Bab 3 KONFLIK DUNIA DAN PENDUDUKAN JEPUN DI NEGARA KITA 3.1 Nasionalisme Di Negara Kita Sebelum Perang Dunia British Berusaha U

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Bab 3 KONFLIK DUNIA DAN PENDUDUKAN JEPUN DI NEGARA KITA 3.1 Nasionalisme Di Negara Kita Sebelum Perang Dunia British Berusaha U Bab 3 KONFLIK DUNIA DAN PENDUDUKAN JEPUN DI NEGARA KITA 3.1 Nasionalisme di Negara Kita Sebelum Perang Dunia Kesedaran Awal Nasionalisme British berusaha untuk membendung pengaruh idea gerakan Islam. Dengan persetujuan Raja-raja Melayu, British memperkenalkan Enakmen Undang-Undang Islam 1904. Sesiapa yang mencetak dan mengedarkan tulisan berkaitan dengan agama dan politik Islam tanpa keizinan sultan boleh dikenakan hukuman penjara. Memperkenalkan dua badan penyiasat Jabatan Siasatan Jenayah Biro Siasatan Politik 1 2 (Criminal Intelligence Department) (Political Intelligence Bureau) Mengawal gerakan lslah Islamiah Penentangan Tok Janggut merupakan hasil daripada kesedaran politik antarabangsa yang berkaitan Pan-Islamisme. Walaupun hanya melibatkan penduduk Pasir Puteh, isu penentangan adalah untuk mempertahankan agama Islam dan hak penduduk tempatan berlaku di tengah-tengah kancah pergolakan politik yang berlaku di Eropah. Penentangan ini merupakan cetusan kebangkitan masyarakat Islam sedunia terhadap penjajah Barat yang menakluki negara Islam. Penglibatan empayar Uthmaniyah dalam Perang Dunia Pertama di Eropah mempengaruhi kebangkitan Tok Janggut. Penentangan yang memperjuangkan agama ini kemudiannya dikaitkan dengan isu cukai yang dikenakan serta sikap membenci British. British berwaspada terhadap sokongan orang Melayu terhadap empayar Uthmaniyah yang terlibat dalam Perang Dunia Pertama kerana orang Melayu menganggap khalifah empayar Uthmaniyah sebagai pelindung umat Islam serta penaung bagi tanah suci Mekah dan Madinah. Kegagalan penentangan Tok Menggunakan kesedaran politik Janggut menyebabkan Akhbar dan Majalah tidak boleh masyarakat menyusun startegi meniup-kan dilakukan secara lain menentang British kesedaran terang-terangan kebangsaan Ada undang-undang British British mengawal kebebasan bersuara, menghalang orang Melayu penerbitan, berpersatuan dan kawalan menyatakan sikap politik ketat terhadap kegiatan yang boleh melalui bahan bertulis. mengancam kedudukan British. Dasar British menyebabkan kesedaran kebangsaan tidak meluas dalam akhbar Melayu sebelum Perang Dunia Kedua. 1 Bab 3 Konflik Dunia dan Pendudukan Jepun di negara Kita Cikgu Rosle Yasin 3.2 Latar Belakang Perang Dunia Berpunca daripada perkembangan nasionalisme dalam kalangan negara Eropah yang membawa persaingan antara kuasa imperialis untuk mempertahankan kepentingan masing-masing sehingga memberikan kesan besar terhadap penduduk dunia. Perang Dunia Pertama FAKTOR PERANG 1 Persaingan Kuasa Imperialis 2 Pakatan Ketenteraan 3 Krisis Rantau Balkan 1 Perkembangan Revolusi Industri menyebabkan berlaku persaingan kuasa imperialis untuk mendapatkan tanah jajahan bagi memperoleh bahan mentah seperti arang batu. petroleum dan bijih timah serta memasarkan hasil industri. Persaingan tersebut membawa permusuhan antara kuasa imperialis di Eropah seperti perancis dan Jerman. Permusuhan antara kuasa Eropah membawa pembentukan pakatan ketenteraan 2 (pakatan Kuasa Tengah dan Pakatan Bertiga). Ini menyebabkan ketidakstabilan politik berterusan di Eropah kerana persaingan mendapatkan tanah jajahan, bersaing menghasilkan senjata moden dan sedia berperang bagi mempertahankan kepentingan masing-masing. 3 Berlaku akibat permusuhan Austria-Hungary dengan Serbia. Austria-Hungary menuduh Serbia menghasut rakyat Austria berketurunan Serb berjuang membebaskan diri. Kemuncak krisis Balkan ialah pembunuhan Archduke Ferdinand (Putera Mahkota Austria-Hungary dan isterinya Sophie) oleh seorang pemuda Serbia. Peristiwa ini menjadi sebab Perang Dunia Pertama Pihak yang terlibat dalam perang Dunia Pertama Pakatan Negara Anggota Pakatan Negara Anggota Pakatan Jerman dan Austria- Pakatan Britain, Perancis dan Kuasa Hungary, kemudian disertai Betiga Rusia, disokong oleh Tengah oleh Bulgaria dan empayar Serbia. Itali. Romania. Uthmaniyah Portugal dan Greece. Berakhir Perang Dunia Pertama Penglibatan Amerika Syarikat dalam perang membawa kejayaan kepada Pakatan Bertiga ...pada tahun 1918, Jerman dipaksa menandatangani gencatan senjata. Persidangan Damai Paris Perjanjian Versailles 2 Bab 3 Konflik Dunia dan Pendudukan Jepun di negara Kita Bab Cikgu Rosle Yasin Persidangan Diadakan pada 18 Januari 1919 membincangkan syarat perdamaian Damai Paris selepas perang. Ia bertujuan memastikan Jerman tidak menjadi ancaman kepada keamanan di Eropah. Persidangan ini melahirkan Deklarasi 14 Perkara Woodrow Wilson (cadangan Presiden Amerika Syarikat sebagai asas perdamaian). Deklarasi ini merangkumi dua prinsip utama, iaitu penentuan nasib negara oleh rakyat sendiri dan sempadan negara berasaskan bangsa Perjanjian Ditandatangani antara Pakatan Bertiga dengan Jerman pada 28 Jun Versailles 1919. Berdasarkan perjanjian tersebut, Jerman dikehendaki : i. Bertanggungjawab terhadap kemusnahan akibat perang. ii. Membayar pampasan kepada Pakatan Bertiga. iii. Mengehadkan saiz angkatan tentera. iv. Menyerahkan wilayah dan tanah jajahan kepada Pakatan Bertiga. Perjanjian Versailles menetapkan penubuhan Liga Bangsa-Bangsa untuk menggalakkan keamanan dan kerjasama antarabangsa. Kesan Perang Dunia Pertama Perang Keruntuhan Pemerintahan Kemunculan Negara Kesan Terhadap Beraja Baru Negara Kita 1. Tamat sistem pemerintahan beraja di Jerman, Austria- 1. Keruntuhan empayar Austria-Hungary melahirkan neqara baharu (Austria, Hungary, Rusia dan empayar Hungary, Czechoslovakia dan Uthmaniyah. Yugoslavia). 2. Republik Jerman didirikan 2. Perpecahan empayar Rusia membawa apabila Kaiser Wilhem II kepada penubuhan negara baharu terpaksa turun takhta (rnendapat (Poland, Estonia. Latvia dan Lithuania). suaka politik di Belanda). 3. Perpecahan empayar Uthmaniyah menyebabkan rnuncul negara Lebanon, 3. Empayar Austria-Hungary di Syria dan lraq. bawah pemerintahan Dinasti Habsburg berakhir akibat 1. British menyekat kebangkitan orang Melayu pemberontakan di wilayah yang dengan meminta Raja-raja Melayu dikuasainya. menandatangani perisytiharan perang dan 4. Revolusi di Rusia memberikan kesetiaan kepada British. menumbangkan pemerintahan 2. Pelbagai undang-undang diluluskan oleh beraja Tsar Nicholas II dan pentadbiran British, termasuk memperuntukkan terbentuk kerajaan komunis kuasa Pesuruhjaya Tinggi British untuk meletakkan dipimpin oleh Vladimir Lenin. negeri Melayu di bawah undang-undang tentera. 5. Khalifah empayar Uthmaniyah, 3. Kemakmuran ekonomi dimanipulasi. Wang hasil Sultan Mehmed VI digulingkan bijih timah dan getah digunakan untuk membiayai dan kerajaan Turki (republic) operasi British dalam Perang Dunia Pertama. diketuai oleh Mustala Kemal Ataturk. 3 Bab 3 Konflik Dunia dan Pendudukan Jepun di negara Kita Cikgu Rosle Yasin 3.3 Perang Dunia Kedua Dunia Kedua (1939-1945) berlaku di dua medan pertempuran, di Eropah (tertumpu di negara Eropah dan utara Afrika) dan Asia Pasifik (tertumpu di Tanah Besar Asia dan Kepulauan Asia Tenggar). Peperangan melibatkan dua pakatan, iaitu Kuasa Paksi dan Kuasa Bersekutu. Faktor Tercetusnya Perang Dunia Kedua di Eropah Kemunculan Ideologi ketidakpuasan hati terhadap kegagalan Liga Bangsa- Baharu Perjanjian Versailles Bangsa. Bagi mengatasi masalah kemelesetan ekonomi. Itali dan Jerman mengadakan gerakan politik radikal. Dipimpin oleh pemimpin nasionalis berfahaman melampau (fasisme di Itali dan nazisme di Jerman) . Fasisme Nazisme Dipimpin Benito Mussolini (parti Fasis) berjaya menguasai Itali pada tahun 1922. Fasisme memberikan keutamaan kepada kepentingan negara melebihi kepentingan individu dan percaya kepada nasionalisme melampau termasuk berperang bagi meningkatkan imej negara. Itali meluaskan tanah jajahan (menguasai Habsyah (Ethiopia) dan Albania) bagi memulihkan semula imejnya Dipimpin Adolf Hitler (parti Nazi) berjaya membentuk kerajaan di Jerman (1933). Nazisme rnengagungkan bangsa Jerman. Hitler berusaha mengetepikan Perjanjian Versailles. Hitler membina semula angkatan tentera dan menduduki Rhineland, wilayahnya yang hilang melalui Perjanjian Versailles. 1. Jerman menganggap Perjanjian Versailles tidak adil dan menjejaskan kedaulatan negaranya. Selain kehilangan tanah jajahan, pampasan perang yang tinggi dan perlu dibayar (Jerman mengalami kemelesetan ekonomi dan inflasi yang teruk). 2. Itali yang menyertai Pakatan Bertiga dalam Perang Dunia Pertama tidak berpuas hat terhadap Perjanjian Versailles kerana tidak diberikan tanah jajahan baharu seperti yang diperoleh Perancis dan Poland. Kegagalan Liga Bangsa-Bangsa berperanan untuk memastikan keamanan dunia dan mewujudkan kerjasama antarabangsa. Liga Bangsa-Bangsa gagal menguatkuasakan: i. Perjanjian pelucutan senjata ii. Menangani krisis pencerobohan yang berlaku selepas Perang Dunia Pertama. Ia menyebabkan dunia terdedah kepada konflik berterusan dan mengakibatkan meletusnya Perang Dunia Kedua. 4 Bab 3 Konflik Dunia dan Pendudukan Jepun di negara Kita Cikgu Rosle Yasin Perang Dunia Kedua di Eropah Perang Dunia Kedua di Eropah meletus apabila Jerman menyerang Poland (September 1939). Peristiwa tersebut menyebabkan Britain dan Perancis mengisytiharkan perang terhadap Jerman. 1 Penaklukan Jerman terhadap Eropah Barat Selepas mengisytiharkan perang, Jeman menyerang Blitzkrieg bagi menakluki negara di Eropah Barat. Jerman berjaya menawan Poland, Denmark, Norway, Belanda, Belgium, Luxembourg dan Perancis. Jerman menguasai hampir keseluruhan negara Eropah Barat menjelang pertengahan tahun 1941. 2 Pengeboman Britain Jerman melancarkan serangan udara dan laut terhadap Britain (September 1940-bulan Jun 1941). Jerman menyerang dan memusnahkan pelabuhan, kawasan perindustrian dan pertahanan udara Britain sehingga menjejaskan ekonomi Britain.
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