DOCSLIB.ORG

MISSION and DEVELOPMENT in MANGGARAI, FLORES EASTERN INDONESIA in 1920-1960S

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
MISSION and DEVELOPMENT in MANGGARAI, FLORES EASTERN INDONESIA in 1920-1960S Paramita:Paramita: Historical Historical Studies Studies Journal, Journal, 29(2) 29(2) 2019: 2019 178 -189 ISSN: 0854-0039, E-ISSN: 2407-5825 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/paramita.v29i1.16716 MISSION AND DEVELOPMENT IN MANGGARAI, FLORES EASTERN INDONESIA IN 1920-1960s Fransiska Widyawati, Yohanes S. Lon STKIP Santu Paulus Ruteng Flores, NTT ABSTRACT ABSTRAK This paper explores the mission and develop- Paper ini mengeksplorasi misi dan pem- ment in Manggarai Flores, Indonesia in 1920- bangunan di Manggarai Flores, Indonesia ta- 1960s. These two activities were carried out by hun 1920-1960s. Dua aktivitas ini dilakukan Catholic Church missionaries from Europe. oleh misionaris Gereja Katolik yang berasal Before this religion came to Manggarai, this dari Eropa. Sebelum agama ini datang ke region was in an isolated and backward condi- Manggarai, wilayah ini berada dalam kondisi tion. People lived in primitive way of life. The terisolasi dan terkebelakang. Masyarakat tidak new development was carried out with the mengenal infrastruktur modern. Pem- arrival of the Dutch colonists who worked bangunan baru dilakukan dengan datangnya closely with the Catholic Church missionaries penjajah Belanda yang bekerja sama erat beginning in the early 20th century. The dengan misionaris Gereja Katolik mulai pada Church utilized the support of the Dutch colo- awal abad 20. Gereja memanfaatkan nialists while running various development dukungan Belanda sekaligus menjalankan ane- programs as important strategies to gain sym- ka program pembangunan sebagai strategi pathy from the Manggarai people. As a result, penting untuk mendapatkan simpati orang the Church was accepted and became the Manggarai. Hasilnya Gereja diterima dan dominant force in the community. This proves menjadi kekuatan dominan di dalam masyara- that missions that are in line with development kat. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa misi yang or religion which at the same time pay atten- sejalan dengan pembangunan atau agama tion to religious and secular aspects can win yang sekaligus memperhatikan aspek religius the hearts of the people. By using the historical dan kultural dapat memenangkan hati approach, this paper aims to present a history masyarakatnya. Dengan menggunakan pen- of mission and development relations in dekatan historis, artikel ini bertujuan untuk Manggarai, Eastern Indonesia while providing menyajikan sejarah hubungan misi dan pem- a critical analysis of how religion, government bangunan di Manggarai, Indonesia Timur and society are interwoven. sambil memberikan analisis kritis tentang bagaimana agama, pemerintah dan otoritas masyarakat terjalin erat. Author correspondence Email: [email protected] 178 Available online at http://journal.unnes.ac.id/nju/index.php/paramita Paramita: Historical Studies Journal, 29(2) 2019 INTRODUCTION of development in Eastern Indonesia. The Religious missions are usually not in ex- Catholic Church started its mission in clusively spiritual matter. Many religions Manggarai, the western part of Flores Is- carry out missions and development to- land, East Nusa Tenggara Province in the gether. Both are interventions aiming at early of 20th century. It was three centu- the transformation of people that comprise ries later than in the eastern part of Flores. them (Scheer, Fountain, & Feener, 2018, Manggarai was isolated and back- p. 1). The missionaries may offer develop- wardeness. This area began to be touched ment as a strategy to attract sympathetic by development with the arrival of Catho- of the people to adopt their religion. How- lic missionaries in the early 20th century. ever, it can also be the content of the reli- The missionaries came only a few years gious mission itself. The history of the after the presence of Dutch colonial in this spread of religion in Christianity in Indo- region in 1907. The role of the colonial nesia studied by Pedersen (Pedersen, government was not denied in presenting 1970) in Batak, of Aragon (Aragon, 2000) the missionaries in this land (Widyawati, in Celebes and of Hefner (Hefner, 1990) in 2013). In collaboration with the Dutch, Java clearly shows how missionaries em- the Catholic Church created changes to ployed development strategies to acceler- regional development through an educa- ate conversions as well as to smoothly or- tional program, house construction and ganize society according to their own con- resettlement, health services, road infra- cept. structure, etc. With funding from the Eu- During the colonial period, Europe- ropean Church, missionaries built Mang- an missionaries worked with the colonial- garai to slowly get out of isolation in the ists to win their goals. Mission and devel- early and middle of 20th century. opment coincided. Christian agents during Through this paper, the role of Ca- the colonial era often have considered tholicism in developing and shaping their role to provide a range of services, Manggarai Flores, Eastern Indonesia in including education, healthcare, new tech- 1920-1960s is described and discussed. niques in agriculture and new culture in as This is a period in which Manggarai a complement to religious activities Church was still seen as part of mission (Scheer, Fountain, & Feener, 2018, pp. land, not yet an independent local 107-108). Meanwhile, before the 20th cen- Church. It was only in the middle of the tury, European colonials began justifying 20th century, to be exact in 1961, that the their transnational empires with the word Manggarai Church became an independ- "civilizing mission". By which colonial ent diocese, a local church (Boelaars, rule was considered a moral duty that had 2005). By using a historical approach, this to be maintained for the sake of the colo- paper aims to present a history of mission nialized (Grubb, 2009, p. 9) (Hirono, and development relations in Manggarai, 2008). In so, doing the colonial authorities Eastern Indonesia while providing a criti- drew heavily on Christian mission rhetoric cal analysis of how religion, government, and incipient humanitarian morality. and society are interwoven. Christian mission was used to buttress co- lonialism. It was included similar justifica- RESEACRH METHOD tions for the moral and political necessity This study is a social research which basi- of development projects (Jewsiewicki, cally develops historical approach. It is a 1989, p. 3) technique of finding, analzing and describ- This paper elaborates mission and ing information relating to certain histori- development in Manggarai, Flores East- cal periods. It elaborates both field and ern Indonesia in 1920-1960s. It brings how hitorical-literature survey. Writing re- the Christian missionaries have engaged sources about the coming of the Catholic modern program in a broad range way missionaries and its the development of and being transformed by diverse projects Catholic Church of Manggarai from early 179 Paramita: Historical Studies Journal, 29(2) 2019 20th century up to 1960s are limited. society). What the king meant by Freijss, Some of which were written by clergy and of course, referred to the King or Sultan of for the interest of the Church. Some were Bima who at the time of the arrival of from the side of the Ducth colonials writ- Freijss to Manggarai, was mastering this ers. Both had internal point of view. In region (Freijss, 1860). But Dami N. Toda addition, this study also uses the Ruteng (Toda, 1999, pp. 67-70) a researcher in Diocese’s archives and some parishes’ ar- Manggarai historiography stated that chives that record about their programs. Freijss made a misinterpretation because Some contemporary studies of the Mang- of his lack of understanding of the local garai Church have also become important language. In the Manggarai language, sources for this research. Though limited, "mangga" or "manga" means "there" and they are helpful to this study. "raja" contains several meanings namely To supplay more data, this study something, problem, or cause. It does not also conducted a field research. It focuses refer to king (raja). Therefore, the word " on evidence of missionary involvement in manga raja" should not be translated development work in this region. Part of "there is a king" but "there is a cause" or the data was obtained from the interviews "there is a problem" or "there is some- of the related informants and partly from thing" (Verheijen, 1967). the physical evidence of the development Another version tells us that in an- carried out. cient times a group of people came to Manggarai via a sea route using a simple RESULTS AND DISCUSSION boat. Upon arriving at one of the beaches Manggarai: The Story Behind the Name in the area now called Manggarai, they Manggarai is a place, ethnicity and also anchored the anchor and went down this the name of a language. Manggarai is in land. After traversing the land, they re- the western part of Flores and occupies turned and found the anchor had been about one-third of the island's territory. washed away by the waves. They asked Originally, Flores was named Nusa Nipa, each other where is the anchor of their which means the island of a snake. This boat. Some people answered, "Manggar name is associated with the shape of this rai" which means "missing anchor". This island resembling a snake as well as the event inspired them to call this place habitat of various types of snakes Manggarai (Heerkens, 1930, pp. 30-31; (Orinbao, 1969). The name Flores origi- Erb, 1999). Besides this version, there are nally came from the Portuguese language, also other versions circulating in the com- Cabo de Flores, which means cape of flower munity. Until now, there is no agreement or Tanjung Bunga in the local language which version is considered the most cor- (Laan, 1962-1968). This name was given rect. by a Portuguese, S.M. Cabot when he set Before 2003, the Manggarai region foot on the eastern point of the island in was a single district. It is bordered by Nga- the 16th century. Since 1636, this name da Regency at the east and by Sape Strait was officially used by the Governor- near Bima, Sumbawa at the west.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Download Article (PDF)
    Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 547 Proceedings of the 1st Annual International Conference on Natural and Social Science Education (ICNSSE 2020) Mosalaki: Central Point of Traditional Leadership System in Lio Ethnic Group in Sikka District, East Nusa Tenggara Suswandari1, Sri Astuti2 1)History Education Study Program, FKIP UHAMKA 2)Economic Education Study Program. FKIP UHAMKA [email protected] [email protected] Abstract. Indonesia's ethnic diversity has become a world-recognized identity. There are more than 750 ethnic groups throughout Indonesia from Sabang to Merauke. Every ethnic group has its character and is also an image of a proud cultural system. The Lio ethnic group is one of the ethnic groups on the island of Flores with their traditional ties and values of local wisdom that enrich Indonesia's diversity. One of its values include the local leadership known as Mosalaki. In Sikka Regency, the status of a Mosalaki in the Lio ethnic group is still the central point of the social structure. The Mosalaki are prominent figures in terms of their origins, authority and charisma that are not shared by society in general. In various traditional ceremonial procedures, the Mosalaki have an essential role to play, such as deciding the planting season, land management procedures, marriage procedures, and procedures for preserving and ensuring the wellbeing of people, contact behaviour, the belief system embraced even in the realm of modern politics today. This research was conducted using a qualitative approach as developed by Spradley. The results of the study describe that the role of a Mosalaki is still the focal point of all activities in the Lio ethnic, especially in the modern world today.
    [Show full text]
  • Languages of Flores
    Are the Central Flores languages really typologically unusual? Alexander Elias January 13, 2020 1 Abstract The isolating languages of Central Flores (Austronesian) are typologically distinct from their nearby relatives. They have no bound morphology, as well elaborate numeral clas- sifier systems, and quinary-decimal numeral system. McWhorter (2019) proposes that their isolating typology is due to imperfect adult language acquisition of a language of Sulawesi, brought to Flores by settlers from Sulawesi in the relatively recent past. I pro- pose an alternative interpretation, which better accounts for the other typological features found in Central Flores: the Central Flores languages are isolating because they have a strong substrate influence from a now-extinct isolating language belonging to the Mekong- Mamberamo linguistic area (Gil 2015). This explanation better accounts for the typological profile of Central Flores and is a more plausible contact scenario. Keywords: Central Flores languages, Eastern Indonesia, isolating languages, Mekong- Mamberamo linguistic area, substrate influence 2 Introduction The Central Flores languages (Austronesian; Central Malayo-Polynesian) are a group of serialising SVO languages with obligatory numeral classifier systems spoken on the island of Flores, one of the Lesser Sunda Islands in the east of Indonesia. These languages, which are almost completely lacking in bound morphology, include Lio, Ende, Nage, Keo, Ngadha and Rongga. Taken in their local context, this typological profile is unusual: other Austronesian languages of eastern Indonesia generally have some bound morphology and non-obligatory numeral classifier systems. However, in a broader view, the Central Flores languages are typologically similar to many of the isolating languages of Mainland Southeast Asia and Western New Guinea, many of which are also isolating, serialising SVO languages with obligatory numeral classifier systems.
    [Show full text]
  • The Seasonal Variability of Sea Surface Temperature and Chlorophyll-A Concentration in the South of Makassar Strait
    Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia Environmental Sciences 33 ( 2016 ) 583 – 599 The 2nd International Symposium on LAPAN-IPB Satellite for Food Security and Environmental Monitoring 2015, LISAT-FSEM 2015 The seasonal variability of sea surface temperature and chlorophyll-a concentration in the south of Makassar Strait Bisman Nababan*, Novilia Rosyadi, Djisman Manurung, Nyoman M. Natih, and Romdonul Hakim Department of Marine Science and Technology, Bogor Agricultural University, Jl. Lingkar Akademik, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia Abstract The sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) variabilities in the south of Makassar Strait were mostly affected by monsoonal wind speed/directions and riverine freshwater inflows. The east-southeast (ESE) wind (May-October) played a major role in an upwelling formation in the region starting in the southern tip of the southern Sulawesi Island. Of the 17 years time period, the variability of the SST values ranged from 25.7°C (August 2004) - 30.89°C (March 2007). An upwelling initiation typically occurred in early May when ESE wind speed was at <5 m/s, a fully developed upwelling event usually occurred in June when ESE wind speed reached >5 m/s, whereas the largest upwelling event always occurred in August of each year. Upwelling event generally diminished in September and terminated in October. At the time of the maximum upwelling events (August), the formation of upwelling could be observed up to about 330 km toward the southwest of the southern tip of the Sulawesi island. Interannually, El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) intensified the upwelling event during the east season through an intensification of the ESE wind speed.
    [Show full text]
  • Manggaraian Expressions of Environmental Preservation: a Study on Ecolinguistics
    International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Culture Available online at https://sloap.org/journals/index.php/ijllc/ Vol. 7, No. 2, March 2021, pages: 90-97 ISSN: 2455-8028 https://doi.org/10.21744/ijllc.v7n2.1375 Manggaraian Expressions of Environmental Preservation: A Study on Ecolinguistics Kanisius Rambut a Article history: Abstract This paper explores the manggaraian expressions that are used to explain the Submitted: 09 December 2021 initiative of people in Manggarai to preserve the environment. This is a kind Revised: 18 January 2021 of code in which located the local wisdom to manage the surroundings as Accepted: 27 February 2021 well as possible so that they will not disappear. It promotes some problems such as meanings and functions of the expressions in terms of preserving the environment. Then it is designed to describe the meanings and functions of the expressions which become the indicators of environmental development. Keywords: These problems can be analyzed by the theoretical concept of ecolinguistics. ecolinguistics; It is viewed that language is the symbol verbal of communication, used to environment preservation; describe the problems of the environment. The vocabulary of languages in expressions; the world reflects the environment of its speaker. The two statements indicate manggaraian language; what language employs to draw the environmental issues. It is summed up that language has a very important role to manage the environment. Data collections include the information or qualitative statements that given by the informant, gathered from the field. This information has been got through the interview and observation. The interview is a way to get the information.
    [Show full text]
  • Local Values Preservation of Torok Oral Tradition Through Education Domain:Metaphorical Ecolinguistics Perspective
    Jurnal Gramatika: Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia (P-ISSN: 2442-8485) (E-ISSN: 2460-6316) Vol. 6 No. 1.April 2020 (13-28) http://ejournal.stkip-pgri-sumbar.ac.id/index.php/jurnal-gramatika/index LOCAL VALUES PRESERVATION OF TOROK ORAL TRADITION THROUGH EDUCATION DOMAIN:METAPHORICAL ECOLINGUISTICS PERSPECTIVE PRESERVASI NILAI-NILAI KEARIFAN LOKAL TRADISI LISAN TOROK MELALUI RANAH PENDIDIKAN: PERSPEKTIF EKOLINGUISTIK METAFORIS Stefania Helmon1dan R. Kunjana Rahardi2 1,2 Master Program of the Indonesian Language Education, 1,2 Faculty of Teachers’ Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University Yogyakarta email: [email protected] Submitted: 13-2-2020, Reviewed: 21-03-2020, Accepted:01-04-2020 https://doi.org/10.22202/JG.2020.V6i1.3941 Abstract Torok is one of the oral traditions of the Manggarai community which is always spoken in traditional rituals. However, this oral tradition is generally only known by its speakers so is the meaning and values contained therein. In the academic domain, the study about values of local wisdom, especially oral traditions originating from Manggarai, is also rarely examined. This makes this oral tradition and the values in it gradually eroded and unnoticed. Research that is included in the type of qualitative research by utilizing metaphorical ecolinguistic theory aims to describe thelocal wisdomvalues, the urgency of preservation, and formulate an appropriate preservation strategy specifically through the realm of education. Collecting data in this study using the method of recording and recording techniques and communication ethnographic interviews. This study uses an extralingual equivalent method and contextual techniques for data analysis. The results showed that in the Torok speech there were values of solidarity, religious, love, politeness, and hard work.
    [Show full text]
  • Tidal Energy Project Oman
    Tidal Power Plants Project profile Name Project Tidal Power Plant Larantuka Location Larantuka & Adonara, Nusa Tenggara Timur, • Start Indonesia. • Tidal Bridge Installed 40 MW Capacity • Unique selling points turbine Connection In 2021 on East Flores Larantuka, Adonara • “Proven” solution Grid Power 100 GWh (Annually) • Added value Interreg MEA Generation • Technical • Business Project Benefits • Secured, attractive Export Finance supported by Dutch Government • Q&A • Increasement of local employment by growth of Fishery, Agriculture, Tourism, Industries • Large iconic development of renewable energy based on tides integrated in infrastructure PROVINSI NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR, LARANTUKA Location: 3 Tidal currents Larantuka strait & Tidal Bridge 3.8 m/s Information from Mr Erwandi Indonesian Hydrodynamics Laboratory -Surabaya Positioning Bridge 3.3 m/s Tidal power plant and Bridge Project overview: Tidal power plant with extension Turbines Gradually build up production capacity Staging the capacity 40 30 20 capacity 10 in MW 0 q4 2021 q2 2022 q4 2022 q2 2023 q4 2023 2024 2025 2026 Installed The build up of the capacity • Anticipates on the development of the demand as noted in Connectivity Study • Creates timing for the investors of harbour, tourism, fishery to prepare • Gaining experience with gas turbines load followers COD 2021 Implementation phase… May 2019 Q2 2020 Q4 2020 2022 Pre-FS, FS, Front End Social impact, Agreement Engineering EPC COD Connectivity phase with PLN and Design Study (FEED) •Realized •EPC with PLN •Data gathering for •Engineering, •4th quarter 2022 •Reported on Terms of Procurement and November 2018 Requirement (TOR) Construction phase and Relay upon •Finance by Dutch Information G2G •From basis design to preliminary certified design •Finance by Dutch G2G TIDAL POWER DAM MASIRAH ISLAND, OMAN DTP PRINCIPLE DTP is a dam concept composed of several standard caissons, for turbines and as substations, supplemented by a normal dam.
    [Show full text]
  • CSIRO Report Template
    OCEANS AND ATMOSPHERE Bioregions of the Indian Oceans Piers K Dunstan, Donna Hayes, Skipton N C Woolley, Lamona Bernawis, Scott D Foster, Emmanuel Chassot, Eugenie Khani, Rowana Walton , Laura Blamey, Uvicka Bristol, Sean Porter, Arul Ananthan Kanapatipillai, Natasha Karenyi, Babin Ingole, Widodo Pranowo, RA Sreepada, Mohamed Shimal, Natalie Bodin, Shihan Mohamed, Will White, Peter Last, Nic Bax, Mat Vanderklift, Rudy Kloser, Rudy Kloser, Leo Dutra and Brett Molony Bioregions of the Indian Oceans | i Citation Dunstan et al. 2020. Bioregions of the Indian Ocean. CSIRO, Australia. Copyright © Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation 20XX. To the extent permitted by law, all rights are reserved and no part of this publication covered by copyright may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means except with the written permission of CSIRO. Important disclaimer CSIRO advises that the information contained in this publication comprises general statements based on scientific research. The reader is advised and needs to be aware that such information may be incomplete or unable to be used in any specific situation. No reliance or actions must therefore be made on that information without seeking prior expert professional, scientific and technical advice. To the extent permitted by law, CSIRO (including its employees and consultants) excludes all liability to any person for any consequences, including but not limited to all losses, damages, costs, expenses and any other compensation, arising directly or indirectly from using this publication (in part or in whole) and any information or material contained in it. CSIRO is committed to providing web accessible content wherever possible.
    [Show full text]
  • Revitalizing Institutions to Enhance Climate Forecast Application in East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia
    REVITALIZING INSTITUTIONS TO ENHANCE CLIMATE FORECAST APPLICATION IN EAST NUSA TENGGARA PROVINCE, INDONESIA Sahat M. Pasaribu Indonesian Center for Agricultural Socio Economic and Policy Studies Jl. A. Yani 70 Bogor 16161 ABSTRAK Prakiraan iklim sangat penting dalam pelaksanaan pembangunan secara keseluruhan. Data dan informasi tentang iklim ini sangat dibutuhkan di wilayah Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur. Wilayah ini perlu mengoptimalkan program pembangunannya dengan memanfaatkan prakiraan iklim yang lebih baik. Informasi yang tersedia saat ini belum sepenuhnya digunakan sebagai informasi peringatan dini dalam perencanaan dan pembangunan pertanian. Peralatan dan perlengkapan iklim ternyata dimiliki dan dikelola oleh beberapa lembaga dan data yang dipunyai hanya digunakan untuk kepentingan sendiri. Makalah ini menyarankan agar kualitas data dan informasi tentang iklim dapat ditingkatkan, termasuk pemutakhiran peralatan dan perlengkapan terkait dengan pengukuran iklim. Pembentukan Forum Iklim diusulkan untuk merevitalisasi lembaga terkait dengan memanfaatkan data dan informasi iklim yang tersedia serta untuk mengintegrasikan berbagai sumberdaya yang ada untuk pembangunan. Kata kunci : prakiraan iklim, Forum Iklim, akuntabilitas lembaga, pembangunan regional ABSTRACT Climate prediction is important in the overall development. NTT Province is considered as the area to which climate data and information are very critical. This region needs to optimize its programs to enhance climate forecast application for better regional development. The available
    [Show full text]
  • The Malay Archipelago
    BOOKS & ARTS COMMENT The Malay Archipelago: the land of the orang-utan, and the bird of paradise; a IN RETROSPECT narrative of travel, with studies of man and nature ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE The Malay Macmillan/Harper Brothers: first published 1869. lfred Russel Wallace was arguably the greatest field biologist of the nine- Archipelago teenth century. He played a leading Apart in the founding of both evolutionary theory and biogeography (see page 162). David Quammen re-enters the ‘Milky Way of He was also, at times, a fine writer. The best land masses’ evoked by Alfred Russel Wallace’s of his literary side is on show in his 1869 classic, The Malay Archipelago, a wondrous masterpiece of biogeography. book of travel and adventure that wears its deeper significance lightly. The Malay Archipelago is the vast chain of islands stretching eastward from Sumatra for more than 6,000 kilometres. Most of it now falls within the sovereignties of Malaysia and Indonesia. In Wallace’s time, it was a world apart, a great Milky Way of land masses and seas and straits, little explored by Europeans, sparsely populated by peoples of diverse cul- tures, and harbouring countless species of unknown plant and animal in dense tropical forests. Some parts, such as the Aru group “Wallace paid of islands, just off the his expenses coast of New Guinea, by selling ERNST MAYR LIB., MUS. COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY, HARVARD UNIV. HARVARD ZOOLOGY, LIB., MUS. COMPARATIVE MAYR ERNST were almost legend- specimens. So ary for their remote- he collected ness and biological series, not just riches. Wallace’s jour- samples.” neys throughout this region, sometimes by mail packet ship, some- times in a trading vessel or a small outrigger canoe, were driven by a purpose: to collect animal specimens that might help to answer a scientific question.
    [Show full text]
  • Linguistic Phylogenetics of the Austronesian Family: a Performance Review of Methods Adapted from Biology
    Linguistic Phylogenetics of the Austronesian Family: A Performance Review of Methods Adapted from Biology Arpiar Saunders B.A. Thesis Department of Linguistics • Swarthmore College 2005 Dedication I don’t know whether it is appropriate to dedicate a B.A Thesis. If it is, I dedicate this thesis to David Harrison and Robbie Hart, my friends and mentors. Thank you both for teaching me so much about language; I have enjoyed our teamwork immensely. 2 Table of Contents 0.Abstract……………………………………………………..………………………………….....3 I. Linguistic Phylogenetics: An Introduction …………………………………………………...….3 II. The Austronesian Language Family and Experimental Sample……………………………...…8 i. History of Austronesian Linguistics…………………………………….….…………………9 ii. Blust’s Sub-Groupings and the Dynamics of Dispersal…………………….………………10 iii. Austronesian Language Groups and Sample Language Descriptions…………………………………………………………………………………....12 III. Methods of Data Collection and Selection i. Choosing the Languages, Features and Words………………………………..………...….26 ii. Coding the Data………………………………………………………………………..…..28 iii. Issues of WALS-based Phylogenetics ………………………………………………...….30 IV. Evaluating Phylogenetic Methods for Linguistic Data…………………………………....…..32 i. Introducing the Methods…………………………………………………………………....32 ii. Comparing the Known and Experimental Trees ………………………………………..…33 iv. The Neighbor-Joining Distance Method …………………………………….……………34 v. The Maximum Parsimony Method …………………..……………………………….…...36 vi. The Bayesian Analysis Method…………………………………………………….……..38 vii. The Network Analysis Method…………………………………………………...……....40
    [Show full text]
  • Kodrah Kristang: the Initiative to Revitalize the Kristang Language in Singapore
    Language Documentation & Conservation Special Publication No. 19 Documentation and Maintenance of Contact Languages from South Asia to East Asia ed. by Mário Pinharanda-Nunes & Hugo C. Cardoso, pp.35–121 http:/nflrc.hawaii.edu/ldc/sp19 2 http://hdl.handle.net/10125/24906 Kodrah Kristang: The initiative to revitalize the Kristang language in Singapore Kevin Martens Wong National University of Singapore Abstract Kristang is the critically endangered heritage language of the Portuguese-Eurasian community in Singapore and the wider Malayan region, and is spoken by an estimated less than 100 fluent speakers in Singapore. In Singapore, especially, up to 2015, there was almost no known documentation of Kristang, and a declining awareness of its existence, even among the Portuguese-Eurasian community. However, efforts to revitalize Kristang in Singapore under the auspices of the community-based non-profit, multiracial and intergenerational Kodrah Kristang (‘Awaken, Kristang’) initiative since March 2016 appear to have successfully reinvigorated community and public interest in the language; more than 400 individuals, including heritage speakers, children and many people outside the Portuguese-Eurasian community, have joined ongoing free Kodrah Kristang classes, while another 1,400 participated in the inaugural Kristang Language Festival in May 2017, including Singapore’s Deputy Prime Minister and the Portuguese Ambassador to Singapore. Unique features of the initiative include the initiative and its associated Portuguese-Eurasian community being situated in the highly urbanized setting of Singapore, a relatively low reliance on financial support, visible, if cautious positive interest from the Singapore state, a multiracial orientation and set of aims that embrace and move beyond the language’s original community of mainly Portuguese-Eurasian speakers, and, by design, a multiracial youth-led core team.
    [Show full text]
  • Kerajaan Larantuka Dan Politik Kolonial Belanda
    Universitas Indonesia Library >> UI - Disertasi (Membership) Kerajaan larantuka dan politik kolonial belanda: dinamika politik lokal di kawasan Flores Timur, Kepulauan Solor, dan Timor Barat 1851-1915 = Kingdom of larantuka and dutch colonial policy the dynamic of local politics in east flores Solor Islands and West Timor region 1851-1915 Didik Pradjoko, author Deskripsi Lengkap: http://lib.ui.ac.id/detail?id=20453949&lokasi=lokal ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Abstrak <b>ABSTRAK</b><br> Disertasi ini menunjukkan dinamika politik lokal di Kawasan Flores Timur, Kepulauan Solor dan Timor Barat sebagai akibat dari kebijakan politik kolonial Belanda antara 1851-1915. Fokus kajian disertasi ini adalah menganalisis sikap Kerajaan Larantuka terhadap kebijakan politik kolonial Belanda, Misi Katolik Belanda, penduduk negeri pegunungan, dan kerajaan lokal sekitarnya.Kerajaan Larantuka yang dipimpin oleh raja-rajanya melakukan strategi politik sekutu dan seteru dalam mempertahankan kedaulatannya menghadapi kekuatan-kekuatan yang mengancamnya. Selama Abad ke-17 hingga abad ke-18, Kerajaan Larantuka bersekutu dengan Portugis dan para Kapiten Mayor dari keluarga Portugis Hitam, keluarga da Hornay dan da Costa untuk menghadapi kekuatan Belanda VOC dan Kerajaan Muslim Lima Pantai Solor Watan Lema .Pada abad ke-19, Kerajaan Larantuka dipaksa menerima hasil perjanjian Portugal dan Belanda yang dimulai sejak 1851 dan disetujui pada 20 April 1859. Perjanjian tersebut berisi penyerahan wilayah Flores dan Kepulauan Solor-Alor kepada Belanda. Sejak saat itu, Kerajaan Larantuka menjadi kerajaan bawahan Pemerintah Hindia Belanda. Belanda kemudian mengikat kontrak dengan Kerajaan Larantuka pada 28 Juni 1861, namun Korte Verklaring tersebut masih memberikan keleluasaan Kerajaan Larantuka untuk menjalankan pemerintahan secara otonom/zelfbesturende.Raja-raja Larantuka sejak 1851 melakukan perubahan strategi politik sekutu dan seterunya sebagai upaya tetap mempertahankan kedaulatannya.
    [Show full text]