DOCSLIB.ORG

The Tides in a General Circulation Model in the Indonesian Sras Dwiyoga Nugroho

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Tides in a General Circulation Model in the Indonesian Sras Dwiyoga Nugroho The tides in a general circulation model in the indonesian sras Dwiyoga Nugroho To cite this version: Dwiyoga Nugroho. The tides in a general circulation model in the indonesian sras. Ocean, Atmosphere. Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2017. English. NNT : 2017TOU30089. tel-01897523 HAL Id: tel-01897523 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01897523 Submitted on 17 Oct 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THTHESEESE`` En vue de l’obtention du DOCTORAT DE L’UNIVERSITE´ DE TOULOUSE D´elivr´epar : l’Universit´eToulouse 3 Paul Sabatier (UT3 Paul Sabatier) Pr´esent´eeet soutenue le 30/06/2017 par : Dwiyoga NUGROHO La mar´ee dans un mod`elede circulation g´en´erale dans les mers Indon´esiennes JURY Isabelle Dadou Pr´esidente Professeur-Universit´ePaul Sabatier,FRANCE Eric Chassignet Rapporteur Professeur-Florida State University,USA Janet Sprintall Rapporteur Senior scientist-Scripps-UC San Diego,USA Brian Arbic Examinateur Professeur associ´e-Michigan State University,USA Agus Atmadipoera Examinateur Maˆıtrede conf´erence-Bogor Agricultural University,INDONESIA Ariane Koch-larrouy Directrice de Th´ese LEGOS-IRD,FRANCE Florent Lyard Co-Directeur de Th´ese LEGOS-IRD,FRANCE Philippe Gaspar Co-Directeur de Th´ese CLS,FRANCE Ecole´ doctorale et sp´ecialit´e: SDU2E : Oc´ean,Atmosph`ere, Climat Unit´ede Recherche : Laboratoire d’Etudes en G´eophysiqueet Oc´eanographie Spatiales (UMR5566) 2 Acknowledgments Alhamdulillahirabbil alamiin..... The work presented in this thesis was a huge collaborative effort from Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries-Indonesia (MMAF), Institut Fran¸caisIn- donesia, Collecte Localisation Satellites(CLS)-France, Laboratoire d’Etudes en G´eophysique et Oc´eanographieSpatiales(LEGOS)-France, MERCATOR Ocean-France and University of Paul Sabatier-France. As a result of the large number of contributing parties, I apologize for to those whose names may be unintentionally omitted. My sincerest gratitude goes to my advisors, first to my major advisor Dr.Ariane Koch-Larrouy for her patience and encouragement to achieve my best and for guiding me through the research presented in this thesis. Secondly, thanks to Dr.Florent Lyard as my second advisor, his insight, his beyond text book numerical skills have continuously inspired me. Thirdly thanks to Dr.Philippe Gaspar for his encouragement and support throughout my PhD study. I would like to express the deepest appreciation to Mr. Berny Achmad Subki, Dr.Aryo Hang- gono, Dr.Aulia Riza, Mrs.Yenung Secasari, Prof Dietrich Bengen(IPB), Prof Ita Widowati(UNDIP), Dr.Vincent Siregar(IPB) for all their support during the INDESO scholarship program. Ap- preciation is further extended to my colleagues at Agency for Marine Research and Fisheries (BALITBANG-KP) specially to Teja Arief, Elvan Ampou, Marza Ihsan, Nurazmi Ratna, Rinny Rahmania, Niken Gusmawati, Budi Gunadharma, Romy Adrianto, Indra Hermawan, Iis Triyu- lianti, Dendy Mahabror, Falia Maunantia, Bambang Adithya, Nurman Mbay, Pak Usep Nas- rudin, Pak Imam, Pak Dono, Mba Titi Lestari and Mas Hilman Ramadhan. I am especially grateful to my jury and reviewer members, Thanks to Prof. Eric Chassignet, Dr.Janet Sprintall as my thesis reviewer for their careful review of my manuscript, and for the comments, corrections and suggestions that ensued. Thanks to Prof Isabelle Dadou, Prof Brian Arbic and Dr.Agus Sholeh Atmadipoera for assisting me during my thesis defense. 3 The most important part of my time at LEGOS,CLS and MERCATOR has been knowing such an incredible group of scientist and administrative team. I feel very fortunate to have been part of them and would like to thank to Sara Fleury(LEGOS), Florence Bouille(CLS), BenoˆıtTran- chant(CLS), Jerome Chanut(Mercator),Guillaume Reffray(Mercator), Rachid Benshila (LE- GOS), Damien Allain(LEGOS), Julien Jouanno (LEGOS), the ECOLA research team (LE- GOS), GESSEC LEGOS(Martine Mena, Nadine Lacroux, Brigite Cournou Agathe Barithaud) and the head of LEGOS Dr.Alexandre Ganachaud. And thanks to my friends in LEGOS: Ma- rine Bretagnon, Cory Pegliasco, Kevin Gueriero, Marine Rog´e,Michel Tchilibou, Dac Nguyen, for your friendship and surprise gift after my defense. I would like also to thank each of those who touched my life, making Toulouse as a such a wonderful home for me. ”Terima kasih” to PPI Toulouse (Indonesian Student Association in Toulouse) and Ibu Ninik, Ibu Yunah, Ibu Bintang from AAI(Franco-Indonesian Association). A special thanks to my lovely pretty wife, Munky Andi Kasim, my adorable daughters Azkanayra Zaida Nugroho and Azraina Zahira Nugroho for your warm hugs and kiss everyday and also my brother,my brother in-law, my sister and my sister in-law. Finally, I dedicate this thesis to my parents Rachmat Musa and Titiek Lasmiyati and my parents in-law Nash Andi Kasim and Jenny Loenggana. I can never thank them enough for all that they have given me .....Thank you. 4 Abstract In the Indonesian seas, large tidal currents interact with the rough topography and create strong internal waves at the tidal frequency, called internal tides. Part of them will eventually propagate and dissipate far away from generation sites. Their associated mixing upwells cold and nutrient-rich water that prove to be critical for climate system and for marine resources. This thesis uses the physical ocean general circulation model, NEMO, as part of the INDESO project that aims at monitoring the Indonesian marine living resources. Models not taking into account tidal missing are unable to correctly reproduce the vertical structure of watermasses in Indonesian seas. However, taking into account this mixing is no simple task as the phenomena involved in tidal mixing cover a wide spectrum of spatial scales. Internal tides indeed propagate over thousands of kilometres while dissipation and mixing occurs at centimetric to millimetric scales. A model capable of resolving all these processes at the same time does not exist. Until now scientists either parameterised the tidal mixing or used models which only partly resolve internal tides. More and more scientists introduce explicit tidal forcing in their models but without knowing where the energy is going and how the internal tides are dissipated. This thesis intends to quantify energy dissipation in NEMO forced with explicit tidal forcing and compares it to the dissipation induced by the currently used parameterization. This thesis also provides new results about the quantification of the tidal energy budget in NEMO. I first contributed to an INDESO study that aimed at validating the model against several observation data sets. In a second and third study, I investigated the mixing produced in the model by explicit tidal forcing and its impact on water mass. Explicit tides forcing proves to produce a mixing comparable to the one produced by the parameterization. It also produces a significant cooling of 0.3 °C with maxima reaching 0.8°C in the areas of internal tide generation. The cooling is stronger on austral winter. The spring tides and neap tides modulate this impact by 0.1°C to 0.3°C. The model generates 75% of the expected internal tides energy, in good agreement with other previous studies. In the ocean interior, most of it is dissipated by horizontal momentum dissipation (19 GW), while in reality one would expect dissipation through vertical possesses. This value is close to the dissipation induced by the parameterization (16 GW). The mixing is strong over generation sites, and only 20% remains for far field dissipation mainly in the 5 Banda and Sulawesi Seas. The model and the recent INDOMIX cruise [Koch-Larrouy et al. (2015)], which provided direct estimates of the mixing, are surprisingly in good agreement mainly above straits. However, in regions far away from the energy generation sites where INDOMIX found NO evidence of intensified mixing, the model produces too strong mixing. The bias comes from the lack of specific set up of internal tides in the model. More work is thus needed to improve the modeled dissipation, which is a theme of active research for the scientific community. I dedicated the last part of my thesis to the quantification of tidal energy sinks in NEMO. I first worked on a simple academic case: the COMODO internal tides test case, which analyses the behaviour of a vertically stratified fluid forced by a barotropic flow interacting over an idealized abyssal plain/slope/shelf topography without bottom friction. The results of the finite element T-UGOm hydrodynamic model are compared with those of NEMO. The central issue in calculating tidal energy budget is the separation of barotropic and baroclinic precesses. To this aim we developed an original method based on the projection on vertical modes. At first glance, this method compares well with the classical method of separation using the vertically averaged current. However, when looking into more details at energy budgets, vertical modes allow a cleaner and more realistic separation between barotropic and baroclinic tides. This precision will be very useful for the future SWOT mission. Also this method of separation allows quantification of the energy associated with each mode. This allowed us to identify an important bias in NEMO: The higher the mode is the shorter the NEMO wavelengths become compared to the T-UGOm wavelengths. NEMO also produces a strong numerical mixing that erodes the barotropic tides on the abyssal plain, where there is no bottom friction. The best suspect might be the 2D/3D coupling scheme implied by the NEMO’s time splitting.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Holocene Climate Dynamics in Sumba Strait, Indonesia: a Preliminary Evidence from High Resolution Geochemical Records and Planktonic Foraminifera
    Studia Quaternaria, vol. 37, no. 2 (2020): 91–99 DOI: 10.24425/sq.2020.133753 HOLOCENE CLIMATE DYNAMICS IN SUMBA STRAIT, INDONESIA: A PRELIMINARY EVIDENCE FROM HIGH RESOLUTION GEOCHEMICAL RECORDS AND PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA Purna Sulastya Putra*, Septriono Hari Nugroho Research Center for Geotechnology LIPI, Kompleks LIPI Gd 80, Jalan Sangkuriang Bandung 40135 Indonesia; e-mail: [email protected] * corresponding author Abstract: The dynamics of climatic conditions during the Holocene in the Sumba Strait is not well known, compared with in the Indian Ocean. The aim of this paper is to identify the possible Holocene climate dynamics in Sumba Strait, east- ern Indonesia by using deep-sea core sediments. A 243 cm core was taken aboard RV Baruna Jaya VIII during the Ekspedisi Widya Nusantara 2016 cruise. The core was analyzed for elemental, carbonate and organic matter content, and abundance of foraminifera. Based on geochemical and foraminifera data, we were able to identify at least six climatic changes during the Holocene in the Sumba Strait. By using the elemental ratio of terrigenous input parameter, we infer to interpret that the precipitation in the Sumba Strait during the Early Holocene was relatively higher compared with the Mid to Late Holocene. Key words: climate dynamics, planktonic foraminifera, Holocene deep-sea sediment, Sumba Strait Manuscript received 20 September 2019, accepted 9 March 2020 INTRODUCTION The Holocene climatic changes were recorded in the Sumba region, eastern Indonesia (Ardi, 2018). However, Global mean surface temperature warmed by 0.85°C most of the palaeoclimate reconstructions in this region between 1880 and 2012, as reported in the IPCC Fifth and adjacent area were based on coral data (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Download This PDF File
    Composition and Distribution of Dolphin in Savu Sea National Marine Park, East Nusa Tenggara (Mujiyanto., et al) Available online at: http://ejournal-balitbang.kkp.go.id/index.php/ifrj e-mail:[email protected] INDONESIANFISHERIESRESEARCHJOURNAL Volume 23 Nomor 2 December 2017 p-ISSN: 0853-8980 e-ISSN: 2502-6569 Accreditation Number: 704/AU3/P2MI-LIPI/10/2015 COMPOSITION AND DISTRIBUTION OF DOLPHIN IN SAVU SEA NATIONAL MARINE PARK, EAST NUSA TENGGARA Mujiyanto*1, Riswanto1, Dharmadi2 and Wildan Ghiffary3 1Research Institute for Fisheries Enhancement and Conservation, Cilalawi Street No. 1, Jatiluhur Purwakarta, West Java Indonesia - 41152 2Center for Fisheries Research and Development, Ancol – Jakarta, Indonesia 3Fusion for Nature - Master Candidate of Wageningen University, Drovendaalsesteeg 4, 6708 PB Wageningen, Belanda Received; Februari 20-2017 Received in revised from December 22-2017; Accepted December 28-2017 ABSTRACT Dolphins are one of the most interesting cetacean types included in family Delphinidae or known as the oceanic dolphins from genus Stenella sp. and Tursiops sp. Migration and abundance of dolphins are affected by the presence of food and oceanographic conditions. The purpose of this research is to determine the composition and distribution of dolphins in relation to the water quality parameters. Benefits of this research are expected to provide information on the relationship between distributions of the family Delphinidae cetacean (oceanic dolphins) and oceanographic conditions. The method for this research is descriptive exploratory, with models onboard tracking survey. Field observations were done in November 2015 and period of March-April 2016 outside and inside Savu Sea National Marine Park waters. The sighting of dolphin in November and March- April found as much seven species: bottlenose dolphin, fraser’s dolphin, pantropical spotted dolphin, risso’s dolphin, rough-toothed dolphin, spinner dolphin and stripped dolphin.
    [Show full text]
  • The Seasonal Variability of Sea Surface Temperature and Chlorophyll-A Concentration in the South of Makassar Strait
    Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia Environmental Sciences 33 ( 2016 ) 583 – 599 The 2nd International Symposium on LAPAN-IPB Satellite for Food Security and Environmental Monitoring 2015, LISAT-FSEM 2015 The seasonal variability of sea surface temperature and chlorophyll-a concentration in the south of Makassar Strait Bisman Nababan*, Novilia Rosyadi, Djisman Manurung, Nyoman M. Natih, and Romdonul Hakim Department of Marine Science and Technology, Bogor Agricultural University, Jl. Lingkar Akademik, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia Abstract The sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) variabilities in the south of Makassar Strait were mostly affected by monsoonal wind speed/directions and riverine freshwater inflows. The east-southeast (ESE) wind (May-October) played a major role in an upwelling formation in the region starting in the southern tip of the southern Sulawesi Island. Of the 17 years time period, the variability of the SST values ranged from 25.7°C (August 2004) - 30.89°C (March 2007). An upwelling initiation typically occurred in early May when ESE wind speed was at <5 m/s, a fully developed upwelling event usually occurred in June when ESE wind speed reached >5 m/s, whereas the largest upwelling event always occurred in August of each year. Upwelling event generally diminished in September and terminated in October. At the time of the maximum upwelling events (August), the formation of upwelling could be observed up to about 330 km toward the southwest of the southern tip of the Sulawesi island. Interannually, El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) intensified the upwelling event during the east season through an intensification of the ESE wind speed.
    [Show full text]
  • CSIRO Report Template
    OCEANS AND ATMOSPHERE Bioregions of the Indian Oceans Piers K Dunstan, Donna Hayes, Skipton N C Woolley, Lamona Bernawis, Scott D Foster, Emmanuel Chassot, Eugenie Khani, Rowana Walton , Laura Blamey, Uvicka Bristol, Sean Porter, Arul Ananthan Kanapatipillai, Natasha Karenyi, Babin Ingole, Widodo Pranowo, RA Sreepada, Mohamed Shimal, Natalie Bodin, Shihan Mohamed, Will White, Peter Last, Nic Bax, Mat Vanderklift, Rudy Kloser, Rudy Kloser, Leo Dutra and Brett Molony Bioregions of the Indian Oceans | i Citation Dunstan et al. 2020. Bioregions of the Indian Ocean. CSIRO, Australia. Copyright © Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation 20XX. To the extent permitted by law, all rights are reserved and no part of this publication covered by copyright may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means except with the written permission of CSIRO. Important disclaimer CSIRO advises that the information contained in this publication comprises general statements based on scientific research. The reader is advised and needs to be aware that such information may be incomplete or unable to be used in any specific situation. No reliance or actions must therefore be made on that information without seeking prior expert professional, scientific and technical advice. To the extent permitted by law, CSIRO (including its employees and consultants) excludes all liability to any person for any consequences, including but not limited to all losses, damages, costs, expenses and any other compensation, arising directly or indirectly from using this publication (in part or in whole) and any information or material contained in it. CSIRO is committed to providing web accessible content wherever possible.
    [Show full text]
  • Observed Estimates of Convergence in the Savu Sea, Indonesia James T
    JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 108, NO. C1, 3001, doi:10.1029/2002JC001507, 2003 Observed estimates of convergence in the Savu Sea, Indonesia James T. Potemra,1 Janet Sprintall,2 Susan L. Hautala,3 and Wahyu Pandoe4,5 Received 11 June 2002; revised 25 September 2002; accepted 10 October 2002; published 2 January 2003. [1] The Indonesian seas are known to be a region where various Pacific and Indian Ocean water masses converge and are transformed into uniquely characterized Indonesian Sea Water (ISW). The volume of Pacific surface waters that are stored in the Indonesian seas and the timescales for this volume to change are important factors in the formulation of ISW that ultimately enters the Indian Ocean as the Indonesian throughflow (ITF). In this study, data from a recent deployment of pressure gauges surrounding the Savu Sea are used to estimate volume, heat, and freshwater convergence within approximately the upper 100 m. A pair of gauges on the northeastern side (North Ombai and South Ombai) is used to estimate inflow from the Banda Sea through the Ombai Strait, and two pairs (Sumbawa/North Sumba and South Sumba/Roti) are used to estimate outflow to the Indian Ocean via the Sumba and Savu/Dao Straits. The data are used in conjunction with numerical model results to show that at times, for example, November and December of 1996, there can be up to a 10 Sv imbalance between the inflow and the outflow transport. Most of the variability in estimated convergence occurs intraseasonally and seems to be controlled by the flow through the Sumba Strait on the eastern side of the sea.
    [Show full text]
  • The Malay Archipelago
    BOOKS & ARTS COMMENT The Malay Archipelago: the land of the orang-utan, and the bird of paradise; a IN RETROSPECT narrative of travel, with studies of man and nature ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE The Malay Macmillan/Harper Brothers: first published 1869. lfred Russel Wallace was arguably the greatest field biologist of the nine- Archipelago teenth century. He played a leading Apart in the founding of both evolutionary theory and biogeography (see page 162). David Quammen re-enters the ‘Milky Way of He was also, at times, a fine writer. The best land masses’ evoked by Alfred Russel Wallace’s of his literary side is on show in his 1869 classic, The Malay Archipelago, a wondrous masterpiece of biogeography. book of travel and adventure that wears its deeper significance lightly. The Malay Archipelago is the vast chain of islands stretching eastward from Sumatra for more than 6,000 kilometres. Most of it now falls within the sovereignties of Malaysia and Indonesia. In Wallace’s time, it was a world apart, a great Milky Way of land masses and seas and straits, little explored by Europeans, sparsely populated by peoples of diverse cul- tures, and harbouring countless species of unknown plant and animal in dense tropical forests. Some parts, such as the Aru group “Wallace paid of islands, just off the his expenses coast of New Guinea, by selling ERNST MAYR LIB., MUS. COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY, HARVARD UNIV. HARVARD ZOOLOGY, LIB., MUS. COMPARATIVE MAYR ERNST were almost legend- specimens. So ary for their remote- he collected ness and biological series, not just riches. Wallace’s jour- samples.” neys throughout this region, sometimes by mail packet ship, some- times in a trading vessel or a small outrigger canoe, were driven by a purpose: to collect animal specimens that might help to answer a scientific question.
    [Show full text]
  • Maritime Highways of Southeast Asia : Alternative Straits?
    This document is downloaded from DR‑NTU (https://dr.ntu.edu.sg) Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Maritime highways of Southeast Asia : alternative straits? Mohd Hazmi Mohd Rusli 2012 Mohd, H. M. R. (2012). Maritime highways of Southeast Asia : alternative straits?. (RSIS Commentaries, No. 024). RSIS Commentaries. Singapore: Nanyang Technological University. https://hdl.handle.net/10356/94569 Downloaded on 30 Sep 2021 20:02:12 SGT ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of this document. Nanyang Technological University Library RSIS COMMENTARIES RSIS Commentaries are intended to provide timely and, where appropriate, policy relevant background and analysis of contemporary developments. The views of the authors are their own and do not represent the official position of the S.Rajaratnam School of International Studies, NTU. These commentaries may be reproduced electronically or in print with prior permission from RSIS. Due recognition must be given to the author or authors and RSIS. Please email: [email protected] or call (+65) 6790 6982 to speak to the Editor RSIS Commentaries, Yang Razali Kassim. __________________________________________________________________________________________________ No. 024/2012 dated 10 February 2012 Maritime Highways of Southeast Asia: Alternative Straits? By Mohd Hazmi bin Mohd Rusli Synopsis Growing shipping traffic congestion in the Straits of Malacca and Singapore has led to a search for alternative shipping routes. While the Indonesian archipelagic waters have been identified, how viable are these alternative waterways? Commentary A PROJECTED increase of shipping traffic in the next decade has sparked concerns about traffic congestion in the Straits of Malacca and Singapore. Alternative shipping routes through the Indonesian archipelagic waters have been identified, three in particular being the Sunda Strait, the Lombok and Makassar Straits and the Ombai-Weitar Straits near the island of Timor.
    [Show full text]
  • Edition 7 No's
    11 April 2008 Edition 7 Australian Notices to Mariners are the authority for correcting Australian Charts and Publications AUSTRALIAN NOTICES TO MARINERS © Commonwealth of Australia 2008 - Copyright restrictions apply to Notices to Mariners Notices 317 – 363 List of Temporary and Preliminary Notices in force Cumulative List – April 2008 Published fortnightly by the Australian Hydrographic Service Captain R. NAIRN RAN Hydrographer of Australia SECTIONS. I. Australian Notices to Mariners, including blocks and notes. II. Amendments to Admiralty List of Lights and Fog Signals, Vol K III. Navigational Warnings. IV. Hydrographic Reports. V. Amendments to Admiralty List of Radio Signals (NP 281(2), 282, 283(2), 285, 286(4)) VI. Amendments to Admiralty Sailing Directions (NP 9, 13, 14, 15, 33, 34, 35, 36, 39, 44, 51, 60, 61, 62, 100, 136) British Admiralty Notices to Mariners New Zealand Notices to Mariners The substance of these notices should be inserted on the charts affected. Bearings are referred to the true compass and are reckoned clockwise from North; those relating to lights are given as seen by an observer from seaward. Positions quoted in permanent notices relate to the horizontal datum for the chart(s). When preliminary or temporary notices affect multiple charts, positions will be provided in relation to only one horizontal datum and that datum will be specified. When the multiple charts do not have a common horizontal datum, mariners will be required to adjust the position(s) for those charts not on the specified datum. The range quoted for a light is its nominal range. Depths are with reference to the chart datum of each chart.
    [Show full text]
  • MISSION and DEVELOPMENT in MANGGARAI, FLORES EASTERN INDONESIA in 1920-1960S
    Paramita:Paramita: Historical Historical Studies Studies Journal, Journal, 29(2) 29(2) 2019: 2019 178 -189 ISSN: 0854-0039, E-ISSN: 2407-5825 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/paramita.v29i1.16716 MISSION AND DEVELOPMENT IN MANGGARAI, FLORES EASTERN INDONESIA IN 1920-1960s Fransiska Widyawati, Yohanes S. Lon STKIP Santu Paulus Ruteng Flores, NTT ABSTRACT ABSTRAK This paper explores the mission and develop- Paper ini mengeksplorasi misi dan pem- ment in Manggarai Flores, Indonesia in 1920- bangunan di Manggarai Flores, Indonesia ta- 1960s. These two activities were carried out by hun 1920-1960s. Dua aktivitas ini dilakukan Catholic Church missionaries from Europe. oleh misionaris Gereja Katolik yang berasal Before this religion came to Manggarai, this dari Eropa. Sebelum agama ini datang ke region was in an isolated and backward condi- Manggarai, wilayah ini berada dalam kondisi tion. People lived in primitive way of life. The terisolasi dan terkebelakang. Masyarakat tidak new development was carried out with the mengenal infrastruktur modern. Pem- arrival of the Dutch colonists who worked bangunan baru dilakukan dengan datangnya closely with the Catholic Church missionaries penjajah Belanda yang bekerja sama erat beginning in the early 20th century. The dengan misionaris Gereja Katolik mulai pada Church utilized the support of the Dutch colo- awal abad 20. Gereja memanfaatkan nialists while running various development dukungan Belanda sekaligus menjalankan ane- programs as important strategies to gain sym- ka program pembangunan sebagai strategi pathy from the Manggarai people. As a result, penting untuk mendapatkan simpati orang the Church was accepted and became the Manggarai. Hasilnya Gereja diterima dan dominant force in the community.
    [Show full text]
  • Gedung Bappeda NTT REPORT
    Gedung Bappeda NTT REPORT PROVINCIAL DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINE FOR EAST NUSA TENGGARA YEAR 2013 Issued by Integrated Secretariat for Development Cooperation (SPADU-KPLI) (ENT Provincial Government and PGSP-UNDP Cooperation) Person in Charge Ir. WayanDarmawa, M.T. Head of Regional Development Planning BoardENT Province Drafting Team EduardusManek, ST, M.Eng PetronelaPakereng, SE Dewi Suryandari, SH Florence K. De R. Beribe, SKM Salesius Anggul Selfi H. Nange, S.Sos, M.Si, M.Pub,Pol Cyrillus Raja Bhoja Ir. Yoseph. G. Lema ii FOREWORD Praise and thanks to the Almighty God for His wisdom and grace, that the Drafting of this Provincial Development Guideline (PDG) for East Nusa Tenggara (ENT) Provincial Development has been completed. This guideline provides the development portrait of ENT province and its 21 Districts/Cities, including the development potential and issues encountered. The dispersion of support by the International Institution in ENT is also displayed in this guideline as well as the more detail proposed action from ENT Regional Government in addressing the local needs, covering the sectors of: good governance and decentralization, local economy, social service, infrastructure and the environment. I hope that with this PDG document which is the result of ENT Province Government and UNDP cooperation through the Provincial Governance Strengthening Program (PGSP), the ENT development planning can be more focused and well targeted according to the needs of the respective Regional Government. The Development Acceleration in ENT Province can hopefully be achieved in a more optimal way through the cooperation and harmonization in activities between the Government and other non-governmental institutions in ENT. Lastly, I would like to express my gratitude and high appreciation for the contribution of all parties involved in the drafting of this guideline and I encourage all non-governmental institutions in ENT to draft their program planning based on this guideline.
    [Show full text]
  • Changes of Thermocline Depth at the Sumba Island Offshore Based on Planktonic Foraminiferal Assemblages and Its Implication To
    31 Rudarsko-geološko-naftni zbornik Changes of thermocline depth at the Sumba Island (The Mining-Geology-Petroleum Engineering Bulletin) offshore based on planktonic foraminiferal UDC: 56; 550.8; 551.58; 551.8 DOI: 10.17794/rgn.2021.3.3 assemblages and its implication to eutrophication since the Last Deglaciation (~18 ka BP): Original scientific paper a preliminary study Ryan Dwi Wahyu Ardi1,2; Aswan1; Khoiril Anwar Maryunani1; Eko Yulianto3; Purna Sulastya Putra1,3; Septriono Hari Nugroho1,3 1 Geological Engineering Study Program, Faculty of Earth Science and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha No. 10 Bandung 40132 2 Agrotechnology Study Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Purwokerto, Jl. Sultan Agung No. 42 Purwokerto 53144 3 Research Center for Geotechnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jl. Sangkuriang Kompleks LIPI Bandung 40135 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5852 (PSP) Abstract Changes of the thermocline depth (DOT) at the Sumba Island offshore are not well-known compared to the DOT chang- es in the Timor Sea, the main exit passage of the Indonesian Through-flow (ITF). Planktonic foraminiferal assemblages in cores collected from the southwest Sumba offshore (ST08) and Sumba Strait (ST12, ST13, and ST14) were used as a tool to infer the DOT and paleoproductivity changes at the Sumba Island offshore. The DOT changes were indicated from the thermocline and mixed layer dwellers’ relative abundance while the paleoproductivity changes were indicated from the relative abundance of Neogloboquadrina dutertrei. This study suggests a contrast between the DOT pattern at the Sumba Island offshore and the DOT pattern in the Timor Sea during the Last Deglaciation–Holocene.
    [Show full text]
  • East Timor Surrounded by Hydrocarbons.Pdf
    AVAILABLE ACREAGE Surrounded by hydrocarbons Only three years after Independence,East Timor is now ready to announce the first licensing round.With multiple oil and gas seeps onshore,several discoveries and four fields producing both oil and gas offshore,the Timorese have reason to expect significant interest from international oil companies. Photo: Geir Ytreland 26 GEO ExPro May 2005 Masaoki Adachi The Democratic Republic of East Timor, also known officially as Timor-Leste, is the world’s youngest nation. The country consists predominantly of the eastern half of the island of Timor. Also included in the territory are the nearby islands of Atauro and Jaco, and the small enclave Oecussi situated on the northwestern coast of Timor. The total land area is 14,600 km2, while the population is approximately 1,000,000, of which 250,000 live in the capital of Dili. The local climate is tropical and generally hot and humid, characterised by distinct rainy and dry seasons. To the north and northwest of the island lie the Wetar Strait and Ombai Strait separating East Timor from some small Indonesian islands, to the south the Timor Sea separates the island from Australia, while to the west, on the same island, lies the Indonesian province of Nusa Tenggara Timur. The Timor Trough, which runs through the area to be included in the first licensing round in East Timor, is a pronounced physiographic feature that was previously thought to represent the subduction zone where the Australian Plate collides with the Eurasian Plate. Today we know that this plate boundary is found to t he north of the island.
    [Show full text]