DOCSLIB.ORG

Morewood Williamdean Phd 1

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Morewood Williamdean Phd 1 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quaiity of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI Bell & Howell Information and Leaming 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 Temperature/Development Relationships and Life History Strategies of Arctic G yn a ep h o ra Species (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) and Their Insect Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae and Diptera: Tachinidae), With Reference to Predicted Global Warming by William Dean Morewood B.Sc., University of Victoria, 1989 M.Sc., University of Victoria, 1992 A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the Department of Biology We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard Dr. R.A..A. Ring, SupervisorSuperviso/ (I(Department of Biology) _______________________ Dr. D.V. Ellis, Departmental Member (Department of Biology) _______________________________________________________________________________________________ Dr. D.B. Levin, Departmental Member (Department of Biology) Dr. C.P. Keller, Outside Member (Department of Geography) _________________ TJT. GM .R. Hmry, External Examiner (Department q ^ e o g ra ^ y . University of British Columbia) © William Dean Morewood, 1999 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This dissertation may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. Supervisor Dr. Richard A. Ring ABSTRACT Increases in temperature and precipitation predicted under global warming are expected to be most pronounced and thus have their greatest impact on ecosystems at high latitudes. Insects constitute a major component of the foodwebs of terrestrial ecosystems and should be among the first organisms to show noticeable responses to predicted global warming, especially in the Arctic where climatic conditions are often limiting. However, interactions among species must also be taken into account. The genus Gynaephora Hiibner (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) is represented in North America by two species, G. groenlandica (Wocke) and G. rossii (Curtis), and their geographic distributions overlap broadly across the Canadian Arctic. Previous studies have examined the biology, ecology, and physiology of these two species and have revealed many adaptations to the Arctic environment, but the immature stages of these insects have been misidentified even in recently published reports. Both species are found at Alexandra Fiord, Ellesmere Island, a High Arctic oasis largely isolated by expanses of ocean and icecap, and the population of G. groenlandica at this site is thought to be limited mainly by parasitoid-induced mortality rather than by climatic conditions. Field observations, surveys, and temperature-manipulation experiments were conducted at Alexandra Fiord during the spring and summer of 1994, 1995, and 1996; laboratory rearing was conducted under controlled conditions at the University of Victoria in the spring of 1996 and 1997. Immature stages of both species of Gynaephora were described and illustrated, and all species of insect parasitoids using Gynaephora species as hosts at Alexandra Fiord were identified. Life histories and seasonal phenologies for Gynaephora species and their insect parasitoids were elucidated from field studies, and temperature/development relationships for selected stages of most of these species were derived from laboratory rearing. The results of field studies and laboratory rearing were compared and used to formulate predictions about the responses of these insects to predicted global warming. m Immature stages of the two species ofGynaep/iora are easily distinguished by differences in the colour patterns, form, and overall length of the larval hairs and by the structure of their cocoons. Both species of Gynaephora complete metamorphosis and reproduction within a single growing season but spread larval development over a number of years. In G. groenlandica, seven larval instars and annual moulting combine to produce a seven year life cycle whereas G. rossii develops through six larval instars at a rate of two or three moults per year, resulting in a three or four year life cycle. The parasitoid complex at Alexandra Fiord consists of three primary parasitoids, Hyposoter pectinatus {Thomson) (Hymenoptera; Ichneumonidae), Exorista n.sp. (Diptera: Tachinidae), and Chetogena gelida (Coquillett) (Diptera; Tachinidae), and one hyperparasitoid, Cryptus leechi Mason (Hymenoptera; Ichneumonidae). All of the parasitoids are univoltine, although H. pectinatus may undergo delayed development in some cases, and each of the primary parasitoids relies primarily on a single larval instar for hosts whereas the hyperparasitoid attacks the primary parasitoids during their metamorphosis. Seasonal phenologies of the parasitoids provide optimal access to new hosts but parasitoid-avoidance strategies of Gynaephora larvae ensure that a proportion of their populations escape parasitism. Laboratory rearing showed that the relative timing of host and parasitoid seasonal phenologies is maintained over a broad range of temperatures; therefore, temperature increases predicted under global warming are unlikely to have any great effect on host-parasitoid interactions. However, increased cloudiness associated with the predicted increase in precipitation might have profound effects resulting from lower ground-level temperatures caused by a lack of solar heating. The extent of this effect is uncertain but might lead to reproductive failure in Gynaephora species, with similar repercussions for the insect parasitoids. IV Examiners: Dr. R.A. Ring, Supervisor (pepartment of Biology) Dr. D.V. Ellis, Departmental Member (Department of Biology) Dr. D.B. Levin, Departmental Member (Department of Biology) Dr. C.P. Keller, Outside Member (Department of Geography) " Dr. Œ H .R .^nry, External Examiner (Department qjr Geoggpny, University of British Columbia) TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE.................................................................................................................... i ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................... ü TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................... v UST OF TABLES...........................................................................................................viii LIST OF FIGURES..........................................................................................................xi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..............................................................................................xx DEDICATION.................................................................................................................xxii INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................... I The Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming S cenarios .............................................. 1 Implications of Global Warming for Insects ....................................................................... 4 Global Warming and Insects in the A rctic ...........................................................................6 The Experimental Animals ................................................................................................... 9 North American Gynaepfiora Species...........................................................................9 Insect Parasitoids of North American Gynaepfiora S p ecies.......................................13 The Study S i t e ................................................................................................................... 18 O bjectives..........................................................................................................................20 MATERIALS AND METHODS.......................................................................................21 Field S tu d ies ...................................................................................................................... 21 Field Surveys ............................................................................................................... 24 Field Experiments .......................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • ARTHROPOD COMMUNITIES and PASSERINE DIET: EFFECTS of SHRUB EXPANSION in WESTERN ALASKA by Molly Tankersley Mcdermott, B.A./B.S
    Arthropod communities and passerine diet: effects of shrub expansion in Western Alaska Item Type Thesis Authors McDermott, Molly Tankersley Download date 26/09/2021 06:13:39 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/11122/7893 ARTHROPOD COMMUNITIES AND PASSERINE DIET: EFFECTS OF SHRUB EXPANSION IN WESTERN ALASKA By Molly Tankersley McDermott, B.A./B.S. A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Biological Sciences University of Alaska Fairbanks August 2017 APPROVED: Pat Doak, Committee Chair Greg Breed, Committee Member Colleen Handel, Committee Member Christa Mulder, Committee Member Kris Hundertmark, Chair Department o f Biology and Wildlife Paul Layer, Dean College o f Natural Science and Mathematics Michael Castellini, Dean of the Graduate School ABSTRACT Across the Arctic, taller woody shrubs, particularly willow (Salix spp.), birch (Betula spp.), and alder (Alnus spp.), have been expanding rapidly onto tundra. Changes in vegetation structure can alter the physical habitat structure, thermal environment, and food available to arthropods, which play an important role in the structure and functioning of Arctic ecosystems. Not only do they provide key ecosystem services such as pollination and nutrient cycling, they are an essential food source for migratory birds. In this study I examined the relationships between the abundance, diversity, and community composition of arthropods and the height and cover of several shrub species across a tundra-shrub gradient in northwestern Alaska. To characterize nestling diet of common passerines that occupy this gradient, I used next-generation sequencing of fecal matter. Willow cover was strongly and consistently associated with abundance and biomass of arthropods and significant shifts in arthropod community composition and diversity.
    [Show full text]
  • Conservation and Management of Eastern Big-Eared Bats a Symposium
    Conservation and Management of Eastern Big-eared Bats A Symposium y Edited b Susan C. Loeb, Michael J. Lacki, and Darren A. Miller U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Southern Research Station General Technical Report SRS-145 DISCLAIMER The use of trade or firm names in this publication is for reader information and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture of any product or service. Papers published in these proceedings were submitted by authors in electronic media. Some editing was done to ensure a consistent format. Authors are responsible for content and accuracy of their individual papers and the quality of illustrative materials. Cover photos: Large photo: Craig W. Stihler; small left photo: Joseph S. Johnson; small middle photo: Craig W. Stihler; small right photo: Matthew J. Clement. December 2011 Southern Research Station 200 W.T. Weaver Blvd. Asheville, NC 28804 Conservation and Management of Eastern Big-eared Bats: A Symposium Athens, Georgia March 9–10, 2010 Edited by: Susan C. Loeb U.S Department of Agriculture Forest Service Southern Research Station Michael J. Lacki University of Kentucky Darren A. Miller Weyerhaeuser NR Company Sponsored by: Forest Service Bat Conservation International National Council for Air and Stream Improvement (NCASI) Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources Offield Family Foundation ContEntS Preface . v Conservation and Management of Eastern Big-Eared Bats: An Introduction . 1 Susan C. Loeb, Michael J. Lacki, and Darren A. Miller Distribution and Status of Eastern Big-eared Bats (Corynorhinus Spp .) . 13 Mylea L. Bayless, Mary Kay Clark, Richard C. Stark, Barbara S.
    [Show full text]
  • Insects That Feed on Trees and Shrubs
    INSECTS THAT FEED ON COLORADO TREES AND SHRUBS1 Whitney Cranshaw David Leatherman Boris Kondratieff Bulletin 506A TABLE OF CONTENTS DEFOLIATORS .................................................... 8 Leaf Feeding Caterpillars .............................................. 8 Cecropia Moth ................................................ 8 Polyphemus Moth ............................................. 9 Nevada Buck Moth ............................................. 9 Pandora Moth ............................................... 10 Io Moth .................................................... 10 Fall Webworm ............................................... 11 Tiger Moth ................................................. 12 American Dagger Moth ......................................... 13 Redhumped Caterpillar ......................................... 13 Achemon Sphinx ............................................. 14 Table 1. Common sphinx moths of Colorado .......................... 14 Douglas-fir Tussock Moth ....................................... 15 1. Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University Cooperative Extension etnomologist and associate professor, entomology; David Leatherman, entomologist, Colorado State Forest Service; Boris Kondratieff, associate professor, entomology. 8/93. ©Colorado State University Cooperative Extension. 1994. For more information, contact your county Cooperative Extension office. Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture,
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 10 • Principles of Conserving the Arctic's Biodiversity
    Chapter 10 Principles of Conserving the Arctic’s Biodiversity Lead Author Michael B. Usher Contributing Authors Terry V.Callaghan, Grant Gilchrist, Bill Heal, Glenn P.Juday, Harald Loeng, Magdalena A. K. Muir, Pål Prestrud Contents Summary . .540 10.1. Introduction . .540 10.2. Conservation of arctic ecosystems and species . .543 10.2.1. Marine environments . .544 10.2.2. Freshwater environments . .546 10.2.3. Environments north of the treeline . .548 10.2.4. Boreal forest environments . .551 10.2.5. Human-modified habitats . .554 10.2.6. Conservation of arctic species . .556 10.2.7. Incorporating traditional knowledge . .558 10.2.8. Implications for biodiversity conservation . .559 10.3. Human impacts on the biodiversity of the Arctic . .560 10.3.1. Exploitation of populations . .560 10.3.2. Management of land and water . .562 10.3.3. Pollution . .564 10.3.4. Development pressures . .566 10.4. Effects of climate change on the biodiversity of the Arctic . .567 10.4.1. Changes in distribution ranges . .568 10.4.2. Changes in the extent of arctic habitats . .570 10.4.3. Changes in the abundance of arctic species . .571 10.4.4. Changes in genetic diversity . .572 10.4.5. Effects on migratory species and their management . .574 10.4.6. Effects caused by non-native species and their management .575 10.4.7. Effects on the management of protected areas . .577 10.4.8. Conserving the Arctic’s changing biodiversity . .579 10.5. Managing biodiversity conservation in a changing environment . .579 10.5.1. Documenting the current biodiversity . .580 10.5.2.
    [Show full text]
  • Responses of Invertebrates to Temperature and Water Stress A
    Author's Accepted Manuscript Responses of invertebrates to temperature and water stress: A polar perspective M.J. Everatt, P. Convey, J.S. Bale, M.R. Worland, S.A.L. Hayward www.elsevier.com/locate/jtherbio PII: S0306-4565(14)00071-0 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2014.05.004 Reference: TB1522 To appear in: Journal of Thermal Biology Received date: 21 August 2013 Revised date: 22 January 2014 Accepted date: 22 January 2014 Cite this article as: M.J. Everatt, P. Convey, J.S. Bale, M.R. Worland, S.A.L. Hayward, Responses of invertebrates to temperature and water stress: A polar perspective, Journal of Thermal Biology, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jther- bio.2014.05.004 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting galley proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. 1 Responses of invertebrates to temperature and water 2 stress: A polar perspective 3 M. J. Everatta, P. Conveyb, c, d, J. S. Balea, M. R. Worlandb and S. A. L. 4 Haywarda* a 5 School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK b 6 British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, 7 Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK 8 cNational Antarctic Research Center, IPS Building, University Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, 9 Malaysia 10 dGateway Antarctica, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand 11 12 *Corresponding author.
    [Show full text]
  • Draft Nunavut Land Use Plan
    Draft Nunavut Land Use Plan Options and Recommendations Draft – 2014 Contents Introduction .............................................................................. 3 Aerodromes ................................................................................ 75 Purpose ........................................................................................... 3 DND Establishments ............................................................... 76 Guiding Policies, Objectives and Goals ............................... 3 North Warning System Sites................................................ 76 Considered Information ............................................................ 3 Encouraging Sustainable Economic Development ..... 77 Decision making framework .................................................... 4 Mineral Potential ...................................................................... 77 General Options Considered .................................................... 4 Oil and Gas Exploration .......................................................... 78 Protecting and Sustaining the Environment .................. 5 Commercial Fisheries .............................................................. 78 Key Migratory Bird Habitat Sites .......................................... 5 Mixed Use ............................................................................... 80 Caribou Habitat ......................................................................... 41 Mixed Use ..................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Taxonomic Position and Status of Arctic <I>Gynaephora</I> and <I
    PL-ISSN0015-5497(print),ISSN1734-9168(online) FoliaBiologica(Kraków),vol.63(2015),No4 Ó InstituteofSystematicsandEvolutionofAnimals,PAS,Kraków, 2015 doi:10.3409/fb63_4.257 TaxonomicPositionandStatusofArctic Gynaephora and Dicallomera Moths(Lepidoptera,Erebidae,Lymantriinae)* VladimirA.LUKHTANOV andOlgaA.KHRULEVA Accepted September 10, 2015 LUKHTANOV V.A., KHRULEVA O.A. 2015. Taxonomic position and status of arctic Gynaephora and Dicallomera moths (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Lymantriinae). Folia Biologica (Kraków) 63: 257-261. We use analysis of mitochondrial DNA barcodes in combination with published data on morphology to rearrange the taxonomy of two arctic species, Gynaephora groenlandica and G. rossii. We demonstrate that (1) the taxon lugens Kozhanchikov, 1948 originally described as a distinct species is a subspecies of Gynaephora rossii, and (2) the taxon kusnezovi Lukhtanov et Khruliova, 1989 originally described as a distinct species in the genus Dicallomera isasubspeciesof Gynaephora groenlandica.Wealsoprovidethefirstevidence for the occurrence of G. groenlandica in the Palearctic region (Wrangel Island). Key words: COI, DNA barcode, Gynaephora, Dicallomera, Lymantriinae, polar environments. Vladimir A. LUKHTANOV, Department of Karyosystematics, Zoological Institute of Russian AcademyofSciences,Universitetskayanab.1,199034St.Petersburg, Russia;Departmentof Entomology, Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia. E-mail: [email protected] Olga A. KHRULEVA, Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of Russian Academy of Sci- ences, Leninsky 33, Moscow 119071, Russia. E-mail: [email protected] The genera Gynaephora Hübner, 1819 and Di- 1835) and G. lugens Kozhanchikov, 1948, and one callomera Butler, 1881 belong to the subfamily representative of Dicallomera (D. kusnezovi Lukh- Lymantriinae of the family Erebidae (ZAHIRI et al. tanov et Khruliova, 1989) are known to be high 2012).
    [Show full text]
  • Polar Continental Shelf Program Science Report 2019: Logistical Support for Leading-Edge Scientific Research in Canada and Its Arctic
    Polar Continental Shelf Program SCIENCE REPORT 2019 LOGISTICAL SUPPORT FOR LEADING-EDGE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN CANADA AND ITS ARCTIC Polar Continental Shelf Program SCIENCE REPORT 2019 Logistical support for leading-edge scientific research in Canada and its Arctic Polar Continental Shelf Program Science Report 2019: Logistical support for leading-edge scientific research in Canada and its Arctic Contact information Polar Continental Shelf Program Natural Resources Canada 2464 Sheffield Road Ottawa ON K1B 4E5 Canada Tel.: 613-998-8145 Email: [email protected] Website: pcsp.nrcan.gc.ca Cover photographs: (Top) Ready to start fieldwork on Ward Hunt Island in Quttinirpaaq National Park, Nunavut (Bottom) Heading back to camp after a day of sampling in the Qarlikturvik Valley on Bylot Island, Nunavut Photograph contributors (alphabetically) Dan Anthon, Royal Roads University: page 8 (bottom) Lisa Hodgetts, University of Western Ontario: pages 34 (bottom) and 62 Justine E. Benjamin: pages 28 and 29 Scott Lamoureux, Queen’s University: page 17 Joël Bêty, Université du Québec à Rimouski: page 18 (top and bottom) Janice Lang, DRDC/DND: pages 40 and 41 (top and bottom) Maya Bhatia, University of Alberta: pages 14, 49 and 60 Jason Lau, University of Western Ontario: page 34 (top) Canadian Forces Combat Camera, Department of National Defence: page 13 Cyrielle Laurent, Yukon Research Centre: page 48 Hsin Cynthia Chiang, McGill University: pages 2, 8 (background), 9 (top Tanya Lemieux, Natural Resources Canada: page 9 (bottom
    [Show full text]
  • INSECT: GYNAEPHORA GROENLANDICA / G. ROSSII Per Mølgaard and Dean Morewood
    ITEX INSECT: GYNAEPHORA GROENLANDICA / G. ROSSII Per Mølgaard and Dean Morewood Woolly-bear caterpillars, Gynaephora groenlandica, are (Esper), is found in Europe but may not occur at tundra important predators on the leaf buds and young catkins of sites. The two North American species occur together at Salix spp. early in the season. Field observations have many sites in the Canadian Arctic and may be separated by shown a strong preference for Salix arctica, and for the the following characteristics. reproductive success as well as for vegetative growth of the willows, the number and activity of the caterpillars EGGS: Eggs themselves may be indistinguishable mor- may be of great importance. When present in the ITEX phologically; however, egg masses are often laid on co- plots, especially those with Salix spp., notes should be coons, which differ between the two species (see below). taken on the Salix sheets or on the sheets especially LARVAE: Because of their small size and their tendency designed for Gynaephora observations. to stayout of site, newly-hatched larvae are unlikely to be The life cycle of this moth is exceptional as it may encountered in the field unless found when they are still on take several years to develop from first instar larva to adult the cocoons where the eggs from which they hatched were insect. In Greenland, on Disko Island, outbreaks were seen laid. Older larvae may be separated according to the form in 1978 (Kristensen, pers. comm.) and again in 1992 and colour patterns of the larval hairs. Larvae of G. (Mølgaard pers. obs.), which indicates fluctuations with groenlandica have long hairs that range from dark brown peak populations with 14 years interval, which is similar to to golden yellow, depending on how recently they have the life cycle duration at Alexandra Fjord (Kukal and moulted, and have two distinct tufts of black followed by Kevan, 1987).
    [Show full text]
  • Nota Lepidopterologica Index to Volumen 31 by Taxon and Author Names, with Publication Dates
    ©Societas Europaea Lepidopterologica; download unter http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ und www.zobodat.at Nota lepid. 31 (2): 297-299 301 Nota lepidopterologica index to volumen 31 by taxon and author names, with publication dates Publication dates of volume 31 No. 1: p. 1-162: 15. 05. 2008; No. 2: p. 163-299: 15. 11. 2008 Contents Agassiz, D. 2008 (15. xi.). Anthophila massaicae sp. n. (Choreutidae) a remarkable case of par- allel evolution. 31 (2): 227-230. Altermatt, F. 2008 (15. v.). A new species of Agdistis Hübner, 1825 from Tajikistan (Pteropho- ridae). 31 (1): 65-68. Bella, S. 2008 (15. v.). Caryocolum siculum sp. n. (Gelechiidae), feeding on Gypsophila (Caryo- phyllaceae) in Sicily. 31 (1): 69-75. Benyamini, D. 2008 (15.xi.). Is Eiichloe falloui Allard, 1867 (Pieridae) the butterfly with the longest diapause? 31 (2): 293-295. Bidzilya, O. & Karshoh, O. 2008 (15.xi.). New data on Anomologini from Palaearctic Asia (Gelechiidae). 31 (2): 199-213. Coene, H. A. & Vis. R. 2008 (15.xi.). Contribution to the butterfly fauna of Yunnan, China (Hes- peroidea, Papilionoidea). 31 (2): 231-262. Dincä, v., Székely, L., Kovacs, S., Kovacs, Z. & Vila, R. 2008 (15. xi.). Pyrgus andromedae (Wallengren, 1853) (Hesperiidae) in the Romanian Carpathians. 31 (2): 263-272. Dincä, V. & Vila, R. 2008 (15. v.). Improving the knowledge on Romanian Rhopalocera, includ- ing the rediscovery of Polyoimnatus amandus (Schneider, 1792) (Lycaenidae) and an ap- plication of DNA-based identification. 31 (1): 3-23. Dolinskaya, I. V 2008 (15.xi.). Taxonomic variation in larval mandibular structure in Palaearctic Notodontidae (Noctuoidea). 31 (2): 165-177.
    [Show full text]
  • Territorial Sea Geographical Coordinates (Area 7) Décret Sur Les Coordonnées Géographiques Pour La Order Mer Territoriale (Région 7)
    CANADA CONSOLIDATION CODIFICATION Territorial Sea Geographical Décret sur les coordonnées Coordinates (Area 7) Order géographiques pour la mer territoriale (région 7) SOR/85-872 DORS/85-872 Current to September 11, 2021 À jour au 11 septembre 2021 Published by the Minister of Justice at the following address: Publié par le ministre de la Justice à l’adresse suivante : http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca http://lois-laws.justice.gc.ca OFFICIAL STATUS CARACTÈRE OFFICIEL OF CONSOLIDATIONS DES CODIFICATIONS Subsections 31(1) and (3) of the Legislation Revision and Les paragraphes 31(1) et (3) de la Loi sur la révision et la Consolidation Act, in force on June 1, 2009, provide as codification des textes législatifs, en vigueur le 1er juin follows: 2009, prévoient ce qui suit : Published consolidation is evidence Codifications comme élément de preuve 31 (1) Every copy of a consolidated statute or consolidated 31 (1) Tout exemplaire d'une loi codifiée ou d'un règlement regulation published by the Minister under this Act in either codifié, publié par le ministre en vertu de la présente loi sur print or electronic form is evidence of that statute or regula- support papier ou sur support électronique, fait foi de cette tion and of its contents and every copy purporting to be pub- loi ou de ce règlement et de son contenu. Tout exemplaire lished by the Minister is deemed to be so published, unless donné comme publié par le ministre est réputé avoir été ainsi the contrary is shown. publié, sauf preuve contraire. ... [...] Inconsistencies in regulations
    [Show full text]
  • Impacts of Native and Non-Native Plants on Urban Insect Communities: Are Native Plants Better Than Non-Natives?
    Impacts of Native and Non-native plants on Urban Insect Communities: Are Native Plants Better than Non-natives? by Carl Scott Clem A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Auburn University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Auburn, Alabama December 12, 2015 Key Words: native plants, non-native plants, caterpillars, natural enemies, associational interactions, congeneric plants Copyright 2015 by Carl Scott Clem Approved by David Held, Chair, Associate Professor: Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology Charles Ray, Research Fellow: Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology Debbie Folkerts, Assistant Professor: Department of Biological Sciences Robert Boyd, Professor: Department of Biological Sciences Abstract With continued suburban expansion in the southeastern United States, it is increasingly important to understand urbanization and its impacts on sustainability and natural ecosystems. Expansion of suburbia is often coupled with replacement of native plants by alien ornamental plants such as crepe myrtle, Bradford pear, and Japanese maple. Two projects were conducted for this thesis. The purpose of the first project (Chapter 2) was to conduct an analysis of existing larval Lepidoptera and Symphyta hostplant records in the southeastern United States, comparing their species richness on common native and alien woody plants. We found that, in most cases, native plants support more species of eruciform larvae compared to aliens. Alien congener plant species (those in the same genus as native species) supported more species of larvae than alien, non-congeners. Most of the larvae that feed on alien plants are generalist species. However, most of the specialist species feeding on alien plants use congeners of native plants, providing evidence of a spillover, or false spillover, effect.
    [Show full text]