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University of California, Irvine Incógnitas Sobre La UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE INCÓGNITAS SOBRE LA LITERATURA DE LA ONDA. La contracultura y el campo literario en México. DISSERTATION submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Spanish by Jorge Sánchez Mondragón Dissertation Committee: Professor Viviane Mahieux, Chair Professor Horacio Legras Professor Jacobo Sefamí 2016 © 2016 Jorge Sánchez Mondragón DEDICATION To my family and friends in recognition of their tolerance Dios me hizo desgraciado pero no me dio la gana Eugenia León Voy buscando un amor que quiera comprender. La alegría y el dolor, la ira y el placer. Un bello amor sin un final que olvide para perdonar. Voy buscan la razón de tanta falsedad. La mentira es obsesión y falsa la verdad. Qué ganarán, que perderán si todo esto pasará Voy pidiendo libertad y no quieren oír. Es una necesidad para poder vivir. La libertad, la libertad, derecho de la humanidad. Voy buscando un lugar perdido en el mar. Donde pueda olvidar del mundo la maldad. La soledad quiero buscar para poder morir en paz. Es más fácil encontrar rosas en el mar. Luis Eduardo Aute (1967) ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vi CURRICULUM VITAE vii ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION viii INTRODUCCIÓN 1 CAPÍTULO I: Ciudad, jóvenes y lenguaje coloquial, aspectos fundamentales del estilo literario llamado de la onda. 20 A) La ciudad 22 B) Los jóvenes 36 C) El lenguaje 58 CAPÍTULO II: Sexo, drogas, rocanrol y su incorporación a la literatura de la onda. 72 A) La música 78 B) Las drogas 100 C) El sexo 116 CAPÍTULO III: Y la onda vino e hizo estremecer las viejas estructuras. 132 A) Condiciones presentes en el ámbito de las letras 134 B) Elementos que ayudaron a la creación de un rótulo 146 a) Personajes jóvenes 147 b) Lenguaje coloquial, sexo, drogas y rocanrol 172 c) ¿Qué era la onda? 179 CONCLUSIONES 192 BIBLIOGRAFÍA 200 iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express the deepest appreciation to my committee chair, Professor Viviane Mahieux, who has the attitude, patience and commitment to provide the support for me to accomplish this project. She continually and convincingly conveyed a spirit of dedication in regard to research, and an excitement in regard to teaching. Without her guidance and persistent help this dissertation would not have been possible. I would like to thank my committee members, Professor Horacio Legras and Professor Jacobo Sefamí, whose work demonstrated to me that concern for global affairs supported by an “engagement” in literature should always transcend academia and provide a quest for our times. iv CURRICULUM VITAE Jorge Sánchez Mondragón 2010 B.A. in Latin America Literature, University of California, Berkeley 2011-15 Teaching Assistant, Spanish and Portuguese Department, University of California, Irvine 2011 M.A. in Spanish Literature, University of California, Irvine 2016 Ph.D. in Philosophy Spanish, University of California, Irvine FIELD OF STUDY Mexican Literature v ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Incógnitas sobre la literatura de la onda. La contracultura y el campo literario en México. By Jorge Sánchez Mondragón Doctor of Philosophy in Spanish University of California, Irvine, 2016 Professor Viviane Mahieux, Chair The name of the Mexican literary style called “de la onda” can be interpreted in various ways. One can understand it to represent a type of literature that emerged in the sixties as part of a movement that spanned different cultural areas, and that generally was known as a counter- cultural movement. This literature was a channel of expression for youth, and most importantly of narratives written by young writers. But many of its contemporaries considered it to be simply about sex, drugs and rock’n roll, and that as such it was representative of youth named chavos de la onda, and not necessarily part of the literary sphere. This tension continues until today, and this dissertation analyzes why the name “de la onda” produces dissimilar exegesis. In Chapter I, we cover the elements that we consider essential to this literary style: the City, adolescents characters, and colloquial language. The combination and fusion of these elements was something new in Mexican literature at that time. Through the description of each element, we understand the relevance and the reason of that combination. In Chapter II, we review the elements that, in spite of their appearing in the texts of “de la onda”, are not essential to this style. They are sex, drugs and rock and roll. We explain the reason for their appearance in the texts of this literary style, since they were part of the cultural environment of that decade. In vi Chapter III, we discuss the reaction of part of the casa letrada (cultural establishment) regarding this literary style, and how they connected this narrative to a social youth movement called chavos de onda, coinciding with the government’s representation of this population as disaffected youth. All Chapters reconstructs the social environment by gathering books and newspaper sources from publications especially through cultural supplement named Siempre! vii INTRODUCCIÓN. ¿…Es preferible “pensar” sin tener conciencia crítica de ello,… es decir, “participar” en una concepción de mundo “impuesta” mecánicamente por el ambiente externo, o sea, por uno de tantos grupos sociales en que cada uno de nosotros se encuentra inserto automáticamente desde su entrada en el mundo consciente (…) o bien elaborar la propia concepción del mundo, consciente y críticamente y, en conexión con esta actividad mental, elegir la propia esfera de actividad mental, elegir la propia esfera de actividad, participar activamente en la producción de la historia del mundo, ser guía de uno mismo y no aceptar pasiva y servilmente que nuestra personalidad sea moldeada desde fuera? Antonio Gramsci ¿En dónde se originan las olas? ¿De dónde surge el viento? Esas preguntas pueden ser contestadas casi únicamente de manera científica, pero en nuestro imaginario común son difíciles de responder, aunque la idea de movimiento como un continuum se fija en nuestra mente. Algo empieza en algún lugar difícil de ubicar y va a terminar también en otro espacio impreciso. Y eso sucede especialmente en áreas donde interviene el hombre. Podemos observar ese fenómeno cuando intentamos comprender la producción literaria de la segunda parte del siglo XX. En general, se piensa que esta fue producto de la influencia, de las dos guerras mundiales y su efecto en la sociedad, así como de la llamada Guerra fría. Otros dicen que también la Gran Depresión de la década de los 20’s-30’s influyó en esa literatura. Pero podemos preguntarnos ¿no tuvieron influencia en ella la revolución mexicana, la rusa o la cuba, los cambios tecnológicos, la evolución económica mundial, así como otros muchos factores? O podemos ir más allá y podríamos decir con cierta seguridad que la literatura y los movimientos intelectuales previos a los cincuenta y sesenta pusieron su granito de arena para que surgiera una rica y diversa literatura en esas décadas. Por esa pujanza presente en ese tiempo, surgió en el México de los años 60’s una forma narrativa que fue llamada literatura de la onda, objeto sobre la cual girará esta disertación. 1 Pero ¿por qué se les asignó la palabra “de la onda” a esa literatura? Por dos razones fundamentales. La primera fue que esa palabra designaba a una persona que era moderna y/o cuyo actuar estaba relacionado con una posición no tradicional, se decía que esa persona “está en la onda”. La segunda razón fue que, en esa década, sobre todo entre los adolescentes de la Ciudad de México, surgió la necesidad de una forma de comunicarse. “¿Qué onda?” era una expresión que se escuchaba frecuentemente en las calles la cual podría ser tomada como “¿Qué pasa? ¿Cómo estás?”, pero la misma fue tomando otros matices. De significar ¿qué pasa? ¿qué haces? Comenzó a usarse para designar una mala situación “¡Que mala onda!”, o de qué se trata un asunto “¿Cuál es la onda?” y muchos otros significados. La palabra “onda” era el elemento de mayor diversidad de ese lenguaje y empezó a definir a cierto sector de la juventud urbana de clase media. Las décadas de 1950 y 1960 fueron épocas plenas de una gran expansión en diferentes aspectos a nivel mundial: económico, político, social, cultural, tecnológico, sexual. Difícilmente se puede encontrar alguna área que no haya sido expuesta a un cambio durante esas épocas y aunque tal vez en otros tiempos también se presentaron cambios, en ninguna otra se dieron en tantos niveles ni tuvieron en su conjunto el significado que implicaron, tanto en la innovación de ideas, como en la vida social posterior. Estas décadas comprometieron el actuar del ser humano, tanto a nivel individual como en el social. Los países latinoamericanos tuvieron un crecimiento económico considerable; en otros continentes, especialmente en el asiático y el africano, muchos de los países dominados por el colonialismo consiguieron su independencia; en lo social, se pondrían en entredicho las tradiciones rígidas, en la vestimenta se acortarían las faldas y vestidos y se crearía la moda unisex; en el tecnológico, surgieron medios de comunicación y de transporte como la televisión o los viajes al espacio. En lo sexual, la aparición de la píldora anticonceptiva 2 abriría la puerta a una visión diferente entre géneros y pondría en entredicho el papel de la institución social llamada matrimonio. En el área cultural habría importantes rupturas que le otorgarían un sello indeleble a esas décadas y continuarían marcando su presencia en las posteriores. El ejemplo más representativo de esa área sería el surgimiento del ritmo musical llamado rock-and-roll, nombre que posteriormente se reduciría solamente a rock. Esta música otorgaría una voz disidente a toda esa generación de jóvenes, originalmente en los Estados Unidos, pero por ser tal su vitalidad, su fuerza contestaría y su ímpetu creativo, se propagaría mundialmente y sería el ritmo preferido de gran parte de la juventud a nivel global.
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