pressure humidity, temperature, electricity, frequency, and electromag and gas flow, liquid and vacuum, PML radiation. and ionizing acoustic, optical, netic, profes universities, directlyindustry, with collaborates and other organizations, sional and standards-setting accuracy and to ensure to agencies of government It also supports in many problems. solve research importance, national as manu- such fields of urgent and enforcement health, law facturing, energy, military communications, defense, security, homeland and display, lighting the environment, electronics, exploration, space sensing, remote radiation, and transportation.

- des 700 kinds of calibration services des 700 kinds of calibration Numerous special testing services standard time dissemination U.S. materials Over 100 standard reference Data Center Atomic Center Fundamental Constants Data NanoFab Use Provi

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7 MEMBERS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES 7 MEMBERS OF THE NATIONAL 4 NOBEL LAUREATES 

❱❱ OUR PEOPLE INCLUDE: ❱❱ standards for a wide range of quantities, including of quantities, a wide range for standards time and and shock, acceleration, force length, mass, absolutely essential to industry, medicine, the research the research medicine, industry, to essential absolutely on All of them depend and government. community, the official and disseminate maintain, develop, to PML tude. PML is a world leader in the science of physical of physical science leader in the is a world PML tude. make that and tools devising procedures measurement, are Exact possible. measurements progress continual and Technology (NIST), U.S. standards the definitive sets Technology and nearly everyfor kind in modern life, of measurement of magni than 20 orders more sometimes across The Physical Measurement Laboratory (PML), a major Laboratory Measurement (PML), Physical The Institute of Standards of the National unit operating PHYSICAL MEASUREMENT LABORATORY (PML) LABORATORY MEASUREMENT PHYSICAL

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p and continuously improve the best and most trustworthy the best and improve p and continuously

Progress in manufacturing, medicine, communications, defense, communications, in manufacturing, medicine, Progress The central mission of NIST’s Physical Measurement Laboratory (PML) Laboratory Measurement (PML) Physical of NIST’s mission central The develo is to support and to possible science Americanmeasurement commerce economy. in the world preeminence the nation’s ensure and cannot measure, you It make what cannot you is justly said that and precise accurate demands increasingly modern technology properties lowest the at myriad of quantities and measurements possible uncertainties smaller dimensions. and in ever

James Kushmerick, Director Laboratory Measurement Physical University of MarylandUniversity Park. College at has a unique pages, on the following highlighted projects and programs, Each of our many and measurement research unequaled metrology to provide But all reflect our devotion focus. services and tomorrow. America both today to Finally, we are leading a sweeping new program called NIST on a Chip that aims to bring aims to called NIST on a Chip that new program leading a sweeping are we Finally, site the customer’s directly to devices measurement quantum-accurate super-miniaturized, staff 80 administrative scientists; and 670 associate 500 federal PML’s is conducted by work That institutes: joint two and at campuses, CO, and Boulder, MD, Gaithersburg, working NIST’s at Institute (JQI) Quantum and the Joint with the Boulder, of Colorado JILA with the University standards, calibrations, and methods for making their essential measurements—both at NIST at making measurements—both for methods and essential their calibrations, standards, In provide we addition, they encounter. problems facilities—and helps solve customer and at and active teaching numerous and operate databases, science authoritative of the nation’s many programs. training imaging, ultra-high-precision timekeeping, and sub-picosecond signal processing to detection to processing and sub-picosecond signal timekeeping, ultra-high-precision imaging, precision artificial electronics, spin intelligence, photonics, advanced effects, quantum subtle of SI units. the newly redefined realize to ways and novel medicine, and academia with state-of-the-art government, industry, provides PML the same time, At and many other key endeavors depends critically on those capabilities. PML meets those PML depends critically on those capabilities. other key endeavors and many and testing, calibration, and authoritative research metrology world-leading needs through services. measurement to science of physical frontiers the outermost at work and technicians Our scientists nanoscale from will require, the future the kinds that of measurements and investigate identify MESSAGE FROM THE DIRECTOR FROM THE MESSAGE - -

Broadcast and Measure Broadcast Radioactivity; Neutron Ozone; MercuryOzone; Metrology training at unique NIST unique at training Metrology

JAMES A. FEDCHAK JAMES DIRECTOR ASSOCIATE (301) 975-8962 [email protected] nist.gov/calibrations ENVIRONMENTAL: ENVIRONMENTAL: RADIATION: IONIZING Elec and Gamma-Ray, and Dosimetry;Sources X-ray, Dosimetry;tron Dosimetry High-Dose for Applications TIME AND FREQUENCY: Services;ment Phase Characterization of Oscillators; ModulationModulation and Amplitude Noise Systems Measurement AND MEASURES AND WEIGHTS METROLOGY TRAINING: facility;training in-person and virtual numerous the country;classes around NCSLI and MSC at training meetings

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Provides NIST-traceable calibrations & reports Provides NIST-traceable & protocols on best-practice test procedures Advises to unique and/or unusual customer requests Responds metrics Contributes to quality assurance

  ❱ IMPACTS ❱ ❱ ❱ Photometric; Optical Photometric; Resistance; Impedance;Resistance; Pressure; Vacuum; Temperature; Temperature; Vacuum; Pressure; Length; Diameter and Roundness; Diameter Length; Hydrometers; Volume and Density;Volume Hydrometers;

THERMODYNAMIC: THERMODYNAMIC: Humidity; Thermal Resistance Spectroradiometric; Detector Calibrations in EUV; in EUV; Spectroradiometric; Detector Calibrations Optical Detectors; Lasers and High-Frequency Components Optoelectronic OPTICAL RADIATION: RADIATION: OPTICAL Surface of Materials; Properties and Appearance; Color and Antennas; Field Strength Parameters; High-Speed Parameters; Strength Field and Antennas; Waveforms Forms; Pulse Wave Repetitive Voltage; Precision Ratio; Phase Meters and Standards Ratio; and Standards Meters Phase Precision Voltage; Frequency; Low at and Energy VOR; Power and Strength EM Field Wave; and Millimeter Microwave, RF, Vibration; Acoustics Acoustics Vibration; ELECTROMAGNETIC: MECHANICAL: MECHANICAL: Flow; Air Speed Instruments; Force; Mass Standards; ments; Surface Texture; Nanoscale Structures Nanoscale Texture; Surfacements; DIMENSIONAL: DIMENSIONAL: Optical Reference Dimensional Standards; Complex/3D Laser Measure Angular Measures; Standards; Plane per year in nine metrology areas covering about covering areas in nine metrology per year services, including: 500 calibration results for carefully selected artiand instruments carefully for results PML. conducted or through within facts. Nearly are all 13,000 tests then more NIST performs, on average, levels of measurement quality and productivity. These These quality productivity. and measurement of levels in their assurance with services customers provide the NIST measurement communicating by results NIST calibration servicesNIST calibration users of the makers and help highest possible the achieve instruments precision MEASUREMENT SERVICES SERVICES MEASUREMENT

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BARBARA GOLDSTEIN, BARBARA GOLDSTEIN, PROGRAM MANAGER (301) 975-2304 [email protected] nist.gov/noac Many users in industry, government, medicine, medicine, government, users in industry, Many often ship their now labs and standards defense, for NIST to instruments expensive and delicate standards. national U.S. against testing and calibration promoting traceability, establishes a chain of That to bring that aims kind of NOAC user confidence. own site. to the user’s directly confidence single chip-scale a package will be able to Eventually, A time and frequency multiple quantities: measure next also servemounted might tool scale, as a length a atop sits that sensor a magnetic-field to thermometer. quantum-based

- - - - for precision measurement traceable to the SI for precision measurement traceable Results in more flexible and efficient manufacturing in more flexible Results Provides chip-scale, often quantum-based technology often quantum-based Provides chip-scale, without having to send devices to a laboratory without having to send devices Enables users to calibrate sensors on the factory floor Enables users to calibrate sensors    

 ❱ IMPACTS ❱ ❱ miniaturized with low with low miniaturized with production costs that that with production costs

where customers need them, customers where providing either the exact of a value providing providing a broad range of “zero chain” chain” “zero of range a broad providing

RELIABLE, all; and at or no value measurement FIT-TO-FUNCTION, MANUFACTURABLE, applications; for scale appropriately

FLEXIBLE, that standards and measurements SI-traceable pack single small-form a into configurable are requirements; customers’ age and adaptable to on the factory floor, embedded into products, in products, embedded into on the factory floor, home; ,or at space in laboratories, and uncertainty required by the application. the application. and uncertainty by required power consumption, rugged, easily inte easily rugged, consumption, power range with an operating and utilized, grated DEPLOYABLE, DEPLOYABLE,

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• NIST ON A CHIP A CHIP ON NIST ing in devices that are inexpensive, robust, and small robust, inexpensive, are that ing in devices new or existing into incorporated be readily enough to equipment. used to make integrated circuits and micro-and circuits integrated make to used result (MEMS), potentially electromechanical systems Most NOAC designs can be produced with the same can be produced designs Most NOAC already and fabrication processes platforms silicon • ten miniaturized to chip scale or smaller—that are are smaller—that or scale chip to miniaturized ten System International the newly redefined to traceable will be: They of Units (SI). The NIST on a Chip program (NOAC) will develop develop will (NOAC) program Chip a on NIST The and sensors—of practical standards quantum-based

------require require MEDICINE & BIOLOGY QUANTITATIVE to and diagnostics analyses, tools, new measurement the nation’s to threats existing and emerging combat health. Micro- and nano-scale and methods devices ranging measurements—of systems enable physical particles and molecules single complex in from cells to accuracy, of levels new environments—with biological creation include the Programs and efficiency. precision, (body-on-a-chip) and of micro-physiological systems photonic/phononic interfaces between systems from interfaces from photonic/phononic systems between micro- and nanoelectromechanicalto atoms trapped metasur of development include Programs systems. temporal in uniquely light shape that faces/materials technolo modulation new domains for and spatial chip-scalegies; optical frequency as references combs quan and clocks, optical measurements, precision for extend sensors to tum sensors; cavity optomechanical to the thermodynamic field-deployable measurements inertiallimit of sensitivity plasmonic for measurement; photonic or adaptive reconfigurable for switching transduction networks;photon/phonon and single and manipulation, storage, information quantum for future for enabling technology transmission—an networks. quantum kinetic of cytometry interrogation high-throughput for and statistical representative generate to single cells and therapeutic on disease states ly meaningful data efficacy for drug discovery; of biotic/ development interfacesabiotic permit directthat electronic measure function of biomolecular and cellular ment high with sensitivity and selectivity; of measure and the creation biomarker structures for and biological systems ment detection and biomolecular analysis.

------If we can mea- can If we . Nanoscale measurements enable . Nanoscale measurements

World-leading, field-deployable sensitivity via micro-fabricated optomechanical sensors sensitivity via micro-fabricated optomechanical field-deployable World-leading, emitters for quantum information science Photonic devices to control quantum microprocessors, data centers, telecom, AI and IoT Metamaterials for next-gen and biological research biotechnology, for precision medicine, Manufacturable microsystems Advanced fabrication for and by nanoscale measurement fabrication for and by nanoscale Advanced

❱ ❱ ❱ ❱ IMPACTS ❱ cal, and acoustic fields down to the level of single pho to the level fields down and acoustic cal, structures create Nanofabricated and phonons. tons exist in a MEASUREMENT AND FABRICATION to combine AND OPTOMECHANICS PHOTONICS opti quantum classical, arbitrary over provide control devices to manipulate photons, phonons, and plasmons and plasmons phonons, photons, manipulate to devices the structures of and and probing limit, the quantum at and particles. (bio)molecules, All of functions of atoms, develops Division The approaches. new require these the advance to technology and science measurement state-of-the-art and nanomanufactur nanofabrication precisely more which in relationship synergistic in enable improvements devices fabricated more which in turn enable ever science, measurement scanning probes, beams, fabrication. Particle precise are manufacturing and methods, processes microscopy - nanotechnol and microsystems developing to essential domains including photonic, physical in diverse ogies include Programs and fluidic. biomolecular, mechanical, and precision atomic-scale toward approaches microscopy;fabrication and accuracylithography in dimen of nanostructures in three and measurement with high efficiencypractical systems and performance. tions in science, technology, and industry. New mea industry. and technology, tions in science, each step: has preceded science surement it make can we it, sure of creation nanotechnologies, fabrication of diverse approaches, and hybrid top-down,ing by bottom-up, innovative, make to capabilities novel these applies and critical applications. for microsystems integrated understand and predict fabricasions; modeling to of and realization processes; tion and measurement

Historical advances in precision control of materials, of materials, control in precision Historical advances multiple revolu to led have and information devices, MICROSYSTEMS AND NANOTECHNOLOGY DIVISION DIVISION AND NANOTECHNOLOGY MICROSYSTEMS

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J. ALEXANDER LIDDLE, J. DIVISION CHIEF (301) 975-6050 [email protected] nist.gov/pml/microsystems-and nanotechnology

The Division comprises three technical groups. comprises three The Division standards DEVELOPS GROUP THE DOSIMETRY gray and advancing measurement by realizing the X-rays, of to dosimetry important quantities of and other charged particles. gamma rays, electrons, diagnostic and therapeutic Applications include industrial processing in medicine, uses of radiation and security imaging quality of materials, homeland and public safety. radiation protection, the GROUP ESTABLISHES THE RADIOACTIVITY metrology infrastructure standards and necessary of the to enable the realization and dissemination becquerel. This mission is accomplished through the preparation and distribution of reference materials, programs, testing proficiency of organization the radioactivity calibrations, and basic research. Application areas include diagnostic and therapeutic fundamental nuclear security, nuclear medicine, and environmental monitoring. nuclear science, PROVIDES GROUP THE NEUTRON PHYSICS fundamental and standards, services, measurement mission in neutron research to support NIST’s metrology and physics. The Group maintains and disseminates neutron measurement standards and evaluation, technical calibration, through the Group maintains work. Moreover, experimental neutron user facility for imaging, and supports NIST’s and fundamental neutron physics. interferometry,

Homeland security and defense applications: detection and countermeasures Homeland security and defense and neutron imaging Fundamental physics of the neutron Worker protection and assurance for the nuclear energy and radiation industries protection and assurance for the nuclear energy and radiation Worker with matter The interaction of nuclear radiation monitoring Environmental protection and Radiation and nuclear applications in health care Radiation

❱ ❱ ❱ ❱ ❱ IMPACTS ❱ This work has a dramatic impact on many critically economy. important industrial sectors of the U.S. for In medical research and clinical practice, nearly 40 million each year the accuracy of example, radiation treatment plans mammograms and 40,000 for prostate cancer depend on measurements made Physics Division. by the Radiation In addition to realizing the SI units for absorbed radiation dose (the gray) and radioactivity (the becquerel), the Division conducts research in fundamental neutron physics and interferometry, and radionuclide metrology, radiation dosimetry, radiation imaging technologies. The Radiation Physics Division develops, maintains, Division develops, maintains, Physics The Radiation standards for ionizing primary U.S. and disseminates and applies and investigates radiation metrology, ionizing of interactions physical fundamental the systems, and materials of vast array with a radiation materials, including advanced technological components, microelectronic systems, biological radiological and environmental contaminants, and nuclear materials. Accurate and authoritative measurements of ionizing measurements and authoritative Accurate a host of are vital for and radioactivity radiation medical life-saving including critical applications, security and public safety, procedures, homeland processes, advanced manufacturing and industrial research including quantum and basic and applied information science. DIVISION PHYSICS RADIATION

NIST.GOV/PML | 8 NIST.GOV/PML | 9 JAMES ADAMS, DIVISION CHIEF DIVISION ADAMS, JAMES (301) 975-4202 [email protected] nist.gov/pml/radiation-physics NANOSCALE DEVICE CHARACTERIZATION DIVISION The Division develops and advances measurement MEASUREMENT PROBLEMS IN ALTERNATIVE science and fundamental knowledge to charac- COMPUTING, especially neuromorphic com- terize nano- and atom-scale engineered materials puting and AI, are being addressed, especially and solid-state devices, enabling innovation in neuromorphic computing and AI, by investi- information processing, sensing, and future gating new devices for analog and stochastic quantum technologies. computing and exploring new architectures and Those activities provide fundamental support for algorithms, both theoretically and in medium-scale breakthroughs in a wide range of areas, including integrated prototypes. nanoscale optical spectroscopy and imaging, This effort focuses on designing, fabricating, and nanoscale electron physics, future semiconductor characterizing hybrid circuit test platforms and devices and their integration in more complex disseminating them to researchers in industry and systems, alternative computing, and fabrication and academia to enable more efficient validation of characterization of solid-state atom-scale devices. device and circuit properties at increasingly greater Research in the Division has a number of focus areas, complexity and scale. including those listed below.

IMPACTS ❱ World class microscopy: micro-eV tunneling resolution in an in-operando STM, AFM, and

NIST.GOV/PML | 10 Magneto-transport System for Quantum Materials Research ❱ U.S. leadership in atom-scale device fabrication: single-atom transistor arrays with atom-scale control over the devices’ geometry ❱ Graphene-based quantum engineered systems: first creation and imaging of coupled quantum dots (islands of confined electric charge that act like interacting artificial atoms) in graphene

WORLD CLASS ELECTRICAL AND OPTICAL ATOM-SCALE DEVICES develop the foundational MICROSCOPY PROVIDES provide “local” measure- knowledge, measurements, and fabrication methods ments that characterize nanoengineered solid-state needed to enable nanoengineering of solid-state materials and devices as a function of temperature, devices and systems that will lead to new, electrical bias, optical stimulus, or applied magnetic unexplored emergent quantum behavior. field to reveal the fundamental physical properties and processes that underpin emergent quantum This effort is pushing electronic and quantum behavior. Advances in nanoscale microscopy devices and sensors to their fundamental operation instrumentation complement innovative precision limits with single electrons and spins on deterministi- electrical and optical spectroscopic measurements, cally placed atoms. These devices will be critical for methodology, and test structure design and fabrication. realizing chip-scale quantum information processing, ADVANCED MICROELECTRONICS can minimize quantum simulators, and field-deployable quantum the measurement gaps hindering heterogeneous electrical standards. integration of emerging electronic and photonic materials and devices with aggressively scaled STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT involves engag- silicon CMOS. Innovations in measurements to ing in international standards development where assure authenticity and reliability of materials, rigor in measurement methodology, data analysis, and devices, and systems are essential to ensure contin- data reporting facilitate a robust consensus-based ued gains in performance and the creation of more standards-creation process. complex and specialized functions in the face of revolutionary challenges to CMOS scaling. NIST.GOV/PML | 11

DAVID GUNDLACH, DIVISION CHIEF GUNDLACH, DAVID (301) 975-2048 [email protected] nist.gov/pml/nanoscale-device characterization-division © Robert Rathe Exploration of fundamental RESOURCES. DATA and matter – and aspects of the quantum nature of light to support the development of quantum metrology services QSI—result in both advanced measurement critically-evaluated reference data and authoritative, on atomic properties and fundamental constants disseminated through a searchable database. of that work is associated with the Division’s Part which Data Center Constants Fundamental determines the best values of the fundamental constants based on the latest measurements and contributes directly to improving international Science for Data on Committee the through standards and other organizations. (CODATA) and Technology The Division also provides metrology for the “Smart electric power Grid” program to improve America’s distribution system. Division researchers are researchers Division FRONTIERS. NEW standards. electrical new quantum-based developing resistance quantum Hall Novel graphene-based primary transferred to industry, standards are being and national metrology calibration laboratories, the power standard known as institutes. An electric is being developed to provide NIST “quantum watt” for power and energy meters. measurement services work integrating the Division is at the same time, At to with measurement services the Kibble balance Quantum new the on based values mass disseminate Techniques calibration laboratories. SI (QSI) to U.S. transformation this facilitate that technologies and Comparator Mass Suspension Magnetic a include balance. and a tabletop version of the Kibble

trapping, ultra-cold atoms and molecules, quantum simulations, modeling of quantum molecules, quantum simulations, modeling of quantum trapping, ultra-cold atoms and and non-classical light, and precision measurements systems, single-photon sources including the search for extraterrestrial planets including the search for extraterrestrial   Quantum processes and metrology that includes quantum optics, laser cooling and Quantum processes and metrology new QSI trical standards to support the Quantum-based mass and elec ic spectroscopy and data to support U.S. industry andresearch, U.S. Plasma modeling, atomic spectroscopy and data to support

❱ ❱ IMPACTS ❱ Ultracold atoms are used to perform quantum to perform are used atoms Ultracold simulations to study the physics of solid materials where control and measurement of individual atoms and molecules are far more difficult, if not Groundbreaking experiments to do. impossible, photons of interference quantum achieved have from different sources. This basic knowledge and the techniques developed to quantify it are crucial standards, time of improved the development for and power, unprecedented of computers quantum quantum communication technologies. QUANTUM CONTROL. The ability to understand and QUANTUM level is among the manipulate objects at the quantum Division The of modern science. most urgent goals techniques measurement quantum develops and investigates quantum phenomena to better understand the many-body physics that governs of semiconductors and superconductors, behavior and quantum information. are: Some focus areas of the Division This Division performs basic electrical, mass, and basic electrical, mass, This Division performs and applies quantum physics force calibrations, to achieve fundamental advances research methods been heavily The Division has in metrology. international community in both engaged with the to the 2019 redefinition proposing and contributing the of Units. In particular, System of the International design and fabrication of a state-of-the-art Division’s the redefining the Kibble balance was essential to kilogram. In the 21st Century, world-class metrology demands demands world-class metrology Century, In the 21st properties on of ate measurements highly accur single to kilograms of millions from ranging scales spins. photons and electron DIVISION MEASUREMENT QUANTUM

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GERALD FITZPATRICK, GERALD FITZPATRICK, DIVISION CHIEF (301) 975-8922 [email protected] nist.gov/pml/quantum-measurement

through leading through Advanced measurement protocols, models Advanced measurement protocols, are shared and novel measurement techniques metrology and through participation in international standards-related activities, training, education, THE OF STATE THE ADVANCE AND IMPROVE SCIENCE MEASUREMENT IN ART and including photometry in many fields research optical scattering from fluid flow, vision science, measurement, process technology, surfaces, infrared of materials and surfaces, medical optical properties ultraviolet and extreme imaging, and ultraviolet recent Division For example, radiation measurement. to interferometry optical picometer in research of gases will the refractive index accurately determine and the methods for realizing fundamentally change temperature, SI units of pressure, disseminating the research on applications of cold- and length, while of the first atom traps is allowing the realization extreme of measurement for the standard absolute levels of vacuum. and outreach. FACILITIES UNIQUE AND MAINTAIN DEVELOP ultraviolet optics, detectors, and for testing extreme sensors; infrared and optical calibrating photoresists; providing precision dimensional measurements; measurement the for sensors chip-scale advancing for sensors testing variables; thermodynamic of firearm flows; advancing smokestack measuring and characterizing science; measurement forensics facilities Key sources. and light materials optical maintained by the Division include the Synchrotron Facility (SURF III), the Low Ultraviolet Radiation Infrared Facility (LBIR), and the Horizontal Background Simulator. Stack Smoke

comparability of U.S. ground and space-based environmental measurements ground and space-based comparability of U.S. to solid-state lighting Infrastructure for process plant operations and energy commerce Infrastructure for process plant international measurement methods for establishing the accuracy and and Standards Metrology and measurement services for the transition from incandescent and fluorescent services for the transition from incandescent and fluorescent Metrology and measurement

❱ ❱ IMPACTS ❱ by way of dimensional, mechanical, optical radiation, and thermodynamic measurement services and through the provision of reference standards and reference data. Services are continually evolving in order to provide the measurements and innovation U.S. support to needed uncertainties and industrial competitiveness. DISSEMINATE SI UNITS AND NATIONAL SCALES AND NATIONAL SI UNITS DISSEMINATE and the and STANDARDS MAINTAIN AND DEVELOP infrastructure for necessary physical and knowledge (temperature), three of the seven SI units: the kelvin (luminous candela and the (length), meter the intensity). The Division participates in national and development standards committees, international organizations, and measurement intercomparisons measurements world- to ensure acceptance of U.S. research The Division also enters into formal wide. and development agreements with government and industry partners to collaborate on the development of measurement standards. The Division supports U.S. industry and technology industry U.S. The Division supports on accurate and comparable research dependent surface radiation, optical length, of measurements vacuum, pressure, humidity, properties, temperature, Success is highly and related phenomena. flow, with industry, dependent on close collaboration and standards universities, other Federal agencies, goals are to: development organizations. Our The explosion of highly sophisticated sensor and sensor of highly sophisticated The explosion enabled recent years has technology in imaging medical in personal safety, advancements dramatic treatment, lighting efficiency, diagnosis and manufacturing, precision measurement, temperature to and space sciences, environmental monitoring, cite a few examples. DIVISION SCIENCE SENSOR

NIST.GOV/PML | 14 NIST.GOV/PML | 15 GERALD T. FRASER, DIVISION CHIEF FRASER, GERALD T. (301) 975-3797 [email protected] nist.gov/pml/sensor-science

- - - — —Imaging RESEARCH in IMAGING TERAHERTZ the terahertz frequencyenables detection range of under such as explosives contraband, concealed The the use of ionizing radiation. without clothing, frequencycapabilities in this unique range Division’s and industrial processing to in contributions also result of chemicals. identification remote RESEARCH COMBS FREQUENCY OPTICAL high-precision has led to research Groundbreaking for tools measurement and spatial temporal, spectral, three-dimensionalgas monitoring, metrology, length of frequen measurements Highly accurate and more. appli other advanced many for also essential cies are agents, biochemical such as detection of toxic cations, computing. and quantum dynamics, studies of ultrafast - CHARACTER NANOSTRUCTURE QUANTITATIVE a critical component —Nanostructures are IZATION in high-performance computing, of innovations ener conservation, energy renewable electronics, develop We and health care. biomedical research, gy, address to techniques metrology and demonstrate - tech These challenges. nanoscale measurement atom microscopy, niques include scanning microwave electron microscopy, transmission tomography, probe and time-resolved photo- Raman spectroscopy, push these Our goal is to luminescence. by measurements comparative methods beyond uncertainties absolute evaluating and systematic errors.

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space clocks Laser power measurements revolutionized by connecting to photon momentum power measurements revolutionized Laser ever composed of sensors that count single photons Highest-performance camera may enable better display technologies and atom-scale sensing Brightest GaN nanowire LED Time transfer with optical frequency combs enables precise clock comparison, toward better better combs enables precise clock comparison, toward Time transfer with optical frequency

❱ ❱ ❱ IMPACTS ❱ perconducting circuits to state-of-the-art to circuits perconducting single- enable highly accurate to technologies ic imaging — MEASUREMENTS POWER OPTICAL su complex —From INFORMATION QUANTUM calibration —NIST develops IMAGING MAGNETIC magnet for agents contrast and standards, methods, radiometry, advanced communications, sensing, sensing, communications, advanced radiometry, and quantum imaging, itative quant spectroscopy, and with academia, industry, work to measurements the impact maximize of agencies to other government and abroad. States in the United its research industry the optoelectronics provides with traceabil properties component and as laser such detector, responsiv detector spectral laser beam profile, power, is foundation this work detectors and sources, photon of generation the to lead sources photon Entangled perform with which to of light of states key tests novel numbers truly random mechanics and create quantum in support of industry and cryptography. U.S. The decisions. and treatment diagnosis images for industryvali healthcare and advancing benefits from of MRI- based bio-markers. calibrations

ity to national standards. It involves measuring laser, measuring laser, It involves standards. ity national to transmis of and the attenuation detector linearity, ity, abilitythe enhances industryof That components. sion manufacturing, lasers in photovoltaic utilize reliably to more. and laser welding, networking. and quantum information quantum al to bio-magneticmethods, imaging quantitative dating including shape-shifting smart biomedical probes, SI-traceable and MRI, field low ultra agents, contrast

The Applied Physics Division uses its expertise Division uses in Physics Applied The DIVISION PHYSICS APPLIED

NIST.GOV/PML | 16 NIST.GOV/PML | 17 KRISTAN CORWIN, DIVISION CHIEF KRISTAN (303) 497-4411 [email protected] nist.gov/pml/applied-physics-division QUANTUM ELECTROMAGNETICS DIVISION Harnessing the electromagnetic spectrum—from direct DEVELOPS AND COLLABORATIVELY DISSEM- current and voltage through fields in the gigahertz, micro- INATES THE DC AND AC QUANTUM VOLTAGE wave, and terahertz ranges to X-rays and gamma rays— STANDARDS that underpin measurements worldwide. enables a wide range of present and future applications Creates high-bandwidth signal generation techniques that are critical to economic and scientific advancement. and instrumentation to characterize future communica- tions systems and reduce spectrum crunch. The Division utilizes quantum-mechanical, electron- ic, magnetic, and photonic properties of materials and CONDUCTS APPLIED RESEARCH, FABRICATION, their interaction with electromagnetic waves to devel- AND BENCHMARK TESTING of scalable, coupled op high-precision measurement tools, methods, and quantum bits (qubits), resonators, ultra-low-noise devices for quantum-based electrical standards, energy- amplifiers, and hybridized qubit and control circuitry efficient spintronic devices, and high-resolution photon for future large-scale, high-coherence, high-fidelity sensors for imaging and spectroscopy. Major focus areas superconducting quantum computing. Develops are hardware for artificial intelligence, superconducting quantum-based waveform synthesizers for self- quantum information, and hyper-dimensional imaging. calibrated control and readout.

IMPACTS ❱  Transfer of quantum-based voltage standards advances military and industry metrology

NIST.GOV/PML | 18 ❱  X-ray sensors aid high-resolution material spectrometry and tomography for circuit security ❱  Electric-field noise reduction in ion traps greatly improves quantum computing capability ❱  Magnetic/superconductive neuromorphic hardware supports artificial intelligence ❱  Measurement of ultrafast dynamics in magnetic materials enhances computer memory

Innovations in metrology and micro- and nano- INNOVATES IN SPIN ELECTRONICS AND fabrication (and the rapid feedback between them NANOSCALE SPIN DYNAMICS RESEARCH, provided by the fab-to-lab-to-fab cycle) propel developing and measuring materials, devices, critical advances in high-performance superconduct- and scalable systems to accelerate progress toward ing electronics, digital logic, data storage, materials dramatically higher-speed and lower-power electronics, development, quantum processing and engineer- information storage, and brain-inspired computing ing, nuclear forensics, and astronomical observations, required by future industries and consumers. as well as a deeper understanding of fundamental physics. Among a range of activities, the Division: FABRICATES BEST-IN-CLASS, ULTRA-SENSITIVE, SUPERCONDUCTING DETECTOR ARRAYS used OPERATES THE STATE-OF-THE-ART BOULDER in ultra-high-resolution spectrometers for advanced MICROFABRICATION FACILITY for chip-based materials analysis, microelectronics security, defect quantum standards, sensors, integrated photonic identification in integrated circuits, X-ray fundamental circuits, and nanomagnetic devices. The 1,700 m2 ISO 5 line metrology, nuclear nonproliferation applications, (class-100) cleanroom provides state-of-the-art micro- and cosmology. The Division develops amplifiers with and nano-fabrication capabilities particularly for NIST- near-quantum-limited low noise and microwave mul- Boulder researchers. Capabilities include: a full tiplexers for high-rate readout of superconducting sen- lithography suite, providing electron-beam lithogra- sors and quantum information processing. It advances phy; deposition tools (evaporation, sputtering, chemical- the science of cryogenics to enable refrigeration systems vapor deposition, and molecular-beam epitaxy); reac- for quantum electronics with reduced size, weight, power, tive-ion etch tools, and chemical-mechanical polishing. and/or cost for sensing, communications, and computing. NIST.GOV/PML | 19 s

(acting) WILLIAM RIPPARD, WILLIAM RIPPARD, DIVISION CHIEF (303) 497-3882 [email protected] nist.gov/pml/quantum-electromagnetic Transfer of quantum-based voltage standards advances military and industry metrology of quantum-based voltage standards advances Transfer material spectrometry and tomography for circuit security sensors aid high-resolution X-ray in ion traps greatly improves quantum computing capability Electric-field noise reduction hardware supports artificial intelligence Magnetic/superconductive neuromorphic in magnetic materials enhances computer memory Measurement of ultrafast dynamics           IMPACTS ❱ ❱ ❱ ❱ ❱ TIME AND FREQUENCY DIVISION Much of the world’s modern technology infrastructure NIST’S YTTERBIUM OPTICAL LATTICE CLOCK relies on exquisitely precise timing and synchronization, achieves a nearly 100-fold improvement in validated from the Global Positioning System to telecommunica- accuracy over the cesium clocks currently used to define tions and data networks to electric power generation the second, making it one of the leading candidates for a and distribution. The Division provides official U.S. stan- future redefinition of the second. dards for time and frequency measurements and related quantities. These measurements trace back to the laser- NIST’S ALUMINUM ION QUANTUM LOGIC CLOCK cooled NIST cesium fountain atomic clock, one of the demonstrates exceptional accuracy and is a pioneer in world’s most accurate measuring devices of any kind. the use of quantum information techniques to enable and enhance metrology. It is another leading candi- The Division provides official time to the United States date for the coming redefinition of the SI second and a and is the source of the nation’s contribution to Coordi- powerful tool for exploring open questions in nated Universal Time. In addition, the Division distributes fundamental physics and cosmology. numerous time and related measurements customized for different customer needs.

IMPACTS ❱ The free Internet Time Service automatically synchronizes clocks in computers and network NIST.GOV/PML | 20 devices tens of billions of times every day and is built into most computer operating systems. ❱ Special time code radio stations, including radio station WWVB, synchronize many millions of radio-controlled clocks and watches to official NIST time. ❱ Researchers perform cutting-edge research in the measurement of time and frequency, expanding basic knowledge and measurement capabilities for stakeholders around the world.

QUANTUM INFORMATION PROCESSING WITH CHIP-SCALE WAVELENGTH REFERENCES AND TRAPPED IONS continuously demonstrates pioneering CLOCKS explore new methods for integrating chip-scale achievements in quantum information processing with photonics with atomic systems for creating compact, low - trapped ions for over 25 years, amassing a long list of power devices for precision metrology, atomic devic- “firsts” and “bests.” es for precision measurement of time, magnetic field, acceleration, and a broad range of other applications. QUANTUM CONTROL OF SINGLE MOLECULAR support the world’s IONS applies and adapts the quantum information tool- OPTICAL FREQUENCY COMBS box developed for atomic ions to single molecular ions. most precise atomic clocks and enable the accurate With more complicated internal structure compared to transfer of phase and frequency information from the atoms, molecules present both experimental challenges microwave to the optical domain to enable the charac- and great opportunities for exploring new physics. terization of developing optical atomic clocks against the current definition of the SI second. QUANTUM SIMULATION AND SENSING WITH MICRORESONATOR DEVICE RESEARCH develops LARGE TRAPPED-ION CRYSTALS pursue Feyn- microcombs, integrated reference cavities, and low-noise man’s vision of using a well-controlled and measurable laser sources. The goal is to understand the fundamental quantum system to emulate and study quantum many and technical aspects for implementing precision time body systems that are not understood and cannot be and frequency metrology in chip-scale devices. straightforwardly simulated on a conventional computer. NIST.GOV/PML | 21

ELIZABETH DONLEY, DIVISION CHIEF (303) 497-5173 [email protected] nist.gov/pml/time-and-frequency-division

research adapts and research focuses on the focuses & MOLECULAR research ATOMIC of interactions and properties,the of study behavior, Manipulating and molecules. and ultra-coldcold atoms between the interactions and controlling single atoms physics many-body them enables studies of quantum and of molecule formation control and quantum chemical reactions. & BIOPHYSICS CHEMICAL from concepts and tools measurement applies physics to understanding the properties of elementary chemical, nanostructured, and biological systems. includes single biological molecules and Research applications of ultrastable atomic force microscopes, ultrafast and quantum-optical spectroscopy of studies molecules, and fundamental complex and chemical of dynamics and kinetics the of is central to all the is central MEASUREMENT PRECISION explorations from fundamental research, Division’s in physics not predicted to reveal new that seek to universe, of the models physical established physics, between gaps bridge that investigations of descriptions providing by and biology chemistry, and biological processes at their important chemical levels. most basic physical development the include efforts research Flagship based on ultra- optical clocks of record-breaking to lattices, and a program cold atoms in optical violations centered on precision search for symmetry moment (EDM) measurements of the electric dipole trapped molecular of the electron using exotic ions species. biophysical properties.

seeks to seeks

World’s first Bose-Einstein condensate & quantum-degenerate Fermi gas first Bose-Einstein condensate & quantum-degenerate World’s quantum systems complex Understanding and controlling & biology chemistry techniques to nanoscience, Extending quantum measurement for the growing quantum economy Developing a highly skilled workforce Record-setting accuracy for atomic clocks Record-setting

❱ ❱ ❱ ❱ IMPACTS ❱ QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE (QIS) INFORMATION QUANTUM focus areas. focus such utilize the quantum properties of light and matter, as squeezed and entangled states, for applications ranging from quantum-enhanced sensing to quantum information processing and simulation. strong background the Division’s Leveraging in laser cooling, atom trapping, and ultra-stable quantum lasers, to understand and control complex systems, drives advances in quantum metrology and the development of new tools for quantum networking and computing. Complementary to the major a QIS is in efforts physics atomic Division’s research effort on micro-fabricated electrical and electromechanical devices that are engineered to operate in regimes where quantum-mechanical properties dominate. Quantum Physics Division Research spans multiple Research Division Physics Quantum

This Division is the NIST part of JILA, the joint part of JILA, is the NIST This Division of and the University NIST institute of research fundamental develops JILA Boulder. Colorado, and tools and technologies, measurement-science of scientists and innovators. trains future generations most some of today’s explore Division researchers questions scientific and fundamental challenging limits of quantum measurements about the ultimate quantum Understanding the and technologies. and the interactions of light physics underlying work, and this is to the Division’s matter is central research applications in physics, then utilized for Being based on a university and biology. chemistry, well-suited environment research a enables campus to quantum workforce development. QUANTUM PHYSICS DIVISION PHYSICS QUANTUM

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ANDREW C. WILSON, DIVISION CHIEF (303) 492-6807 [email protected] nist.gov/pml/quantum-physics THE OFFICE OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES This office ensures traceability of state weights and measures standards to the International System of Units (SI), develops procedures for legal metrology tests and inspections, provides technical guidance and online tools to facilitate the implementation and use of the SI, and conducts training for laboratory metrologists and weights and measures officials.

The Office of Weights and Measures (OWM) provides guidance on laws and regulations adopted by the Na- tional Conference on Weights and Measures (which promulgates uniform standards across states and oth- er jurisdictions), and coordinates the development and publication of key NIST handbooks used by the states for enforcement purposes.

IMPACTS ❱ Publication of NIST Handbooks 44, 130, and 133

NIST.GOV/PML | 24 ❱ Yearly training of 1,000 students in 50 classes for inspectors and metrologists ❱ Traceability recognition of U.S. state metrology laboratories to SI ❱ U.S. representative to International Organization of Legal Metrology

The work has substantial impact: Sales of products or services affected by weights and measures laws represent about 50 percent of the U.S. Gross Domestic Product.

In addition, this office serves as the U.S. Represen- tative to the International Organization of Legal Metrology, which brings efficiency and cost savings to U.S. manufacturers and other stakeholders doing business overseas through the promotion of harmonized international standards and regulatory practices. The OWM training program is accredited by the International Association of Continuing Education and Training (IACET). KATRICE LIPPA, DIVISION CHIEF (301) 975-4004 [email protected] nist.gov/pml/weights-and-measures NIST.GOV/PML | 25

NIST does Researchers can specify the work work can specify the Researchers ROBERT ILIC, MANAGER ILIC, ROBERT (301) 975-3712 [email protected] nist.gov/cnst REMOTE JOBS: REMOTE it performed the have done and they need by staff. NanoFab RIGHTS: PROPERTY INTELLECTUAL intellectual property to rights not claim any used or unless a NIST federal in the NanoFab developed is a co-inventor. employee

) ------2 ) of clean (8,400 ft 2 2 sources State-of-the-art fabrication and measurement equipment State-of-the-art and innovative solutions Expert staff for consultation programs from many Support for diverse research from discovery to production Nanoscale technology to go   IMPACTS ❱ ❱ ❱ ❱ (20,000 ft 2 ) of advanced laborato ) of advanced 2 Economical hourly rates, hourly rates, Economical The NanoFab is open and staffed is open and staffed NanoFab The (60,000 ft 2 The NanoFab is operated by a by operated is NanoFab The Applications are accepted continu accepted are Applications cleanroom. cleanroom.

The NanoFab can train researchers in how in how researchers can train NanoFab The

If a non-proprietary NIST the project advances

SHARED-USE OPERATION: ously, with a streamlined application process designed designed process application a streamlined with ously, projects get startedto promptly. CNST NANOFAB NANOFAB CNST and provide consultation. consultation. and provide dedicated support and engineers dedicated staff of process and operate assist users, and train who technicians the processes, and control develop the tools, maintain to use tools. use tools. to STAFF: EXPERT 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. 7 days 24 hours a day, TRAINING: FLEXIBLE HOURS: possible with access midnight, 7 a.m. to from weekdays RATES: be available. may rates mission, reduced an online system accessible from mobile devices. from accessible an online system FOR REDUCED APPLY RESEARCHERS MAY based on operating costs, with tools reserved through reserved through with tools costs, based on operating RAPID ACCESS: ISO 5 (class-100) NanoFab’s 5,600 m NanoFab’s ry m which includes 1,900 space, in the 780 m located are Most tools room. It a wide and characterize is well-equipped process to and devic structures, of nanoscale materials, range within the available are tools Over 100 commercial es. cess to state-of-the-art, to cess mea nanoscale commercial along and methods, fabrication tools and surement expertise, hourly rates. with technical economical at The Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology Technology Science and Nanoscale for Center The ac rapid with researchers (CNST)provides NanoFab

JILA’s current faculty includes two Nobel laureates, facultylaureates, Nobel includes two current JILA’s and D. John as two as well Hall, and John EricCornell Murnane and Margaret MacArthur Fellows, T. Catherine Ana Maria Rey. JILA Fellows, JILA among collaborations Creative NIST professors, CU students, and associates research world-leading from scientists and other staff members, JILA’s generating in role key a play globe the around pioneering research. renowned furthers JILA breakthroughs, In research addition to of researchers generations future training by science Its initiatives and training education and innovators. impact and our nation’s positively both the students workforce. scientific

- - was founded in 1962 as a in 1962 founded was of the Univer institute joint Boulder (CU) sityof Colorado Institute of and the National Standards and Technology.

First table-top X-ray lasers First table-top X-ray first Bose-Einstein condensate World’s Creating tools for the quantum Internet setting accuracy for atomic clocks Record-

❱ ❱ ❱ IMPACTS ❱ JOINT INSTITUTES JOINT JILA is one of the nation’s leading research institutes in institutes leading research nation’s JILA is one of the exploring are there Researchers sciences. the physical sci- fundamental and most challenging some of today’s measure of quantum questions about the limits entific optical of precision the design and technologies, ments principles underlying the fundamental lasers, and X-ray of quantum the role and matter, of light the interaction and much more. in chemistryphysics and biology,

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through a through a workforce of scientists and engineers for for engineers and of scientists a workforce Implementations of quantum information information Implementations of quantum processing mechanics of quantum Foundations physics to information of quantum Applications Quantum algorithms Quantum complexity theoryQuantum communication Quantum correction and fault tolerance error Quantum Quantum-enhanced metrology and quantum-secure cryptography Quantum cryptography jila.colorado.edu jqi.umd.edu quics.umd.edu ICS PURSUES THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMEN AND ICS PURSUES THEORETICAL • • • • • • • • • u CONDUCTING FUNDAMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS FUNDAMENTAL CONDUCTING for the foundation lay to phenomena of quantum systems quantum complex and controlling engineering of and entanglement of using the coherence capable mechanics; quantum THE NATION’S AND ENHANCING MAINTAINING IN HIGH TECHNOLOGY LEADING ROLE interdisciplinary in a unique, powerful collaboration supports that of ideas among center the exchange and physicists, matter condensed physicists, atomic and scientists; information quantum TRAINING industrial opportunities.future Q THE FRONTIERS OF QUANTUM RESEARCH AT TAL SCIENCE: INFORMATION

- - visitors to form a robust research community that is community that research a robust form to visitors of the art the state advancing in the field of quantum processing. information Experts in areas including computer science, Experts science, including computer in areas collaborate and physics mathematics, cybersecurity, and students, graduate scholars, with postdoctoral research and education in quantum computer science science computer in quantum and education research theory. information and quantum Computer Science (QuICS) is a partnership (QuICS) Science between Computer and (UMD) Maryland,of University the Park College advances center the campus, UMD the on Located NIST. The Joint Center for Quantum Information and Information Quantum for Center Joint The postdocs and students. JQI’s mission includes: JQI’s and students. postdocs home to dozens of leading quantum scientists from all from scientists of leading quantum dozens home to partner three workingthan 100 institutions with more cused on controlling and exploiting quantum systems. exploiting quantum and cused on controlling RESEARCH INSTITUTE, JQI IS A WORLD-CLASS Laboratory for Physical Sciences, and housed on the Sciences, Physical Laboratory for Institute (JQI) Quantum the Joint UMD campus, con fo ductsresearch theoretical and experimental major Founded in 2006 as a partnership between NIST, the in 2006 as a partnership NIST, between Founded and the (UMD), of Maryland,University Park College SI REDEFINITION On May 20, 2019, the world metrology community PML scientists remain actively engaged in projects dramatically redefined four of the seven base units related to the new SI. One team is working to develop of the International System of Units (SI), with the an electrical current meter compatible with the new result that for the first time each unit is based on a fixed definition of the ampere based on the movement of value of a fundamental constant of nature. Years of PML ndividual elementary electric charges. Another group is advances at the frontier of measurement science were exploring entirely quantum-based methods to measure critical to that outcome. temperature in terms of the kelvin, the SI base unit of temperature, now defined by the Boltzmann constant. PML had a particularly significant role in the redefini- tion of the kilogram—the last SI unit still embodied in And, of course, PML scientists developed and are a physical artifact. In the mid-1970s, a scientist named continuously improving the quantum-based global Bryan Kibble working at the British National Physical standard for ac and dc voltage measurements to meet Laboratory developed an instrument that compared the increasingly demanding needs of high-speed force exerted on a coil by an electromagnet to the telecommunications and other applications. mechanical force exerted by a hanging mass.

IMPACTS ❱ World-class Kibble balance results essential to the redefined kilogram NIST.GOV/PML | 28 ❱ Cutting-edge research on quantum-based temperature measurement ❱ Development of microtechnology for measuring the redefined ampere ❱ Pioneering the quantum-based world standard for voltage ❱ Global leadership in metrology of all seven SI base units

By the early 1980s, PML built the first of successive generations of the Kibble balance, as the instrument came to be known. At that time, it was used to measure the value of the Planck constant (h) using a standard kilogram. Then two PML scientists realized that a Kibble balance employing a calibrated kilogram to measure the value of h could be used in reverse: By setting an exact fixed value of h, the same system could be used to realize the kilogram. They proposed the new method in 1999.

A few years later, PML began constructing its fourth-gen- eration balance (shown on the front cover of this brochure). Its high accuracy, combined with that of a similar instrument elsewhere, met the exacting criteria for redefinition of the kilogram—just as PML’s scientists had proposed 20 years earlier. NIST.GOV/PML | 29 nist.gov/si-redefinition

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for perfectingfor measure

for inventing an entirely new kindnew entirely an inventing for and generating unique quantum interactions among interactions unique quantum and generating has made Hiscollections pioneeringof ions. research in new technologies advances possible dramatic simulation and computing quantum including masterythrough phenomena: of key quantum and superposition. entanglement JAN HALL (2005) HALL JAN technique—theof measurement laser frequency comb—that marked the most important revolution 1960 invention the since measurement in precision around employed is now technology The of the laser. and in ultra- devices commercial the globe in many accu clocks 1,000 times more optical atomic precise time standard. U.S. than the current rate (2012) WINELAND DAVE in individual ions, states of quantum and control ment new types of measurements with direct with new types of measurements science, of impactprogress the on competitiveness, global base, technology our national and quality of life. economy,

- for extending Dr. Phillips’ Phillips’ extending Dr. for for pioneeringlasers use of the for

invaluable way to explore superconductivity, quantum quantum superconductivity, explore to way invaluable and more. magnetism, billionths of a degree above absolute zero, the atoms the atoms zero, absolute above of a degree billionths constituting all in exactly state, are the same quantum properties make it an that with exotic atom” “super a laser cooling techniques to create an utterly new state of new state an utterly create to techniques laser cooling At condensate. Bosea matter: Einstein ultracold ERIC CORNELL (2001) timing. quantum measurements and provided a new kindnew a of provided and measurements quantum types of quan in many used worldwide now technology including ultra-precise and in applications tum research and magnetic fields to trap and cool a gas of atoms atoms cool a gas of and to trap fields and magnetic zero. absolute above of a degree within millionths to accurate made possible much more breakthrough This BILL PHILLIPS (1997) fundamental laws of nature. Four PML scientists have have scientists PML Four of nature. laws fundamental enabled have that advances for this award received The Nobel Prize in Physics is awarded to scientists who scientists to awarded is in Physics Prize Nobel The and apply the understand we way the revolutionize NOBEL PRIZE WINNERS WINNERS PRIZE NOBEL Credit: Alex Fine/NIST

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