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Sarapa Ismail @ Mrsm Pengkalan. Chepa @ Kssm Sejarah Tingkatan 4 / 2020 1 SEJARAH TINGKATAN 4 ( KSSM ) BAB 1: WARISAN NEGARA BANGSA SEJARAH RINGKAS KERAJAAN ALAM MELAYU 1.1 Latar Belakang Negara Bangsa Sebelum kedatangan Barat Kerajaan Funan • Asas negara bangsa telah bermula sebelum kedatangan Pengasasan Barat • Pengasasnya - Kaundinya seorang Brahmin Hindu. • Proses pembentukan mengambil masa yang lama dan • Berpusat di Vyadhapura. melalui beberapa. • Kaundinya berkahwin Soma. • Antara kerajaannya Funan, Champa, Kedah Tua, Gangga Nagara, Srivijaya, Angkor dan Majapahit Kemasyhuran • Semasa pemerintahan Fan Shih-nian Ciri – Ciri Kerajaan Alam Melayu • Berkembang sehingga Sungai Mekong dan Teluk 1. Raja Cam Ranh. • Tonggak utama kerajaan. • Menguasai Selatan Myanmar dan Segenting Kra. • Kedudukan raja diperkukuh dengan pentadbiran. • Menguasai jalan perdagangan timur barat. • Dibantu pembesar. • Pusat perdagangan utama Alam Melayu. • Raja ditaati rakyat dan dianggap suci. • Pelabuhan utama - Oc Eo. • Contoh: Raja Champa dikaitkan dengan Dewa Siva • Dikunjungi pedagang China, India, Arab, Parsi. 2. Undang-undang • Mengadakan hubungan dengan China • Untuk memastikan kesejahteraan kerajaan. • Meminta bantuan china untuk melawan Dai Viet. • Terpakai di wilayah pengaruh. • Hubungan dengan India - perdagangan • Menjadi panduan dalam pentadbiran. • Mengukuhkan hubungan perdagangan dua hala • Contoh: Majapahit amal Undang-Undang Kutara dan mendalami ilmu agama. Manawa Sistem pemerintahan 3. Wilayah pengaruh • Sistem beraja - Raja dibantu golongan agama dan • Kawasan rakyat menerima dan memperakui tentera. pemerintahan seorang raja • Raja menggunakan pelbagai gelaran bagi • Contoh: Wilayah pengaruh Funan luas dari Sg Mekong, mengukukuhkan kedudukan Teluk Cam Ranh, selatan Myanmar , Segenting Kra • Dibahagikan kepada tujuh wilayah. 4. Rakyat • Setiap wilayah diperintah putera raja - Raja Kecil • Penduduk di dalam sesebuah negara, • Menggunakan bahasa Sanskrit - Tulisan orang Hu • Setia kepada raja dan tidak menderhaka. • Contoh: rakyat Srivijaya buktikan kesetian mereka Kemerosotan kepada raja dengan upacara persetiaan dan meminum • Semasa raja Rudravarman - Diserang kerajaan air sumpah Chenla. • Inskripsi Telaga Batu • digunakan upacara persetiaan Kerajaan Champa antara pemerintah dengan golongan diperintah dalam kerajaan srivijaya. • Pengasas Chu-Lien - Berpusat di Indrapura. • Air dituang keatas inskripsi telaga • Berjaya bebaskan diri dari China. batu dan mengalir ke corong bawahnya. • Berjaya membunuh Raja Tran Due Tong di bawah • Air akan ditadah dan diminum oleh Pemerintahan Che Bong Nga. rakyat untuk menunjukkan kesetiaan • Jajahan takluk dari wilayah Dai Viet hingga kepada pemerintah Lembah Sungai Mera. SARAPA ISMAIL @ MRSM PENGKALAN. CHEPA @ KSSM SEJARAH TINGKATAN 4 / 2020 1 SEJARAH TINGKATAN 4 ( KSSM ) • Mengadakan hubungan dengan China. • Dibantu golongan agama, tentera dan hakim • Menghantar utusan untuk pulihkan hubungan dengan • Empayar dibahagikan kpd beberapa mandala. China setelah berperang dengan Dai Viet. • Setiap mandala diperintah datu - anak raja / pembesar bukan keturunan raja. Sistem pemerintahan • Tanggungjawab rakyat • Pemerintah - gelaran Rajadhiraja. - Berbakti kepada negara, Bayar cukai, kerahan tenaga • Dibantu pembesar. mempertahan negara dan tidak menderhaka • Dibahagikan kepada lima wilayah - diperintah pembesar. • Raja dianggap inkarnasi dari dewa Hindu - Amogapasha • Pelabuhan Turan, Kam ran, Sri Banoy dan Maliti Avalokiteswara. • Menggunakan bahasa Melayu Champa dan Sanskrit • Kedudukan raja diperkukuh unsur kesaktian. • Tulisan Palava dan Champa kuno • Daulat Raja Srivijaya - Pendewaan raja • Konsep daulat mewujudkan tradisi persetiaan antara Kemerosotan. golongan diperintah dengan pemerintah. • Kerajaan Melayu paling lama bertahan - 1500 tahun. • Bahasa Melayu sebagai bahasa utama. • Jatuh setelah Raja Indravarman mati. • Bukti penemuan batu-batu bersurat Kedukan Bukit, Kota • Musuh lama Dai Viet menyerang Champa Kapur, Telaga Batu dan Talang Tuwo. • Ditawan Dai Viet setelah beberapa siri peperangan Kemerosotan Kerajaan Srivijaya • Serangan Raja Chola - Tanah jajahan bebaskan diri Pengasasan • Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa 683m,Berpusat Palembang Kesultanan Melayu Melaka Pengasasan • Berkembang kerana kebijaksanaan pemerintah • Parameswara 1400 - anak putera Palembang • Menjadi kuasa perdagangan di Alam Melayu. • Majapahit muncul selepas srivijaya merosot • Menguasai jalan perdagangan laut antarabangsa - Selat Melaka dan Selat Sunda. • Majapahit menguasai beberapa kawasan seperti Palembang dan Temasik. • Wilayah takluk hingga ke selatan Myanmar, Tanah Melayu dan Segenting Kra. • Parameswara dan ayahnya cuba pertahankan Palembang namun gagal • Pusat pengajian Buddha. • Menyebabkan Parameswara lari ke Temasik. Hubungan luar • Parameswara membunuh pemerintah Temasik. • Mendapat pengiktirafan China. • Menyebabkan beliau berpindah dan tiba di kampung • menjadi pelindung kapal China di Selat Melaka nelayan yang berpotensi (Melaka ) • Hubungan persahabatan dan keagamaan dengan India. Asal Usul Melaka • Catatan I-Ching: cerita kehebatan Srivijaya. Menguasai • Sumber Sejarah Melayu - nama Pokok Melaka. jalan perdagangan di Selat Melaka, Selat Sunda, Laut • Pedagang Arab menggunakan “Malakat” bermaksud China Selatan, Laut Jawa, dan Selat Karimata. perhimpunan segala dagang. • Berkembang selepas Funan jatuh. • Menggelarnya “Mulaqah” bermaksud pertemuan. • Bahasa Sanskrit Melaka mendapat nama dari pokok Pentadbiran / pemerintahan “Amalaka” yang berbuah masam. • Raja berkuasa dalam kehakiman, cukai dan perkara • Ajaran Hindu “Amalaka” pokok pertama tumbuh di alam kesejahteraan rakyat semesta. • The Suma Oriental oleh Tom Pires berasal berasal dari • Dibantu anak-anak raja - Yuvaraja, Pratiyuvaraja dan kata “Malaqa” bermaksud tempat perlindungan Rajakumara SARAPA ISMAIL @ MRSM PENGKALAN. CHEPA @ KSSM SEJARAH TINGKATAN 4 / 2020 2 SEJARAH TINGKATAN 4 ( KSSM ) Faktor Kemunculan • Tiada perpaduan dalam kalangan pembesar. • Melaka sebagai pelabuhan antarabangsa / entrepot • Pembesar dan rakyat berpecah yang menjejaskan • Lokasi strategik -laluan perdagangan timur dan barat pentadbiran. • Terlindung tiupan angin monsun . • Menjejaskan perdagangan. • Bentuk muka bumi berbukit. • Kedatangan Portugis - menguasai perdagangan rempah. • Benteng pertahanan semulajadi iaitu pokok bakau dan api² • Raja Portugal hantar Alfonso de Albuquerquer untuk serang Melaka. Hubungan Luar • Kegagalan rundingan menyebabkan Portugis menyerang • Hubungan dengan China. Melaka sebanyak tiga serangan dan berjaya menakluk • Hubungan dengan Ryukyu (Jepun), Siam, Pasai, Demak, Melaka pada serangan ke tiga. Pegu. • Sultan Mahmud berundur ke beberapa wilayah sebelum • Mendapat keselamatan dan kedaulatan bertapak di Bentan. • Kesultanan Melayu Melaka diteruskan oleh Kerajaan Perluasan Empayar Johor-Riau. • Melalui 3 penaklukan, perkahwinan dan naungan. • Sultan Muzaffar Shah menakluk Pahang, Inderagiri dan Kesultanan Johor-Riau Kampar. pengasasan • Sultan Mansur Shah menakluk sehingga Bernam, Perak • Diasaskan waris Kesultanan Melayu Melaka. dan Siak. • Sultan Mahmud lari dari Melaka dan berkota dibeberapa • Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah menguasai Aru tempat. • Portugis serang kota di Pulau Bintan (1526) Penyebaran islam menyebabkan sultan lari ke Kampar dan mangkat • Melalui pengislaman pemerintah, perkahwinan, peranan • Raja Ali pengasas 1528 (putera Sultan. Mahmud dan Tun ulama dan mubaligh, perdagangan dan perluasan kuasa. Fatimah) menggunakan gelaran Sultan Alaudiin Riayat • Menjadi tempat tumpuan ulama dan ppendakwah dan Shah I. tempat pembelajaran agama Islam • Membina pusat pemerintahan di Kota Kara, Pekan Tua, Johor 1528 dengan bantuan Bendahara Seri Nara Diraja. Pentadbiran • Kota Kara dikelilingi bukit menyebabkan selamat dari • Raja pemerintah berkuasa tinggi. ancaman luar. • Raja adil dan berwibawa memberi keyakinan dan jaga • Kedudukan berhampiran sg yg lebar dan dalam keselamatan rakyat memudahkan kapal² keluar masuk. • Sistem Pembesar Empat Lipatan melancarkan • Kota Kara tidak bertahan lama kerana Portugis pentadbiran menyerang 1535. • Dibantu pembesar berwibawa seperti Bendahara Tun • Baginda undur ke Kota Sayong kerana sungai sempit Perak yang berkhidmat bawah empat org sultan. menyukarkan kapal musuh melepasinya. • Mencapai kegemilangan semasa Sultan Mansur Shah • Baginda berpindah ke Kota Batu, Johor Lama 1540. Bertapak 300 tahun. Kemerosotan Melaka • Diteruskan oleh sultan dari keturunan Bendahara Johor. • Kelemahan dlm pentadbiran Sultan Mahmud. • Selepas 1855 diterajui waris keturunan Temenggung • Membunuh Bendahara Tun Mutahir seluruh keluarga Kegemilangan Johor-Riau tanpa usul periksa. • Sebagai pusat perdagangan • Baginda termakan fitnah pembesar lain yang tidak puas • Tumpuan pedagang China, Gujerat, Belanda, Inggeris. hati dengan Tun Mutahir. SARAPA ISMAIL @ MRSM PENGKALAN. CHEPA @ KSSM SEJARAH TINGKATAN 4 / 2020 3 SEJARAH TINGKATAN 4 ( KSSM ) • Menjadi pusat pertukaran barang keluaran Alam Melayu 2. Rakyat dengan barang dari China, India, Arab. • Rakyat Melaka terdiri daripada orang Melayu dan Orang • Kemudahan pelabuhan disediakan. Laut. • Merangkumi golongan merdeka dan hamba. Cabaran-Cabaran Kerajaan Johor Riau • Kesejahteraan rakyat Melaka dijamin oleh sultan. • Perang Tiga Segi. • Rakyat mengakui kekuasaan sultan. - Johor, Acheh dan Pportugis yang mahu kuasai perdagangan di Selat Melaka. 3. Kedaulatan. - Perang hampir 100 tahun. • Lambang kekuasaan tertinggi sultan - Penaklukan Melaka oleh Belanda dengan bantuan johor • Mengawal rakyat dan wilayah. menamatkan perang. • Kedaulatan KMM
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