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SOUNDS of CHINESE KOREAN: a VARIATIONIST APPROACH By SOUNDS OF CHINESE KOREAN: A VARIATIONIST APPROACH by WENHUA JIN Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Arlington in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT ARLINGTON May 2008 Copyright © by Wenhua Jin 2008 All Rights Reserved To my mother, Genzhu Wu, and my father, Guangzhu Jin with love. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank all the people who have encouraged and supported me in making this possible. First of all, I am indebted to Dr. David J. Silva, my supervising professor, for ushering me into the world of Korean linguistics, inspiring me with his insightful questions, and guiding me through this dissertation journey. I want to extend my thanks to the members of the committee, Dr. Donald A. Burquest, Dr. Jinny Choi, Dr. Jerold A. Edmondson, and Dr. Laurel Smith Stvan for their constructive comments and time. I want to thank the Shenyang Municipal Committee of Ethnic Affairs, Shenyang Korean Ethnic Normal College, Shenyang Korean Association of Senior Citizens, Shenyang Korean Christian Church and my fellow Korean Chinese in Shenyang, China for their support and participation in this study. I also want to thank Kai Yang, Hua Yang, and Yongwei Liu for their assistance in the data collection during the field work. I am grateful to AAUW and the graduate school and Dean’s office at UTA for the financial support for the study. Finally, I would like to thank my family, my mom and dad for their unconditional love and support, my sister and brother for taking over my share of responsibility in taking care of my parents, and my husband and daughter for their patience, love, and unfailing support. April 5, 2008 iv ABSTRACT SOUNDS OF CHINESE KOREAN: A VARIATIONIST APPROACH Wenhua Jin, PhD. The University of Texas at Arlington, 2008 Supervising Professor: David J. Silva This study approaches the understudied Chinese Korean from a variationist perspective, with an aim to capture the variations and potential changes in the speech patterns of Chinese Korean. More specifically, three variables were examined: the voice onset time (VOT) of stop consonants and front rounded vowels /y/ and /ø/. To discern any variation and change in these variables, 35 native speakers of Chinese Korean were interviewed and digitally recorded in the Korean community of Shenyang, China. Results of the analysis reveal the existence of a diachronic VOT shift and the “incrementation” of VOT change in the transmission process within this speech community. /ø/ has completely undergone diphthongization into [w], while /y/ presents a more complicated picture with four different variants: [y], [yi], [i] and [u]. It is suggested that instead of undergoing diphthongization as in Seoul Korean, /y/ in v Chinese Korean will remain as an underlying monophthong. Variable rule analysis on the four variants of /y/ reveals that [y] occurrence is more favored by word-initial- syllable position; [yi] as a prestigious form is more favored by female and upper class subjects; [i] is basically a sentence reading style indicator; and [u] as a stigmatized form is more common among lower class subjects and in casual style. The [u] variant is also more likely to occur when the preceding segment is [+back]. While the patterns observed above are explicable as reflexes of language- internal variability, one must also consider the possibility of a role played by language and dialect contact. The “transmission” (Labov 2007) within Chinese Korean as a branch of the Korean family tree justifies the continuity of “Chinese Korean” on its own; the “diffusion” across Korean dialects as in the wave model, however, helps foster its similarity to its sister. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................................. iv ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... v LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS........................................................................................... xi LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................................xvii CHAPTER Page 1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND .................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction..................................................................................................... 1 1.2 The Korean Chinese People............................................................................ 5 1.2.1 Population and Distribution.................................................................... 5 1.2.2 Korean Chinese Origin ........................................................................... 7 1.2.3 The Current Situation of Korean Chinese............................................. 10 1.3 The Chinese Korean Language..................................................................... 14 1.3.1 Korean Varieties in China..................................................................... 14 1.3.2 The Current Situation of Chinese Korean............................................. 17 1.3.3 The Korean Sound System.................................................................... 20 1.4 The Korean Chinese Community in Shenyang City..................................... 21 2. LITERATURE REVIEW.............................................................................. 25 2.1 Models of Language Change and Diffusion................................................. 25 2.2 The Labovian Quantitative Paradigm........................................................... 30 2.3 Variation and Change in Korean .................................................................. 34 vii 3. METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................ 42 3.1 Introduction................................................................................................... 42 3.2 Research Questions....................................................................................... 42 3.3 Theoretical Framework................................................................................. 44 3.4 Social and Linguistic Factors........................................................................ 46 3.4.1 Social Factors Considered in Current Study......................................... 46 3.4.2 Linguistic Factors Considered in Current Study................................... 50 3.5 Subjects......................................................................................................... 51 3.6 Data Collection ............................................................................................. 54 3.6.1 The Fieldwork....................................................................................... 54 3.6.2 Data Collection Procedure .................................................................... 55 3.7 Acoustic Measurements and Transcription .................................................. 59 3.7.1 The VOT Variable ................................................................................ 59 3.7.2 The Front Rounded Vowels.................................................................. 68 3.8 Statistical Methods........................................................................................ 71 4. VOT OF CHINESE KOREAN STOPS......................................................... 75 4.1 Introduction................................................................................................... 75 4.2 Patterns of VOT Variation............................................................................ 77 4.2.1 VOT Patterns in Word Initial Position ................................................. 77 4.2.2 VOT Patterns in Word Internal Position............................................... 85 4.3 Patterns of Other Acoustic Cues................................................................... 98 4.3.1 Patterns of Other Acoustic Cues in Word Initial Position .................... 98 4.3.2 Patterns of Other Acoustic Cues in Word Internal Position ............... 103 4.4 Discussion................................................................................................... 106 viii 4.5 Conclusion .................................................................................................. 116 5. FRONT ROUNDED VOWELS OF CHINESE KOREAN......................... 119 5.1 Introduction................................................................................................. 119 5.2 Diphthongization of /ø/............................................................................... 121 5.3 Variation in the Realization of /y/ .............................................................. 130 5.3.1 Variants of /y/ ..................................................................................... 130 5.3.2 Distribution of the Four Variants........................................................ 142 5.3.2.1 Overall Distribution of the Four Variants ................................... 142 5.3.2.3 Distribution of Each Variant by Two Dimensions of External Factors..................................................................................................... 148 5.3.3 Variable Rule Analysis of /y/.............................................................. 162 5.3.3.1 Introduction................................................................................. 162 5.3.3.2 Factor Groups Considered in the Study .....................................
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