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Louisiana Freshwater Sponges: Taxonomy, Ecology and Distribution

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Louisiana Freshwater Sponges: Taxonomy, Ecology and Distribution Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1969 Louisiana Freshwater Sponges: Taxonomy, Ecology and Distribution. Michael Anthony Poirrier Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Poirrier, Michael Anthony, "Louisiana Freshwater Sponges: Taxonomy, Ecology and Distribution." (1969). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 1683. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/1683 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This dissertation has been microfilmed exactly as received 70-9083 POIRMER, Michael Anthony, 1942- LOUISIANA FRESH-WATER SPONGES: TAXONOMY, ECOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION. The Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, Ph.D., 1969 Zoology University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. This dissertation has been microfilmed exactly as received 70-9083 POIRRIER, Michael Anthony, 1942- LOUXSIANA FRESH-WATER SPONGES: TAXONOMY, ECOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION. The Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, Ph.D., 1969 Zoology University Microfilms, Inc.. Ann Arbor, Michigan Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Louisiana Fresh-Water Sponges: Taxonomy, Ecology and Distribution A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Zoology and Physiology by Michael Anthony Poirrier B.S., Louisiana State University in New Orleans, 1963 M.S., Louisiana State University, 1965 August, 1969 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGMENT I would like to express my sincere appreciation to Dr. Walter J. Harman for his guidance and suggestions and to the Louisiana State University Graduate School which pro­ vided financial assistance in the form of summer research grants. ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Title Page.......... ,............. i Acknowledgment....... ..................... ii Table of Contents................................... iii List of Tables..,............. ................... iv List of Illustrations............... ....... v List of Maps.......... vii Abstract............................................ viii I. Introduction..................... 1 II. Materials and Methods. ...... 5 III. Species Accounts. ........................... 8 Spongilla lacustris ......... 8 Ephydatia fluviatilis........................ 12 Eunapius frap;ilis. ....................... 35 Eunapius mackayi........ 38 Trochospon/?illa pennsylvanica. ......... 46 Trochospon^illa leid.yi....................... 64 Anhe teromeyenia ryderi............ 68 Anheteromeyenia argyrosperma.......... 73 Radiosponp;illa crateriformis. ......... 76 Heteromeyenia baileyi ....... 80 Dosilia radiospiculata........ 84 IV. Key to Species of Louisiana Spongillidae. .... 91 V. Discussion and Conclusion.................... 93 Literature Cited...... 105 Appendix......................... 148 Vita................,............................ ... 173 iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF TABLES Table Number Page 1. Comparative Abundance of Louisiana Spongillidae...109 2. Frequency of Associations among Species of Louisiana Spongillidae............. ........... 110 3. Ecological Data, Spongilla lacustris....... ......Ill Ecological Data, Ephydatia fluviatilis........ ...112 5« Ecological Data, Eunapius fragilis .... 114 6. Ecological Data, Trochospongilla pennsylvanica....113 7. Ecological Data, Trochospongilla horrida. ..... 116 8. Ecological Data, Trochospongilla horrida. T. pennsylvanica intermediates. ........... 118 9. Ecological Data, Trochospongilla leidyi .... 119 10. Ecological Data, Anheteromeyenia ryderi .... 121 11. Ecological Data, Anheteromeyenia argyrosperma..... 122 12. Ecological Data, Radiospongilla crateriformis.....123 13. Ecological Data, I-Ieteromeyenia baileyi. ..... 124 1 4 . Ecological Data, Dosilia radiospiculata......... 125 iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Number Page 1. Photomicrograph of megascleres and micro- scleres of Spongilla lacustris.................126 2. Photomicrograph of gemmoscleres of Spongilla lacustris........................ 126 3. Reproduction of Plate 7 from Penney and Racek (1968).......... 127 4-12. Gemmoscleres of Ephydatia fluviatilis produced under experimental conditions............... 128 13-13. Gemmoscleres of Ephydatia fluviatilis produced under experimental conditions. .... 129 16. Photograph of the surface of a colony of Eunapius fragilis.............. 130 17. Photomicrograph of megascleres and gemmoscleres of Eunapius fragilis................ 130 18. Photomicrograph of a megasclere and a gemmosclere of Eunapius mackayi. ........................ 131 19-27. Photomicrographs of gemmoscleres of Trochospon­ gilla pennsylvanica. T. horrida intermediates....132 28. Photomicrographs of Trochospongilla pennsylvanica megascleres and gemmoscleres.................. 133 29. Photograph of the surface of a colony of Trocho­ spongilla leidyi................. 133 30. Photomicrograph of megascleres and gemmoscleres of Trochospongilla leidyi................ 134 31. Photomicrograph of gemoscleres of Anhetero­ meyenia ryderi 134 32. Photomicrograph of gemmoscleres of Anhetero- meyonia ryderi from Evans Creek, St. Tammany Parish................. 133 33. Photomicrograph of gemmoscleres of Anheteromeyenia ryderi from Carson Lake, Beauregard Parish.......135 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (Continued) Figur' .umber Page 34* Photomicrograph of gemmoscleres of Anhetero- me.yenia ryderi from habitats of the Mississippi River floodplain. ....................... 136 35. Photomicrograph of gemmoscleres of Anhetero­ meyenia conigera ...... 136 36. Photomicrograph of a large gemmosclere of Anheteromeyenia argyrosperma....... 137 37. Photomicrograph of a small gemmosclere of Anheteromeyenia argyrosperma.................. 137 38. Photomicrograph of regular gemmoscleres of Radiospongilla crateriformis .......... 138 39. Photomicrograph of irregular gemmoscleres of Radiospongilla crateriformis.................. 138 40. Photomicrograph of megascleres and microscleres of Heteromeyenia baileyi. ..... 139 41. Photomicrograph of gemmoscleres of Heteromeyenia baileyi.......... 139 42. Photomicrograph of a microsclere of Dosilia radiospiculata............................... 140 43. Photomicrograph of a gemmosclere of Dosilia heterogena............... IZj.0 44. Photomicrograph of a gemmosclere of Dosilia radiospiculata....... 141 vi Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF MAPS Map Number Page 1. Distribution of Spongilla lacustris............... 142 2. Distribution of Ephydatia fluviatilis.............142 3. Distribution of Eunapius fragilis........ lZf3 /{.. Distribution of Trochospongilla horrida. .....143 5. Distribution of Trochospongilla pennsylvanica..... 1 ifif 6. Distribution of Trochospongilla horrida. T. pennsylvanica intermediates, .... .144 7. Distribution of Trochospongilla leidyi.......... 145 8. Distribution of Anheteromeyenia ryderi............ 1^5 9. Distribution of Anheteromeyenia argyrosperma l/f6 10. Distribution of Padiospongilla crateriformis lij.6 11. Distribution of Heteromeyenia baileyi. ........ IZj.7 vii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT Fresh-water sponges were collected from 18^- localities throughout Louisiana with at least one collection from every Parish. A total of 309 collections of 11 species in seven genera was obtained. The following species were found to constitute the spongillid fauna of Louisiana: Spongilla lacustris. Ephydatia fluviatilis. Eunapius fragilis. E, mac- kayi. Trochospongilla pennsylvanica. T. leidyi. Anheteromeye­ nia ryderi. A. argyrosperma. Radiospongilla crateriformis. Heteromeyenia baileyi and Dosilia radiospiculata. Their distribution in Louisiana was related to habitat conditions rather than geographic areas or barriers. Limnological data, including pH, free CO2 , methyl orange alkalinity, phenolphthalein alkalinity, conductivity, chloride concentration and temperature, were obtained from many of the habitats. These data extended the known limits of ecological conditions for most species. Some species were found in slightly brackish water and their relative tolerances to brackish water conditions was investigated. The siliceous spicules were found to vary with habitat conditions. This variation was extreme in some species, transcending the morphologic criteria used for specific discrimination
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