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Perceiving Exodus As the Generative Text of Hebrews

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University of Denver Digital Commons @ DU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 1-1-2017 A Conviction of Texts Not Seen: Perceiving Exodus as the Generative Text of Hebrews Scott Ronald Moore University of Denver Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.du.edu/etd Part of the Biblical Studies Commons Recommended Citation Moore, Scott Ronald, "A Conviction of Texts Not Seen: Perceiving Exodus as the Generative Text of Hebrews" (2017). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 1349. https://digitalcommons.du.edu/etd/1349 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at Digital Commons @ DU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ DU. For more information, please contact [email protected],[email protected]. A CONVICTION OF TEXTS NOT SEEN: PERCEIVING EXODUS AS THE GENERATIVE TEXT OF HEBREWS __________ A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the University of Denver and the Iliff School of Theology Joint PhD Program University of Denver __________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy __________ by Scott R. Moore June 2017 Advisor: Pamela Eisenbaum, Ph.D. ©Copyright by Scott R. Moore 2017 All Rights Reserved Author: Scott R. Moore Title: A CONVICTION OF TEXTS NOT SEEN: PERCEIVING EXODUS AS THE GENERATIVE TEXT OF HEBREWS Advisor: Pamela Eisenbaum, Ph.D. Degree Date: June 2017 ABSTRACT The Book of Hebrews has increasingly come to be regarded as a remarkable example of Jewish-Christian scriptural exegesis and biblical intertextuality. Scholars routinely apply terms associated with ancient Jewish exegesis to Hebrews, including “midrash,” “gezerah shewa ,” “ qal wahomer ,” and “synagogue homily.” One problem, however, is that most analyses in which Christian views of scripture are operative tend to overlook key elements of Jewish concepts of scripture, particularly with regard to the significance of the Pentateuch. The Pentateuch, or Torah, forms the nucleus of the Scriptures from a Jewish perspective, the first and most important division of the Scriptures, different in nature and priority than the rest of the Hebrew Bible. The majority of ancient Jewish exegesis was Torah-centric, as is evident by the prominence of the Books of Moses in works like the Mekilta on Exodus, the oldest collections of rabbinic midrash, and even biblical texts and exegetical works like Jubilees among the Dead Sea Scrolls. Most studies of Hebrews, on the other hand, prioritize texts from the Psalms and Prophets in interpretation. Hebrews has often been characterized as a midrash on Ps 110 or as a series expositions on texts from the Prophets and Writings, for instance. Those approaches do not adequately account for the fundamental and generative role of the Pentateuch. If Hebrews is, indeed, an exegetical work like midrash or a form of ii synagogue homily, we would, instead, expect it to be based on a generative text (or texts) from the Pentateuch. This study proposes that the Sinai pericope of Exodus (Exod 19-40) serves as the primary generative text of Hebrews and that the many citations of the Prophets and Writings function exegetically in relation to Exodus. Hebrews’ message emerges from the juxtaposition of texts and themes of Exodus with texts from the Prophets and Writings. The Psalms, Proverbs, Isaiah, Jeremiah and Haggai are all used to explain and expound upon Pentateuchal paradigms such as the Sinai Covenant, Moses, Aaron’s priesthood, and the wilderness sanctuary, showing how Jesus and his ministry relate to what had been the reigning paradigms for centuries. This study examines five major exegetical sections of Hebrews to demonstrate how Hebrews uses texts from the Prophets and Writings in its exegesis of themes, passages and verses from Exodus 19-40 to legitimize and explain the person and ministry of Jesus in relation to the Law of Moses. iii NOTES TO THE READER Abbreviations throughout are in accordance with the Society of Biblical Literature Handbook of Style, 2 nd edition (2014). Unless otherwise noted, English translations of the Greek text of Hebrews are my translations. Unless otherwise noted, English translations of the Septuagint are from A New English Translation of the Septuagint (NETS), edited by Albert Pietersma and Benjamin C. Wright, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. Unless otherwise noted, English translations of the Hebrew biblical text are from the New Revised Standard Version (1989). Where chapter and verse numbers differ between the MT and LXX, both are normally indicated initially, e.g. Ps 22:22 (21:23 LXX) or Ps 110(109):4, with only the MT references are used thereafter. This is done for ease of reference and for the sake of uncluttered text. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................................................II NOTES TO THE READER ...................................................................................................................... IV TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................. V LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................................................... IX LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................................... X INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER ONE: REIMAGINING HEBREWS’ TEXTUAL UNIVERSE ........................................... 20 I. REIMAGINING OPERATIVE VIEWS OF SCRIPTURE ................................................................................... 25 Jewish vs. Christian Perceptions of Scripture ..................................................................................... 25 The Primacy of the Pentateuch ............................................................................................................ 30 II. REVISITING EXEGETICAL STRATEGIES .................................................................................................. 35 III. SELECT ILLUSTRATIONS OF SCRIPTURAL EXEGESIS ............................................................................ 40 Torah & Haftarah: Gen 1-6 & Isa 42 .................................................................................................. 41 Mekilta Baḥodesh 1 on Exod 19:1-2 .................................................................................................... 42 11QMelchizedek (11Q13): Lev 25 & Isa 61 ........................................................................................ 48 Wisdom of Solomon 10-12: Exodus & Prov 8 ..................................................................................... 54 Johannine Prologue: Gen 1 & Prov 8 ................................................................................................. 56 IV. METHODOLOGICAL NOTES ON INTERTEXTUALITY , GENERATIVE TEXTS , ALLUSION AND MIDRASH .. 62 Generative Texts .................................................................................................................................. 62 Scriptural Allusions ............................................................................................................................. 68 Hebrews and Midrash .......................................................................................................................... 73 CHAPTER TWO: BEGINNING AT SINAI (HEB 1:1-3:6) .................................................................... 82 I. OVERVIEW AND CORRESPONDENCE OF 1:1-3:6 AND 12:1-29 ................................................................. 84 II. HEBREWS 1:1-3:6: THE SON AND THE AGENTS OF SINAI ....................................................................... 87 The Prologue (1:1-4) and Son vs. Angels (1:5-2:9) ............................................................................. 90 Interpretive Views: 1:1-2:9 ............................................................................................................................. 91 Analysis 1:1-2:9 .............................................................................................................................................. 98 Passage Outline 1:1-2:9 ................................................................................................................................... 99 The Son vs. Moses 2:10-3:6 ............................................................................................................... 112 Passage Outline 2:10-3:6 ............................................................................................................................... 114 The unity of 2:10-3:6 .................................................................................................................................... 116 Exodus and Moses as Paradigmatic in 2:10-3:6 ............................................................................................ 120 Psalm 22:22 and Isaiah 8:17, 18 as exegetical texts in 2:10-3:6 .................................................................... 128 The Use and Interpretation of Num 12:7 in 3:1-6 ........................................................................................
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