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Army Co-Operation Command and Tactical Air Power Development in Britain, 1940-1943: the Role of Army Co-Operation Command in Army Air Support
ARMY CO-OPERATION COMMAND AND TACTICAL AIR POWER DEVELOPMENT IN BRITAIN, 1940-1943: THE ROLE OF ARMY CO-OPERATION COMMAND IN ARMY AIR SUPPORT By MATTHEW LEE POWELL A thesis submitted to The University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY School of History and Cultures College of Arts and Law The University of Birmingham September 2013 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT This thesis examines the impact of the developments made during the First World War and the inter-war period in tactical air support. Further to this, it will analyse how these developments led to the creation of Army Co-operation Command and affected the role it played developing army air support in Britain. Army Co-operation Command has been neglected in the literature on the Royal Air Force during the Second World War and this thesis addresses this neglect by adding to the extant knowledge on the development of tactical air support and fills a larger gap that exists in the literature on Royal Air Force Commands. Army Co-operation Command was created at the behest of the army in the wake of the Battle of France. -
British Domestic Security Policy and Communist Subversion: 1945-1964
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Apollo British Domestic Security Policy and Communist Subversion: 1945-1964 William Styles Corpus Christi College, University of Cambridge September 2016 This dissertation is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy William Styles British Domestic Security Policy and Communist Subversion: 1945-1964 This thesis is concerned with an analysis of British governmental attitudes and responses to communism in the United Kingdom during the early years of the Cold War, from the election of the Attlee government in July 1945 up until the election of the Wilson government in October 1964. Until recently the topic has been difficult to assess accurately, due to the scarcity of available original source material. However, as a result of multiple declassifications of both Cabinet Office and Security Service files over the past five years it is now possible to analyse the subject in greater depth and detail than had been previously feasible. The work is predominantly concerned with four key areas: firstly, why domestic communism continued to be viewed as a significant threat by successive governments – even despite both the ideology’s relatively limited popular support amongst the general public and Whitehall’s realisation that the Communist Party of Great Britain presented little by way of a direct challenge to British political stability. Secondly, how Whitehall’s understanding of the nature and severity of the threat posed by British communism developed between the late 1940s and early ‘60s, from a problem considered mainly of importance only to civil service security practices to one which directly impacted upon the conduct of educational policy and labour relations. -
British Major-General Charles George Gordon and His Legacies, 1885-1960 Stephanie Laffer
Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2010 Gordon's Ghosts: British Major-General Charles George Gordon and His Legacies, 1885-1960 Stephanie Laffer Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES GORDON‘S GHOSTS: BRITISH MAJOR-GENERAL CHARLES GEORGE GORDON AND HIS LEGACIES, 1885-1960 By STEPHANIE LAFFER A Dissertation submitted to the Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Spring Semester, 2010 Copyright © 2010 Stephanie Laffer All Rights Reserve The members of the committee approve the dissertation of Stephanie Laffer defended on February 5, 2010. __________________________________ Charles Upchurch Professor Directing Dissertation __________________________________ Barry Faulk University Representative __________________________________ Max Paul Friedman Committee Member __________________________________ Peter Garretson Committee Member __________________________________ Jonathan Grant Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members. ii For my parents, who always encouraged me… iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation has been a multi-year project, with research in multiple states and countries. It would not have been possible without the generous assistance of the libraries and archives I visited, in both the United States and the United Kingdom. However, without the support of the history department and Florida State University, I would not have been able to complete the project. My advisor, Charles Upchurch encouraged me to broaden my understanding of the British Empire, which led to my decision to study Charles Gordon. Dr. Upchurch‘s constant urging for me to push my writing and theoretical understanding of imperialism further, led to a much stronger dissertation than I could have ever produced on my own. -
La Guerre Aerienne Isolement Prolonge Sur Le Theatre D'operations
230 2 ° Partie : La guerre aerienne isolement prolonge sur le theatre d'operations de la Mediterranee, !'application et la poursuite de la politique de canadianisation prirent un ton particulier pour le 417e. Les remplacements, en particulier, sous la forme de pilotes experimentes pour servir de commandants et de seconds d'escadrilles, furent parfois difficiles a obtenir. Paradoxalement, a d'autres periodes, le probleme etait inverse, alors que les officiers d'etat-major devaient traiter le cas de Canadiens surqualifies pour lesquels il n 'existait aucune possibilite de promotion sur les theatres d'ope rations, a mains de les affecter a des escadrons OU des formations de la RAF. Un commandant d'escadrille experimente du 401e, par exemple, pouvait assez facilement etre promu au commandement d 'un autre escadron de chasse de I' ARC au Royaume-Uni, mais son alter ego du 417e n'avait qu 'une seule possibilite s'il voulait rester dans une unite de l 'ARC : ii devait attendre que son propre comman dant d'escadron soit affecte ailleurs ou soit abattu. Le 417e etait encore en Angleterre et s'exen;ait pour atteindre Jes normes operationnelles quand, a la mi-fevrier 1942, la Luftwaffe se joignit a la Kriegsmarine (marine allemande) pour realiser la« percee de la Manche »des croiseurs Scharnhorst et Gneisenau et du cuirassier lourd Prinz Eugen, a partir du port de Brest, de l 'Atlantique vers la Mer du Nord. L'echec de la RAF areagir rapidement et de maniere adequate, en depit de !'existence d'un plan de crise detaille pour !'operation Fuller, signifiait une occasion perdue pour Bentley Priory, qui doit accepter une part importante du blame. -
Trenchard's Doctrine: Organisational Culture, the 'Air Force Spirit' and The
TRENCHARD’S DOCTRINE Trenchard’s Doctrine: Organisational Culture, the ‘Air Force spirit’ and the Foundation of the Royal Air Force in the Interwar Years ROSS MAHONEY Independent Scholar Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT While the Royal Air Force was born in war, it was created in peace. In his 1919 memorandum on the Permanent Organization of the Royal Air Force, Air Marshal Sir Hugh Trenchard outlined his vision for the development of the Service. In this strategy, Trenchard developed the idea of generating an ‘Air Force spirit’ that provided the basis of the RAF’s development in the years after the First World War. The basis for this process was the creation of specific institutions and structures that helped generate a culture that allowed the RAF to establish itself as it dealt with challenges from its sister services. This article explores the character of that culture and ethos and in analysing the early years of the RAF through a cultural lens, suggests that Trenchard’s so-called ‘doctrine’ was focussed more on organisational developments rather than air power thinking as has often been suggested. In 1917, during the First World War and in direct response to the challenge of the aerial bombing of Great Britain, the British government decided to create an independent air service to manage the requirements of aerial warfare. With the formation of the Royal Air Force (RAF) on 1 April 1918, the Service’s senior leaders had to deal with the challenge of developing a new culture for the organisation that was consistent with the aims of the Air Force and delivered a sense of identity to its personnel. -
Jaroslav Valkoun the Sudanese Life of General Charles George Gordon1
Anton Prokesch von Osten… | Miroslav Šedivý 48 | 49 He in no way gained the general esteem of his colleagues by assentation as claimed by Jaroslav Valkoun Hammer-Purgstall but, on the contrary, by raising arguments even in contradiction with the opinion prevailing at the Viennese Chancellery at the time, as happened in 1832. The validity of his opinions considerably improved his position and increased Me- tternich’s respect. Consequently, though more well-disposed towards Mohammed Ali than the Austrian chancellor himself, Prokesch continued to play the role of Metterni- ch’s adviser in the following years, and he did so either by his written comments to Laurin’s reports or through personal meetings with the chancellor in Vienna. With his two memoirs from late 1833 Prokesch also significantly influenced Metternich’s Egyp- tian policy for several years to come. Prokesch’s considerable reputation was so high that it survived Metternich’s fall in March 1848 and later brought him to the diplomatic post in Constantinople where, as mentioned above, he represented the Austrian and later the Austro-Hungarian Empire from 1855 to 1871. References BEER, Adolf (1883): Die orientalische Politik Österreichs seit 1773. Prag, Leipzig: E. Tempsky und G. Freytag. BERTSCH, Daniel (2005): Anton Prokesch von Osten (1795–1876). Ein Diplomat Österreichs in Athen und an der Hohen Pforte. Beiträge zur Wahrnehmung des Orients im Europa des 19. Jahrhunderts. München: R. Ol- The Sudanese life of General denbourg Verlag. 1 FICHTNER, Paula Sutter (2008): Terror and Toleration. The Habsburg Empire Confronts Islam, 1526–1850. Charles George Gordon London: Reaktion Books. -
GIPE-003073.Pdf
VILLJERS HIS FIVE DECADES OF ADVENTURE VOL. II H OW TH E AUTHOR L OOK ED J UST A FTER THE GREAT WAR VILLIERS His Five Defades of· Adventure By· FREJ:)ERIC VILLIERS War Artist and Co"upondent VOLUME II Hutchinson f§! Co., London 1921 VILLIBIS: HIS FlvB DBCADIIS 011 ADVIIlmlUI CoJ>nisbt. 1920, by Harper a Btothera Prioteclla the Unltecl States or America a-v CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGB I. THE NEcus NEcusn • • • • • . • • • • • • • • 1 An uphill journry-Sir William Hrwitt arul Mason Dry The great Theodore-The Abyssinia ploteau-Adow-The reception-Manners arul CtlStoms of the people-A Worcester sauce bottle for a bride-A reception al the Palace-Johannes -Monkey Iand-A simian of quality. II. CATASTROPHE • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 2.6 The retum to the coast-The simian's attempt to desert The mummers-Lion-The palace-The catastrophe-A curi ovs sunrise-Adr~entures of William Ridley-Down the Red Se-Alexarulri-Paris-Lorulon-He meets his old enemy -A"ested by poli;e-His incarceration-His trul. III. ORIENTAL YET OcciDENTAL • • • • • • • • • • • 45 Dongola arul its Mudirie-(),ientol splerulor-A guaintjleet -By Nile arul desert-] interoitfll the Mu.dir-1 am disillu sioned-My first immersion in the historic rir~er--Crocodiles -I lose my kit, but SOfie my life-Kitchener comes on the scene. IV. THE FIGHT FOR THE WATER • • • • • • • • • • 58 Sir Herbert Stewart-The Desert Column-The camel arul his ways-Abu Kle-Mayor French's sgtlOdrOft to the rescu -By the skin of ovr teeth-The march to the Nile-The knoll at Metomneh-<Jvr general placed hors de combat-The for lorn hope-The bloody sgvare-The Nile at last-A silent rtfleille-C~esporulents' casfi.IJhies so per cent. -
Supreme Air Command: the Development of Royal Air Force Practice in the Second World
SUPREME AIR COMMAND THE DEVELOPMENT OF ROYAL AIR FORCE COMMAND PRACTICE IN THE SECOND WORLD WAR By DAVID WALKER A Thesis submitted to The University of Birmingham For the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY School of History and Cultures College of Arts and Law The University of Birmingham January 2017 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT This thesis examines the development of RAF high command of the Metropolitan Air Force (MAF) during the Second World War. It sheds new light on the re-organisations of the Air Ministry in 1934, the RAF Command structure in 1936, and the tri-service debate in 1937 concerning the RAF proposal to establish a Supreme Air Commander (SAC). It reveals that while frontline expansion created an impetus for re-organisation, it was operational readiness that was the dominant factor in the re-structuring of the RAF. It examines the transition in RAF frontline organization from the mono-functional command system of 1936 to the multi- functional organisation that emerged after 1943 by looking at command structure and practice, personalities, and operational thinking. -
Dr Noble Frankland on Writing Official History
The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors concerned and are not necessarily those held by the Royal Air Force Historical Society. Copyright © 1997 by Royal Air Force Historical Society. First Published in the UK in 1997 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without the permission from the Publisher in writing. Printed by Fotodirect Ltd, Brighton. Tel (01273) 563111 Royal Air Force Historical Society 1 THE JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL AIR FORCE HISTORICAL SOCIETY No 17 President: Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir Michael Beetham GCB CBE DFC AFC Vice-President: Air Marshal Sir Frederick Sowrey KCB CBE AFC Committee Chairman: Air Vice-Marshal N B Baldwin CBE Vice-Charman Air Vice-Marshal A F C Hunter CBE AFC MA LLB General Secretary: Group Captain J C Ainsworth CEng AFRAeS Membership Secretary: Dr Jack Dunham PhD CPsychol AMRAeS Treasurer: Desmond Goch Esq FCAA Members: Wing Commander A J Brookes BA FRSA RAF J S Cox BA MA *Dr M A Fopp MA FMA FIMgt *Group Captain A P N Lambert Mphil RAF Air Commodore H A Probert MBE MA A E F Richardson Derek H Wood Esq AFRAeS *Ex officio members 2 CONTENTS Page 1. SOME THOUGHTS ABOUT AND EXPERIENCE OF OFFICIAL MILITARY HISTORY 5 Lecture by Dr Noble Frankland CB CBE DFC MA Dphil 2. 10th ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING 21 Royal Air Force Club 10th June 1996 3. -
The War for the Sudan: 1881-1898
( The War for The Sudan: 1881-1898 1. The Sudan: A) Arabic name for The Sudan is••••• Baled-el Sudan ••••• Means: Land of the Blacks. B) Egypt's southern colony or province. C) WAS part of Turkey's Ottoman Empire: I. BUT, Turkey has given up trying to control events in Egypt. II. The area is under British control. D) The Egyptian Govemment lacks resources to govern the Sudan efficiently. E) Life in the Sudan depends on the Nile River. ( F) The Egyptian economy declines: I. A corrupt ruling class develops. G) The Sudanese are fed up with Egyptian corruption, taxation, and interference! I. The threat of a Sudan uprising threatens the installation of a Nationalist Govemment. H) The British intervene because: I. Economic disaster will ruin some European interests. II. Cannot let the Suez Canal ••••• Links India and England ••••• Fall into hostile hands. 2. 1881 - People of the Sudan are listening to, and become followers of••••• 37 year old, Mohammed Ibn Ahmed el-Sayyid Abdullah Mohammed: A) Lives on the island of Abba, in the Nile, 150 miles upstream from Khartoum. B) Is a mystic with a scholarly devotion to Islam. C) Claims to be descended from the Prophet Mohammed: I. Proclaims himself to be AI-Mahdi ••••• The Mahdi: (1) Guided One of the Prophet. (2) The Proclaimed One. (3) Apostle of the Prophet. ( D) Wants: I. To create a Messianic Islamic State. II. To drive the Egyptians out of the Sudan. III. To purge the Sudan of all Christians, -Jews, and Muslims who do not conform to his religious standards. -
254 Part Two: the Fighter War Nals Between RAF Middle East, RCAF District HQ in Cairo, and RCAF Overseas Headquarters
254 Part Two: The Fighter War nals between RAF Middle East, RCAF District HQ in Cairo, and RCAF Overseas Headquarters. Consistent with the policy of Canadianization, Overseas Head quarters wanted the appointment filled with one of its own, but there was no RCAF officer in the theatre whom the RAF considered qualified. Air Vice Marshal Broadhurst, the DAF's commander, felt that 'owing to the lack of operational experience of the Squadron as a whole, that strong leadership and an officer of outstanding operational experience should be posted' to No 4 I 7. He and Wing Commander Patterson finally reached a compromise which Edwards, in London, accepted somewhat reluctantly, in the appointment of Squadron Leader P.S. Turner, DFC and Bar, who had 'turned around' No 41 I Squadron in 1942. Turner had since served in Malta and, more recently, as a senior controller in the Sector Operations Room in Heliopolis, Egypt. Other than his failure to be in the RCAF, the twenty-nine-year-old Turner's qualifi cations were near perfect. With at least ten enemy aircraft destroyed and four or more 'probables,' two DFCs, and more than seven hundred hours of combat flying to his credit, he had a reputation as a disciplinarian where business was 7 concerned, 'deadly serious' in the air but 'one of the boys' in the mess; ' and he was a Canadian, who understood and appreciated the foibles of his fellow countrymen, whatever badges he might wear. Army Co-operation Command had played an important role in developing and propagating the concept of air support of ground forces, but, as a training and experimental formation, it still lacked the communications and command structure to operate in the field; and since it was 'now necessary to pass from the phase of development to the phase of action,' it could be dispensed with. -
Intelligence As Public Administration
Intelligence and the Machinery of Government: Conceptualising the Intelligence Community1 Dr. Philip H.J. Davies Director, Brunel Centre for Intelligence and Security Studies School of Social Sciences Brunel University Uxbridge, Middlesex UK UB8 3PH Biography Dr. Philip H.J. Davies is Director of the Brunel Centre for Intelligence and Security Studies at Brunel University, and Convenor of the Security and Intelligence Studies Group of the UK Political Studies Association. He is the author of MI6 and the Machinery of Spying (2004) and co-author of Spinning the Spies: Intelligence, Open Government and the Hutton Inquiry (2004) and The Open Side of Secrecy: Britain’s Intelligence and Security Committee (2006). He is currently completing a comparative study of national intelligence in Britain and the United States tentatively entitled They Come Not Single Spies: Intelligence and Government in Britain and the United States to be published by Praeger in 2010. Abstract This article argues that the failure to address intelligence agencies as public organizations part and parcel with the overt machinery of government constitutes a significant lacuna both in the specialist study of intelligence and the broader discipline of public administration studies. The role and status of intelligence institutions as aspects of the machinery of central government is examined, along with the prospects of certain key paradigms in the field for understanding those institutions are considered. Finally, the implications for the wider study of decision-making, policy and public management will be examined. Keywords Intelligence, security, core executive, public management, interdepartmentalism, interagency, public choice, neoinstitutionalism 1 The spy is as old as history, but intelligence agencies are new.