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Sanzo in the Beginnings 8-28-12 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles In the Beginnings: The Apotropaic Use of Scriptural Incipits in Late Antique Egypt A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History by Joseph Emanuel Sanzo 2012 © Copyright by Joseph Emanuel Sanzo 2012 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION In the Beginnings: The Apotropaic Use of Scriptural Incipits in Late Antique Egypt by Joseph Emanuel Sanzo Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Los Angeles, 2012 Professor S. Scott Bartchy, Co-chair Professor Ra‘anan S. Boustan, Co-chair This dissertation examines the ritual use of scriptural incipits (i.e., opening lines of biblical books and texts) on apotropaic devices (e.g., amulets) from late antique Egypt. There are three primary objectives of this study. First, I develop a typology of the scriptural incipits. Through analyses of metonymy, scriptural usage in apotropaic contexts more generally, and ancient historiolae (i.e., narratives used for ritual power), I demonstrate that the scriptures were invoked in ritual practice as individual thematic units. Accordingly, I divide the scriptural incipits into two types: incipits of multiunit corpora (e.g., the Gospel incipits) and incipits of single-unit texts (e.g., LXX Ps 90:1). This two-fold distinction not only challenges the dominant assumption in scholarship that scriptural incipits should be treated as a uniform phenomenon, but it also orients the remaining two objectives. ii Second, I provide the first extensive survey of potential incipits from late antique Egypt. I divide this survey into two major parts, corresponding to the two types of incipits: incipits of multiunit corpora and incipits of single-unit texts. In addition to providing a preliminary corpus of scriptural incipits to assist with future work, this survey also highlights the diverse forms of scriptural incipits, exposes the difficulty in identifying an incipit, and offers a unique challenge to the assumed relationship between faithfulness to established protocols and ritual efficacy. Third, I propose the first sustained theory of scriptural incipits. I challenge the assumption that incipits operated uniformly according to the metonymic transfer pars pro toto (“part for whole”). Rather, incipits of multiunit corpora operated solely according to the metonymic transfer pars pro parte/partibus (“part for part/parts”), attaining the power associated with select narratives and sayings from their respective corpora (and possibly beyond). By contrast, incipits of single-unit texts invoked material either pars pro parte/partibus, focusing attention on particular words, phrases, or lines of the unit, or pars pro toto, attaining the power of the whole unit. A concluding analysis highlights the possible implications of the apotropaic use of scriptural incipits for two other areas of study: incipits as classificatory rubrics in late antique book culture and late antique relics. iii The dissertation of Joseph Emanuel Sanzo is approved. Jacco Dieleman Ronald Mellor Claudia Rapp S. Scott Bartchy, Committee Co-chair Ra‘anan S. Boustan, Committee Co-chair University of California, Los Angeles 2012 iv To Lex and Zack v Table of Contents List of Tables x List of Abbreviations xi Curriculum Vita xv Introduction 1 I. Survey of Scholarship 4 II. Toward a New Approach to the Scriptural Incipits 11 III. Section and Chapter Summaries 12 SECTION ONE: METONYMY, THE APOTROPAIC USE OF SCRIPTURE, HISTORIOLAE, AND THE PRIORITY OF INDIVIDUAL THEMATIC UNITS Chapter One 19 I. Pars pro toto, Metonymy, and Synecdoche 20 II. Meronymic Relations 24 II. 1. Meronymy and the Scriptures 25 II. 2. Larger Scriptural Units 28 II. 2. a. The Meronymic Status of the “Bible” 28 II. 2. b. The Meronymic Status of the Gospels 33 II. 2. c. Conclusions: The “Bible” and Its Sub-Corpora 40 vi II. 3. Smaller Scriptural Units 40 II. 3. a. The Meronymic Status of Biblical Psalms 41 II. 3. b. The Meronymic Status of the Lord’s Prayer 50 II. 3. c. Conclusions: Smaller Scriptural Units 54 III. Conclusions 55 Chapter Two 58 I. The Hierarchical Approach to the Scriptures for Apotropaic Concerns 59 I. 1. “Relevance” and Scriptural Passages in Demonic Struggle 59 I. 2. The Hierarchical Approach to Literature and the Late Antique Miscellany 66 II. Hierarchy and Historiolae: The Power of Precedent and Paradigm 70 III. Conclusions 75 Excursus: The Hierarchical View of Scripture and Ritual Authority 76 SECTION TWO: A PRELIMINARY SURVEY OF SCRIPTURAL INCIPITS FROM LATE ANTIQUE EGYPT Chapter Three 80 I. The Gospel Incipits 81 I. 1. Ritual Artifacts with at least the Four Gospel Incipits 83 vii I. 2. Ritual Artifacts with Two or Three Gospel Incipits 103 I. 3. Ritual Artifacts with One Gospel Incipit 105 II. Other Possible Incipits of Multiunit Corpora 113 III. Patterns and Trends 116 IV. Conclusions 119 Chapter Four 120 I. Psalmic Incipits 121 I. 1. Incipits of LXX Ps 90 122 I. 2. Other Psalmic Incipits 139 II. Incipits of Other Single-Unit Texts 152 II. 1. Incipits of the Lord’s Prayer 152 II. 2. Other Incipits 154 III. Single-Unit or Multiunit Incipits? 155 IV. Patterns and Trends 158 V. Conclusions 158 Chapter Five 159 I. Incipits in the Extant Apotropaic Record 159 II. Implications 168 II. 1. The Limited Selection of Incipits in the Extant Record 169 II. 2. Incipits, Faithfulness to Protocols, and Ritual Efficacy 170 III. Conclusions 172 viii SECTION THREE: TOWARD A THEORY OF THE SCRIPTURAL INCIPITS FROM LATE ANTIQUE EGYPT Chapter Six 175 I. Toward a Theory of the Gospel Incipits: A Representative Case of Incipits of Multiunit Corpora 176 I. 1. The Scope of Material Invoked by the Gospel Incipits 176 I. 2. Metonymy and Incipits of Multiunit Corpora: Not pars pro toto, but pars pro partibus 184 I. 3. The Gospel Incipits and the Ritual Use of “Gospels” in the Literary Record 187 II. Toward a Metonymic Theory of Incipits of Single-Unit Texts 193 III. The Distinction between Incipits of Multiunit Corpora and Incipits of Single-Unit Texts: The Incipits on PSI VI 719 as a Test Case 197 IV. The Incipits and Continuity and Innovation in the Ancient Mediterranean 201 V. Conclusions 207 Conclusions 208 Bibliography 215 I. Primary Sources and Major Corpora of Ritual Artifacts 215 II. Secondary Literature 217 ix List of Tables Table 1: “Biblical” Passages on Greek Amulets 57 Table 2: Chart of Potential Incipits 173 x List of Abbreviations AAT Atti della Reale Accademia delle scienze di Torino ACM Meyer, Marvin W. and Richard Smith, eds. Ancient Christian Magic: Coptic Texts of Ritual Power. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1994. Aland, Repertorium 1 Aland, Kurt, ed. Repertorium der griechischen christlichen Papyri im namen der Patristischen Arbeitsstelle Münster. Vol. 1. Berlin, New York: W. de Gruyter, 1976. AnPap Analecta Papyrologica APF Archiv für Papyrusforschung und verwandte Gebiete APIS Advanced Papyrological Information System. An online database of papyri, hosted by Columbia University. http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/projects/digital/apis/ ASAE Annales du service des antiquités de l’Egypte BASP The Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists BIFAO Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale BN Biblische Notizen CP Classical Philology DGRG Smith, W. ed. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: AMS, 1873. DOP Dumbarton Oaks Papers EEFAR Egypt Exploration Fund, Archaeological Report xi GMPT Betz, Hans D., ed., The Greek Magical Papyri in Translation, Including the Demotic Spells. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996. HTR Harvard Theological Review JNES Journal of Near Eastern Studies JSNT Journal for the Study of the New Testament LAAA Liverpool Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology LDAB Leuven Database of Ancient Books. An online database of Greek, Latin, Coptic, and Demotic literary texts. http://www.trismegistos.org/ldab/index.php MDAIA Mitteilungen des kaiserlich deutschen Archaeologischen Instituts. Athenische Abtheilung NETS The International Organization for Septuagint and Cognate Studies. A New English Translation of the Septuagint and the Other Greek Translations Traditionally Included Under that Title. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. NKGW Nachrichten von der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften und der Georg-Augusts-Universität zu Göttingen PGM Preisendanz, Karl, ed. Papyri Graecae Magicae: Die griechen Zauberpapyri. 2 vols. Rev. ed. A. Henrichs. Stuttgart: K G Saur Verlag Gmbh & Co, 1973. xii Ralhfs and Fraenkel, Verzeichnis Rahlfs, Alfred and Detlef Fraenkel. Verzeichnis der griechischen Handschriften des Alten Testaments. Vol. 1.1: Die Überlieferung bis zum VIII. Jahrhundert. Göttingen: Vandenhoek & Ruprecht, 2004. Sahidica Sahidica.org: The Egyptian New Testament. An online database of the Greek and Sahidic Coptic New Testaments: http://sahidica.warpco.com/ Septuaginta Rahlfs, Alfred. Septuaginta: Id est Vetus Testamentum graece iuxta LXX interpretes. Stuttgart: Württembergische Bibelanstalt, 1935. Stud.Pap. Studia Papyrologica Suppl.Mag. Daniel, Robert W. and Franco Maltomini, eds. Supplementum Magicum. 2 vols. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1990-92. TM Trismegistos. An online database of papyrological and epigraphical resources dealing with Egypt and the Nile valley between roughly 800 BC and AD 800. http://www.trismegistos.org/index.html ThR Theologische Rundschau van Haelst, Catalogue van Haelst, J. Catalogue des papyrus littéraires juifs et chrétiens. Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne, 1976. VC Vigiliae Christianae xiii Wessely, “Monuments” Wessely,
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