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Redalyc.Inventary of the Sponge Fauna of the Cemitério Paleolake Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências ISSN: 0001-3765 [email protected] Academia Brasileira de Ciências Brasil de Souza Machado, Vanessa; Volkmer-Ribeiro, Cecilia; Iannuzzi, Roberto Inventary of the Sponge Fauna of the cemitério Paleolake, Catalão, Goiás, Brazil Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, vol. 84, núm. 1, 2012, pp. 17-34 Academia Brasileira de Ciências Rio de Janeiro, Brasil Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=32721622004 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências (2012) 84(1): 17-34 (Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences) Printed version ISSN 0001-3765 / Online version ISSN 1678-2690 www.scielo.br/aabc Inventary of the Sponge Fauna of the cemitério Paleolake, Catalão, Goiás, Brazil 1 2 3 VANESSA DE SOUZA MACHADO , CECILIA VOLKMER-RIBEIRO AND ROBERTO IANNUZZI 1Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Prédio 43113, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil 2 Seção de Invertebrados Inferiores, Setor de Poríferos Continentais, Museu de Ciências Naturais (MCN), Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul (FZB), Av. Salvador França, 1427, 90690-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. 3 Instituto de Geociências, Departamento de Paleontologia e Estratigrafia, UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Prédio 43113, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. Manuscript received on June 15, 2010; accepted for publication on October 26, 2010 ABSTRACT The Cemitério Paleolake, Catalão, Goiás, is a lacustrine deposit that is rich in spicules of continental sponges. These spicules, which are present in three sections (1-3), were analyzed for the taxonomic identification of the species in order to reconstruct the late Quaternary palaeoenvironment. An indigenous assemblage of lentic sponges was found, consisting of Metania spinata (Carter 1881), Dosilia pydanieli Volkmer-Ribeiro (1992), Radiospongilla amazonensis Volkmer-Ribeiro and Maciel (1983), Trochospongilla variabilis Bonetto and Ezcurra de Drago (1973), Corvomeyenia thumi (Traxler 1895), Heterorotula fistula Volkmer- Ribeiro and Motta (1995), plus Corvoheteromeyenia australis (Bonetto and Ezcurra de Drago 1966), which here has its first record in an assemblage formed by biosiliceous deposits. Furthermore, at the base of the sections, spicules of sponges from lotic environments were detected, including Corvospongilla seckti Bonetto and Ezcurra de Drago (1966), Oncosclera navicella (Carter 1881) and Eunapius fragilis (Leidy 1851), which suggests a contribution from flowing water. We identified 25 spongofacies horizons caused by sponge assemblages typical of a lentic environment, dated from at least 39,700 years BP., and currently occurring in lakes typical of the Cerrado Biome. Key words: Cerrado Biome, continental sponges, Quaternary paleointerpretations, sediments, spicules. INTRODUCTION roots, rocks, branches of riparian vegetation or tree trunks in regions that experience seasonal Continental sponges (Phylum Porifera) are animals flooding, such as the floodplains of the major that can be found in any, permanent or temporary, Amazonian rivers (Volkmer-Ribeiro and Pauls 2000). body of fresh water under natural conditions, e.g., The specific identification of continental sponges rivers, lakes and in coastal mixohaline environments. is based on the set of spicules of each species. They are sessile and live attached to a submerged The gemmoscleres, which are the spicules of the or an emergent substrate, such as macrophyte gemmules, are the most important morphological character in the characterization of families, genera Correspondence to: Vanessa de Souza Machado E-mail: [email protected] and species. Likewise important are microscleres An Acad Bras Cienc (2012) 84 (1) 18 VANESSA DE SOUZA MACHADO, CECILIA VOLKMER-RIBEIRO and ROBERTO IANNUZZI and megascleres, which are the spicules that that the inferred regression of the forest was not make up the body of the animal. The gemmules, due to ongoing drought, but to successive periods which are the asexual reproduction structures, of drought, a result corroborated by geochemical have been crucial in the occupation of continental and palynological evidence. Sifeddine et al. (1994) environments and ensure the survival of the species expanded the study to another paleolake profile in seasonal habitats, being also important structures in Carajás (Southern Amazon) and showed that for the dispersion of the animals within aquatic both lakes may have evolved through different microenvironments (Volkmer-Ribeiro 1981). paleohydrological periods. They also identified in The siliceous spicules of continental sponges the last 8000 years BP. the alternation of charcoal can be seen in sedimentary rocks due to their deposits, which indicate paleofires, and amorphous amorphous silica composition (opal). Following silica in the form of sponge spicules from C. thumi. death, the body of the sponge remains in the water The authors concluded that, during this time column, and the spongin rapidly decomposes, period, the weather conditions were probably on releasing the siliceous spicules that are deposited average better for the development of forests, but in sediments. When the drainage is reduced and these developments were regularly interrupted by the production of the sponge is voluminous, the fire since the presence of C. thumi gemmoscleres accumulation of these spicules in sediments can indicated successive periods of drought, with a produce biosiliceous mineral deposits known as reduced water column. spongillites (Volkmer-Ribeiro 1992, Volkmer- Volkmer-Ribeiro and Turcq (1996) presented Ribeiro and Motta 1995). a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of The taxonomic and ecological study of this spines from C. thumi present in two profiles from the fauna has revealed the preference of different Serra dos Carajás, and demonstrated that extremely species/assemblages for specific environments short periods of immersion, related to the availability (Volkmer-Ribeiro and Machado 2007). As these of precipitation and runoff in the system, can cause events are repeated, it has been proposed that a gradual series of incipient formations preserved these species/assemblages be used as indicators of at the time of deposition of sediments. They also such environments, thus providing tools for paleo- concluded that the sequence of spicules observed in environmental interpretations in the Quaternary. both profiles indicated a global climate change, with The first studies involving the use of spicules stages of retraction and expansion of forests during from continental sponges in environmental paleo- the last 30,000 years, which is supported by pollen interpretation were carried out as from 1974, and and geochemical analysis. demonstrated the occurrence of spicules of extant Volkmer-Ribeiro et al. (2004) statistically species in sedimentary rocks of the Quaternary evaluated the content of gemmoscleres from the (Racek 1974, Hall and Herrmann 1980, Harrison et species Ephydatia facunda Weltner (1895) in al. 1979, Harrison and Warner 1986, Harrison 1988, current sediments from seven coastal lagoons in Gaiser et al. 2004). the Taim Hydrological System, Rio Grande do Martin et al. (1992) identified the continental Sul, Brazil. The applied methodology revealed the sponge Corvomeyenia thumi (Traxler 1895) in a evolution of this system, with the greatest sponge paleolake profile from Eastern Amazonia in the production related to an enrichment of organic Serra dos Carajás, Pará, Brazil, dated between matter, which reaches its culmination in the marsh 7,000 to 4,000 years BP. This species is adapted environment. Volkmer-Ribeiro et al. (2007) again to episodic drought, which led to the conclusion identified the speciesE. facunda in sediments of the An Acad Bras Cienc (2012) 84 (1) SPONGE FAUNA OF THE CEMITÉRIO PALEOLAKE 19 Luján Formation, west of the city of Luján, 63 km and develop a more robust understanding on the from Buenos Aires, Argentina, concluding from the evolution of the deposit during the Quaternary. evidence that there had been a period of lacustrine The results presented herein correspond to an sedimentation in a coastal lagoon environment unpublished component of the Master’s thesis of (from 11,060 to 10,420 years BP.), which is also the senior author. corroborated by the presence of frustules from the diatom Hyalodiscus subtilis (Bailey). They also MATERIALS AND METHODS pointed to a relationship between this deposit and transgressive events prior to the studied formation. Parolin et al. (2007), through the presence of The Ultramafic-alkaline-carbonatite complex of continental sponge spicules in sediment profiles in Catalão I is located 15 km from the center of the the floodplain of the Esperança River, Taquarussu municipality of Catalão, southeast Goiás (18°08’S region, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, suggest the 47°08’W; Fig. 1). The Cemitério paleolake outcrop occurrence of flood pulse between 4610-4010 years includes a lacustrine deposit with a continuous BP. Almeida et al. (2009), after taxonomic and exposure (Fig. 2) caused by the filling of a taphonomic analysis of the spicules of continental depression located in the central part of the Catalão I sponges in spongolite
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