Being Deaf in a Yucatec Maya Community: Communication and Identity Negotiation

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Being Deaf in a Yucatec Maya Community: Communication and Identity Negotiation Being Deaf in a Yucatec Maya Community: Communication and Identity Negotiation Jennifer Paige MacDougall Department of Anthropology McGill University, Montreal, Quebec July 2012 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy © Jennifer Paige MacDougall, July 2012 Elements of the thesis are considered original scholarship and distinct contributions to knowledge. ii Abstract My dissertation sheds light on multilayered experiences of identity in an indigenous, Yucatec Maya community where both deaf and hearing persons use sign language. Owing to the history of Spanish colonialism in this region, and as a result of state approaches which see deafness as pathology, the peoples of Chican acquiesce to assumptions about their identity without necessarily emulating these assertions within community life. At the time I carried out fieldwork, identity assertions in Chican appeared to be reactive, therefore ephemeral, rather than based on some inherent essentialized quality. This was the case for deaf members of the community, and also for the community at large, both of whom negotiate identity labels strategically and continually in a passive form of resistance to hierarchical traditions of social labeling. I consider subjective, collective, and imposed identities in light of local and global assumptions about what it means to be Deaf, or to be Maya. Methodologically, I use ethnographic inquiry to explore the nature of communication in my field site by engaging passively with my interlocutors in their daily life activities. Allowing local people to carve out my role in the community, I became engaged in educational and recreational workshops facilitating my observance of integrated sign language use. Becoming aware of disjuncture between local perspectives and state approaches, especially toward deafness, gave rise to my founding a non-profit organization called YUCAN Make a Difference A.C. The activities of YUCAN suggest the utility of ethnography as a means to bridge local initiatives with state efforts at facilitating community wellbeing. iii Résume Ma thèse explore les diverses expériences identitaires au sein d'une communauté indigèn Maya Yucatec où les personnes sourdes aussi bien que les personnes entendantes se servent du langage des signes. De par l’histoire coloniale de la région, autrefois sous domination espagnole, ainsi qu’en raison de l’approche étatique qui médicalise la surdité, la population de Chican ne s’oppose pas aux suppositions faites quant à leur identité, sans pour autant émuler ces affirmations au sein de la vie communautaire. Lors de mon travail de terrain dans la région de Chican, les affirmations identitaires semblaient émerger en réaction à des circonstances spécifiques et étaient donc plus éphémères que fondées sur des caractérisitques essentialistes. Ceci était le cas à la fois pour les membres sourds de la communauté et l'ensemble de la communauté en général. Ces deux groupes négocient leurs dénominations identitaires de façon stratégique et continuelle, par une forme de résistance passive aux traditions hiérarchiques de l'étiquetage social. Dans ma thèse, je me penche sur les identités subjectives, collectives et imposées en les mettant en lien avec des hypothèses locales et globales erronées portant sur ce qu'il signifie véritablement d'être «Sourd» ou «Maya». Pour ce qui a trait à la méthodologie, j'ai mené une enquête ethnographique, en interagissant passivement avec mes interlocuteurs dans leurs activités quotidiennes, pour explorer la nature de la communication sur mon site de terrain. Laissant aux habitants de la communauté le soin d'y définir mon rôle, j’ai pris part à des sessions éducatives et récréatives; ceci a facilité mes observations de l'utilisation du langage des signes. Ma prise de conscience graduelle des différences entre les perspectives locales et les approches de l'état, surtout par rapport à la surdité, m'a encouragée à fonder une organisation à but non lucratif nommée YUCAN Make a Difference A.C. Les activités de YUCAN soulignent l'efficacité de la méthode ethnographique comme moyen d'établir une collaboration entre les initiatives locales et les efforts de l'état visant à promouvoir le bien-être de la communauté. iv Resumen Mi tesis se enfoca en múltiples experiencias de identidad presentes en una comunidad Maya en el estado de Yucatán, en la cual las personas sordas así como las que no lo son, utilizan el lenguaje de las señas para comunicarse entre sí. Abarcando parte de la historia de la colonización española de esta región, así como el enfoque y punto de vista del estado, el cual cataloga la sordera como una patología, no obstante la población de Chican acepta estas suposiciones acerca de su identidad pero no necesariamente las adoptan en su vida cotidiana dentro de la comunidad. Durante el periodo de mi investigación de campo, dichas afirmaciones deidentidad parecían ser reactivas en incluso efímeras mas que ser basadas en un cierto tipo de calidad inherente. Este era el caso de los miembros sordos de la comunidad, pero también para la comunidad en general en la cual ambos negociaban sus etiquetas de identidad de una manera estratégica y continua, como una forma de resistencia pasiva hacia las tradiciones jerárquicas del etiquetado social. Mi trabajo se centra en las identidades impuestas, subjetivas y colectivas ligándolas con las hipótesis y afirmaciones locales y globales acerca del significado de ser Sordo o Maya. Metodológicamente hablando, realizo averiguaciones etnográficas para explorar la naturaleza de la comunicación dentro de mi área de trabajo, interactuando pasivamente con los interlocutores así como en sus actividades cotidianas, permitiendo que la gente local forje mi rol dentro de la comunidad e involucrándome en talleres educacionales y recreativos facilitándome de esta forma la observación del lenguaje de señas empleado. El hecho de darme cuenta que existía una gran diferencia entre la perspectiva local y el enfoque del estado hacia el tema de la sordera me impulsa a fundar una organización sin fines de lucro llamada: YUCAN Make a Difference A.C. El objetivo de dicha institución es proponer la utilización de la etnografía como un puente entre las iniciativas locales y los esfuerzos del estado facilitando así el bienestar de la comunidad. v U chan tsoolil le ts'íiba' Le in ts’íiba’ ku t’aan tu yóok’ol u ya’abkachil bix u ye’esikuba máaxo’ob u kajnáalilo’ob jump’éel u chan maaya kaajil Yucatán, tu’ux le máaxo’ob kóoktak, bey xan le ma’ kóoktako’, ku paklan tsikbalo’ob xma’ t’aanil, ikil u péepeksik u k’abo’ob. Kin táakbesik u k’ajlayil kóojik jkastelan wíiniko’ob te’e lu’umo’oba’, bey xan bix u na’ata’al lela’ tumen le jala’acho’obo’, máaxo’ob a’alik le kóokil bino’ jump’él k’oja’anil; u kajnáalilo’ob túun Chicane’ ku ejemtiko’ob lela’, ba’ale’ ma’ jach tu béeykuntiko’ob tu kuxtalil le chan kaaja’. Tu k’iinilo’ob in xak’al meyaj te’e kaajo’, u yila’al bey k’oja’anil le kóokilo’, bey la’ajlajkil chéen jump’éel bix u beetik u yu’ubikuba wáa máaxe’, ts’o’okole’ chéen jun chan súutuk u xáantal, mix tu taal ti’ bix u kuxtal le kajnáalo’obo’. Leti’ le je’el túun ku yúuchul ka’ach ti’ máaxo’ob kóok te’e kaaja’, ba’ale’ bey xan ti’ u chuuka’an le kajnáalo’obo’, tu’ux u ka’ jaatsilo’obe’ sáasamal ku bin u ketunketko’ob máaxo’obi’, ikil u chan pets’ko’ob le bix u yila’alo’ob tumen le jala’acho’obo’. In meyaj ts’íiba’ ku t’aan tu yóok’ol bix u yila’al máak, ts’o’okol xane’ kin tsayik yéetel ba’ax ku ya’ala’al te’e kaajo’, bey xan ba’ax ku ya’ala’al yaanal tu’ux tu yóok’ol ba’ax u káat u ya’al Máak Kóok wáa Máak Maaya. Tu yóok’ol bix tin meyajtile’, tene’ tin xak’altaj bix suuka’an u kuxtal le kaajo’ tia’al in jach ojéeltik xan bix u tsikbalo’ob tu kúuchil in meyaj, ikil in táakpajal yéetelo’ob te’elo’ bey xan ti’ le ba’axo’ob suuk u seen beetiko’obo’, bey túuno’ ka na’ata’ak tumen le kajnáalo’ob le meyaj kin beetik te’e kaajo’, in jo’olintik u mejen meyajil ka’ansaj yéetel báaxal tia’al ma’ u talamtal in wilik bix u tsikbalo’ob xma’ t’aanil ikil u péepeksik u k’abo’ob. U béeytal in na’atik jach táaj nojoch u jela’anil bix u yila’al le kóokil tumen le kajnáalo’ob yéetel le jala’acho’obo’ tu ts’aj ten u tuukulil in káajsik jump’éel múuch’kabil: YUCAN Make a Difference A.C. Le múuch’kabila’ ku kaxaantik ka meyajta’ak le xaak’alil bix u kuxtal le kaajo’ tia’al u sinik jump’éel u bejil meyaj ichil ba’ax ku beeta’al tumen le kajnálo’ob yéetel le jala’acho’obo’, ikil u yáantaj tia’al u ma’alob kuxtalil le kaajo’. vi vii Acknowledgments I would like to thank the people of Chican for welcoming me into their lives, and for providing me with insight into their forms of communication and their experiences of being. Living in the community of Chican was an enriching experience for me; I am indebted to all members of the community, and foresee continuing my involvement with the community for years to come. My doctoral research was made possible by the support of many individuals and organizations. I would like to acknowledge the ongoing support I received from members of my doctoral committee in the Department of Anthropology at McGill University. Members of my advisory committee, Professor Kristin Norget and Professor Colin Scott, guided my review of relevant literature enabling me to broaden my research approach by drawing on diverse, contemporary fields of study in anthropology.
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