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« Un Cinquecento Diece E Cinque »» 11 «« UN CINQUECENTO DIECE E CINQUE »» (« A FIVE-HUNDRED, TEN AND FIVE ») (Purg. XXXIII, 43) Itala gente da le molte vite, dove che albeggi la tua notte e un’ombra vagoli spersa de’ vecchi anni, vedi ivi il poeta. (GIOSUE CARDUCCI, La chiesa di Polenta, 37-40; luglio 1897) 11. 1. The wars against the Church (Purg. XXXII, 109-160). 11. 2. Rome, the whore and reigns. 11. 3. The present hour of judgement (Purg. XXXIII, 40-42). 11. 4. The «number of a name» (Purg. XXXIII, 43). 11. 4. 1. In letters: DVX; 11. 4. 2. In letters: IVDEX; 11. 4. 3. In letters: X (Christ, Augustus) REDIVIVO; 11. 4. 4. In numbers: D - X - V. 11. 5. The resurrection of the «beast that was and is not» (Apoc. 13, 3; 17, 8): 11. 5. 1. The epicedium for «l’alto Arrigo, ch’a drizzare Italia / verrà in prima ch’ella sia disposta» (Purg. XXXIII, 10-12); 11. 5. 2. The figure of the Eagle in the Sphere of Jupiter. Appendix: Petrus Iohannis Olivi, Lectura super Iohannem, chapter XVI. 636 ABSTRACT355 The allegoric episodes of the chariot of the Church, which close chapter XXXII of the Purgatorio (verses 109-160), follow the sequence of the periods of the Church and the events which took place therein. These verses depict the wars against the Church: the second (the pagan Emperors against the martyrs, verses 109-117); the third (the heretics against the doctors, verses 118-123); the fourth (the abundant yet hypocritical riches donated by Constantine, verses 124-129); the dragon, that is the Saracens, which partially drags the floor of the chariot away (verses 130- 135); the fifth (the abundant riches against the remains of the Church, verses 136-141) and the sixth, still in progress (the chariot turns into a monster who then falls a prey of the giant, verses 142-160). Neither the first war (Christ’s victory over the world) nor the seventh (yet to come) are considered. Each war corresponds to a period of the Church. According to the principle of concurrentia each period of the Church is intertwined both with the preceding and the following. Therefore, the end of the fifth period befalls during the sixth and greatest war when, as Olivi states, the Church has almost become a new Babylon: “circa finem quinti temporis a planta pedis usque ad verticem est fere tota ecclesia infecta et confusa et quasi nova Babilon effecta” (Lectura super Apocalipsim, Prologue, Notabile VII). The sixth period, which began with Saint Francis of Assisi, overlaps the end of the fifth and may be distinguished only by the condemnation of Babylon. “… un cinquecento diece e cinque, / messo di Dio, anciderà la fuia / con quel gigante che con lei delinque (a Five-Hundred, Ten, and Five / one sent from God, / shall slay the thievish woman / and the giant who is sinning with her)” (Purg. XXXIII, 43-45) is an “enigma forte (an enigma difficult to solve”), the solution of which may not be unilateral. The ‘solutions’ must be found by comparing the Lectura super Apocalipsim with the Commedia, bearing in mind that the Poem radically transforms the exegesis. Yet it is by examining this exegesis of the Apocalypse – almost as if it provides the yearned ipse dixit356 – that the ancient interpretations, which to date may have been considered feasible, now become certain. The prophecy is delivered by Beatrice in a typical apocalyptic context marked by time approaching as if it were now. It must also be 355 Chapter 11 of the essay entitled The sixth seal is published separately, as likewise shall be the following and final two (12: The Veltro; 13: Final deductions). Once finished the essay will be formally coordinated. Therefore the hyper- textual links will be active only within chapter 11. Table numbers are consecutive from one chapter to another. 356 7 B. CROCE, La poesia di Dante, Bari 1952 (1920), p. 7: «In mancanza della chiave, della espressa dichiarazione di chi ha formato l’allegoria, si può, fondandosi sopra altri luoghi dell’autore e dei libri che egli leggeva, giungere, nel miglior caso, a una probabilità d’interpretazione, che per altro non si converte mai in certezza: per la certezza ci vuole, a rigor di termini, l’ipse dixit» («Without the key and the explicit words of the person who formed the allegory, in the best of cases one may reach a possible interpretation based on other passages of the author and the books he read, which however will never be proved and strictly speaking remains ipse dixit»). 637 considered that the overlapping semantic elements in the Lectura and the Commedia are, in the latter, actually mnemonic signacula for knowledgeable readers to refer to wider meanings than those expressed literally. The «enigma forte» must have not been entirely so to these readers. 1) “A Five-Hundred, Ten, and Five” is the number of a name obtained through the numbers which correspond to letters in the Latin alphabet, along the lines of the numeral system in Greek (the language in which the Apocalypse was written). According to Olivi, DICLVX is the name of the beast mentioned in the Apocalypse 13, 18 (DCLXVI). IDXV is obtained by subtracting CL and inverting the numeral letters. In the exegesis of the Apocalypse 9, 5-6, CL has an exact meaning: the five months (of thirty days each) during which the rage of the plague of locusts is at its height at the end of the fifth period, when, as claimed by Olivi, the Church is almost turned into a new Babylon. The five months mean that the period of suffering shall be brief and that the resurrection is nigh. In the same way as DCLXVI in Greek corresponds to three names - Antemos (contrary), Arnoyme and Teitan – by anagramming the Latin letters, IDXV corresponds to two: DVX (taking ‘un’ as an article) or (by inserting the conjunction ‘e’) IVDEX. Both of these possibilities are confirmed in the exegesis: in Apoc. 7, 2 a quotation of Joachim of Fiore states that the angel of the sixth seal shall ascend from the East «quasi novus dux de Babilone»; the judgement of the great whore Babylon shall take place in the sixth period. Having established that the number of the Latin name is DICLVX, Olivi adds the letters OR for the purpose of obtaining the two names “dicor lux” and “doli crux”, the former meaning the apparent splendour of the Antichrist and the latter that he is actually false. The letters OR, which according to Olivi have an exclusively negative meaning since they refer to the Antichrist, find a positive meaning (“omnium resurrectio”) in the Poem when the lights seem to rise in the Sphere of Jupiter (Par. XVIII, 76-78, 103-104). To describe these lights (of righteous souls) that rise in the shape of an Eagle, Dante uses the exegesis of the head of the beast that appeared to be slain to death though it rose again (Apoc. 13, 3). All of this reveals a method to transform the passages of the Apocalypse related to negative figures or circumstances in order to confer a positive sense of imminent renovation. Thus “a Five-Hundred, Ten, and Five” is modelled on Saint John, though it is not the number of the Antichrist as it is rather that of Christ. 638 IVDEXOR is obtained by adding the letters OR to IVDEX. If IVDEXOR is anagrammed using a double I and a double V, X REDIVIVO is obtained, that is to say Christ (the Cross) restored to life. The letter X, which has the shape of a cross, was introduced into the Latin alphabet during the age of Augustus, when the world was placed “in tanta pace, / che fu serrato a Giano il suo delubro (in so great peace / that Janus’ shrine was shut)” (Par. VI, 80-81). His return to life in modern times indicates an imminent renovation, a new Augustus era. However, the new advent of Christ predicted by Beatrice is not that of the Last Judgement since it is the advent of the Spirit, the second of three which follows the first of the flesh and is quite distinct from the third in the Parousia. The general renovatio takes place on earth through the new spiritual disciples to whom the Spirit (of Christ) from within dictates. If everything has been mainly caused by Christ, Providence subsequently leads ministers, angels and nuncios and even forces reprobates to act unconsciously to implement their plans. 2) DXV (taking the ‘un’ in “un cinquecento diece e cinque as an article) expresses an exact chronology, or better still, it could be said that these letters importantly relate to the symbolic meaning of each number. D indicates the entire duration of the fifth period (five hundred years), which starts with the coronation of Charlemagne (800). X stands for the ten persecutions (almost completed in modern times, as demonstrated by the nine steps of Beatrice before speaking with Dante). V means the short, yet atrocious, final phase of the fifth period (also marked as CL, that is to say five months of thirty days). Thus (as suggested by R. Davidsohn) 1315 is reached, meaning the rekindled hope arising from the victory of the battle of Montecatini, commanded by Uguccione della Faggiuola (29th August 1315) who morally continued Henry VII’s undertakings. The tragic impact on Florence of this victory seems to reverberate in Forese Donati’s preceding prophecy (Purg. XXIII, 106-111). Joachim of Fiore (whom Olivi quotes in his exegesis of the Apocalypse 13, 18) had divided the number of the Beast into three parts using sixes: DC-LX-VI.
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