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Los Sisíridos De La Península Ibérica (Insecta: Neuropterida: Neuroptera: Sisyridae)

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Los Sisíridos De La Península Ibérica (Insecta: Neuropterida: Neuroptera: Sisyridae) Heteropterus Revista de Entomología 2014 Heteropterus Rev. Entomol. 14(2): 215-239 ISSN: 1579-0681 Los sisíridos de la Península Ibérica (Insecta: Neuropterida: Neuroptera: Sisyridae) V. J. MONSERRAT Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física; Facultad de Biología; Universidad Complutense; E-28040 Madrid; España; E-mail: [email protected] Resumen Se revisa y se actualiza toda la información bibliográfica, relativa a la Península Ibérica, relacionada con la familia Sisyridae (Insecta: Neuropterida: Neuroptera), que está representada en su fauna por dos especies: Sisyra dalii McLachlan, 1866 y S. iridipennis Costa, 1884. Se comentan los datos existentes sobre otras dos especies citadas o supuestas en la Península Ibérica que requieren confirmación. Partiendo de los datos generales conocidos sobre esta familia, y sobre la base de esta información ibérica y del nuevo material ahora estudiado, se anotan y se recopilan los datos conocidos sobre la morfología, biología, estadios larvarios y distribución geográfica, fenológica y altitudinal de estas especies en la zona estudiada. Ambas especies se segregan espacialmente, ocupando S. dalii zonas de influencia eurosiberiana y atlántica, mientras que S. iridipennis ocupa zonas de mayor influencia continental y mediterránea. Ambas especies parecen tener dos generaciones anuales con máximos en los meses de julio y septiembre. Se aporta una clave de identificación de sus imagos y otra de sus larvas de tercer estadio. Palabras clave: Península Ibérica, faunística, biología, Neuropterida, Neuroptera, Sisyridae. Laburpena Iberiar Penintsulako sisiridoak (Insecta: Neuropterida: Neuroptera: Sisyridae) Iberiar Penintsulari dagokion informazio bibliografiko guztia aztertu eta bildu egiten da bere faunan dauden Sisyri- dae familiaren (Insecta: Neuropterida: Neuroptera) bi espezieei buruz, Sisyra dalii McLachlan, 1866 eta S. iridipennis Costa, 1884, hain zuzen. Iberiar Penintsulan bizi direla uste edo aipatu izan diren, baina berrespenik lortu ez duten, beste bi espezieren inguruko datuak ere ematen dira. Familia honetaz ezagunak diren datu orokorretan oinarrituta, eta iberiar informazio hau eta orain ikertutako ma- terial berria aintzat hartuta ere, datu ezagunak jaso eta eguneratzen dira haien morfologiari buruz, haien biologia eta larba-estadioei buruz eta haien banaketa geografiko, fenologiko eta altitudinalari buruz ikerketa-eremuan. Bi espezieak espazialki bereizten dira, S. dalii eurosiberiar eta atlantiar eragineko eremuetan bizi den bitartean, S. iridipennis eragin kontinental eta mediterraneoagoa duten eremuetan aurkitzen baita. Bi-biek urteko bi belaunaldi sortzen dituztela uste da, maximoak uztailean eta irailean izanik. Haien helduak eta hirugarren estadioko larbak identifikatzeko klabeak aurkezten dira. Gako-hitzak: Iberiar Penintsula, faunistika, biologia, Neuropterida, Neuroptera, Sisyridae. Abstract The Sisyridae in the Iberian Peninsula (Insecta: Neuropterida: Neuroptera: Sisyridae) All the existing Iberian bibliographical information related to the spongeflies species (Insecta: Neuropterida: Neuroptera: Sisyridae) in the fauna of Iberian Peninsula is reviewed and updated. Two species are known: Sisyra dalii McLachlan, 1866 and S. iridipennis Costa, 1884. The existing data on the other two species recorded and unverified or suggested in the Iberian Peninsula are commented. On this basis of the general knowledge on this family, on the known Iberian data and the new studied material, it is commented what is known about the morphology, biology, larval stages and geographical, phenological and altitudinal distribution of these species in the studied area. 216 MONSERRAT: Sisyridae de la Península Ibérica (Neuroptera) Both species are spatially segregated, S. dalii occurring in areas of Eurosiberian and Atlantic influence, while S. iridipennis occur in areas of a more continental and Mediterranean influence. Both species appear to have two annual generations with highs in the months of July and September. Identification keys of imagoes and third instar larvae are provided. Key words: Iberian Peninsula, faunistics, biology, Neuropterida, Neuroptera, Sisyridae (spongeflies). Introducción con la familia Osmylidae, aunque otras vinculaciones (Nevrorthidae, Hemerobiiformia, Coniopterygidae) Como elementos introductorios a esta contribución, han sido recientemente propuestas (Killington, 1936; aportamos al lector algunos datos generales sobre esta Aspöck, 1992, 1995, 1996; Aspöck et al., 2001; Nel familia, su distribución, su relación respecto a otras et al., 2003; Aspöck y Aspöck, 2010, 2013; Winterton familias de neurópteros, su historial en su progresivo et al., 2010; etc.). conocimiento, notas sobre su sistemática, taxonomía Con una marcada uniformidad morfológica y bioló- y registro fósil, así como elementos generales sobre la gica, aproximadamente cinco géneros actuales y unas morfología, biología y comportamiento de sus imagos 60 especies son conocidas en esta familia, donde los y sobre sus estados juveniles y desarrollo, finalizando géneros Climacia McLachlan, 1839 (de distribución en una breve reseña sobre su progresivo conocimiento neártica y neotropical, con unas 21 especies) y Sisyra en nuestra fauna. Burmeister, 1839 (de distribución cosmopolita, con unas 35 especies) son mayoritarios. Otros géneros de más limitada distribución han sido descritos (Sisyrella Banks, 1913, Sisyrina Banks, 1923, Sisyborina Monse- 1. Generalidades rrat, 1982) (Monserrat, 1977, 1982a; Oswald, 2011). En cualquier caso, su distribución está supeditada a Los sisíridos son insectos frecuentes y a veces muy la existencia de aguas dulces permanentes y, lógica- abundantes en los medios fluviales y lacustres, aunque mente, a la existencia de las colonias de los inverte- en general pasan desapercibidos y son poco conoci- brados sobre las que sus larvas se alimentan. dos. Representan uno de los mejores ejemplos, dentro de la evolución de los neurópteros, de adaptación a medios específicos como recurso de supervivencia 2. Historial sobre su conocimiento, ante la presión ejercida por la aparición de posteriores taxonomía y registro fósil insectos más evolucionados, en este caso especiali- zándose sus fases larvarias en depredar sobre colonias El interés por estos bellos insectos ha despertado la de esponjas y briozoos de agua dulce, nicho escasa- atención desde los primeros entomólogos, quienes mente ocupado (Resh, 1976), gracias al cual han efectuaron las iniciales descripciones científicas en conseguido eludir o minimizar la competencia de los ss. XVIII-XIX (Degeer, Fabricius, Hogg, Walker, otros insectos superiores y sobrevivir hasta la actua- Westwood, Grube, Haliday, Brauer, Hagen, etc.). Tras lidad. diversas ubicaciones conforme las antiguas familias Presentan una amplia distribución geográfica, cosmo- («Hemerobida»: Hemerobiidae) se iban desglosando polita salvo el norte de Norteamérica y la Antártida en nuevas familias, finalmente la familia Sisyridae (Parfin y Gurney, 1956; Tjeder, 1957; Mansell, 1986; fue establecida por Hagen (1873). La taxonomía y Flint, 1998, 2006, 2012; Aspöck et al., 2001; Oswald, sistemática de la familia Sisyridae empezó a ser estu- 2011), y sus especies están asociadas a medios dulce- diada por Rambur (1842), Curtis (1854), Hagen (1866), acuícolas, riveras de ríos y canales, bosques de galería, McLachlan (1866, 1868a, 1868b), Brauer (1868), Banks lagunas, lagos, etc., y generalmente están ausentes en (1905, 1909, 1913), Nakahara (1914, 1920, 1958, 1960, climas excesivamente fríos y zonas de alta montaña, 1966), Esben-Petersen (1915a, 1915b), Tillyard (1916, aunque alguna especie (Sisyra nigra) coloniza zonas 1926a, 1926b), Krüger (1923), Withycombe (1925), muy boreales en Europa. Generalmente prefieren Klingstedt (1928), Handschin (1935), Navás (1935) aguas oxigenadas y zonas lacustres oligotróficas. o Carpenter (1940), y más recientemente por Parfin Históricamente ha sido relacionada filogenéticamente y Gurney (1956), Smithers (1957, 1961, 1973, 2008), Heteropterus Rev. Entomol. (2014) 14(2): 215-239 217 FIGURA 1. Esquema y terminología alar de Sisyra dalii, de Killington (1936): A: anal; Cu1: cubital anterior; Cu2: cubital posterior; M: mediana; R: radio; Rs: sector del radio; Sc: subcostal. FIGURE 1. Scheme of wings and wing terminology of Sisyra dalii, from Killington (1936): A: anal; Cu1: anterior cubital; Cu2: posterior cubital; M: median; R: radius; Rs: radial sector; Sc: subcostal. Tjeder (1957, 1976), Kuwayama (1962), Meinander En Europa sólo es conocida la subfamilia Sisyrinae, (1962, 1978), Flint (1966), Stange (1969), Monserrat con un único género presente: Sisyra Burmeister, 1839, (1977, 1982a), Penny (1981), Penny y Rafael (1982), género de distribución cosmopolita que posee el ma- New (1984), Hölzel (1988), Zakharenko (1988), Flint yor número de especies de la subfamilia. Al margen de (1998, 2006, 2012), Wise (1998), Yang y Gao (2002), los datos históricos, las especies europeas fueron más Rausch y Weissmair (2007), Smithers et al. (2008), etc. recientemente revisadas por Aspöck et al. (1978, 1980, Esta uniforme y relicta familia está constituida por 2001), Weissmair (1997, 1999) y Rausch y Weissmair unas 60 especies conocidas en todos los continentes (2007). menos el norte de Norteamérica y la Antártida (New, El registro fósil en esta familia es escaso, y algún 1986, 1989). Unos 5 géneros son conocidos y perte- género (†Rophalis) del Eoceno-Oligoceno, inicialmente necen a las dos subfamilias habitualmente reconoci- asignado a esta familia (Parfin y Gurney,
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