Brentwood Council

2020 Air Quality Annual Status Report (ASR)

In fulfilment of Part IV of the Environment Act 1995 Local Air Quality Management

Date (July, 2020)

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 Brentwood Borough Council

Local Authority David Carter Officer Department Environmental Health & Enforcement Council Offices Road Address Brentwood CM15 8AY Telephone 01277 312500

E-mail [email protected] Report Reference BRE/ASR2020 number Date 14th July 2020

Written by Tim Savage Scientific Team Public Health & Protection Services City Council Duke Street Chelmsford Essex CM1 1JE

LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 Brentwood Borough Council

Executive Summary: Air Quality in Our Area

The 2020 Annual Status Report is designed to provide the public with information relating to local air quality in Brentwood, to fulfil Brentwood Borough Council’s statutory duty to review and assess air quality within its area, and to determine whether or not the air quality objectives are likely to be achieved.

In 2019, Brentwood Borough Council measured no exceedances of the Air Quality Objectives at relevant exposure.

Air Quality in Brentwood

Air pollution is associated with a number of adverse health impacts. It is recognised as a contributing factor in the onset of heart disease and cancer. Additionally, air pollution particularly affects the most vulnerable in society: children and older people, and those with heart and lung conditions. There is also often a strong correlation with equalities issues, because areas with poor air quality are also often the less affluent areas1,2.

The annual health cost to society of the impacts of particulate matter alone in the UK is estimated to be around £16 billion3.

The Borough of Brentwood is situated in the southwest of Essex and is a pleasant, busy town situated within the Metropolitan Green Belt. Apart from its urban heart, the Borough of Brentwood has about 3,000 acres (about 1,215 hectares) of woodland, yet it is only 18 miles from Central .

The main source of air pollution in Brentwood is road traffic emissions for major roads, notably the M25, A12, A127, A128, A1023 and A129.

Brentwood Borough Council has three Air Quality Management Areas (AQMA) which are detailed in Table 2.1. These were declared due to exceedances of Nitrogen Dioxide

(NO2). However, no exceedances at relevant exposure have been measured in these AQMAs.

1 Environmental equity, air quality, socioeconomic status and respiratory health, 2010 2 Air quality and social deprivation in the UK: an environmental inequalities analysis, 2006 3 Defra. Abatement cost guidance for valuing changes in air quality, May 2013

i LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 Brentwood Borough Council Local Engagement and How to get Involved

Brentwood Borough Council is a member of the Essex Air Quality consortium. The Essex Air web site provides a daily forecast of air pollution which is based off UK-AIR data feeds. Also, the @EssexAir twitter feed provides localised weekly air pollution forecasts.

Figure i.1 Essex Air Twitter Air Quality Notifications

Links to Defra recommended actions and health advice are provided when air pollution is likely to be moderate or higher. This will enable those with heart or lung conditions, or other breathing problems to make informed judgements about their levels of activity or exposure.

The Essex Air twitter also promotes the DVSA service for reporting smoky lorries or buses. Particulate matter is usually not visible but when poorly maintained diesel engines can produce visible particles, appearing as smoke. Fine particles have an adverse effect on human health, particularly among those with respiratory and cardiovascular problem.

ii LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 Brentwood Borough Council

Figure i.2 - Essex Air Reporting Smoky Vehicle Tweets

Essex County Council has worked closely with Liftshare to develop the Essex Car Share scheme. This operates across Brentwood and provides commuters with a car sharing service which could cut congestion and air pollution whilst saving money.

Conclusions and Priorities

This report identifies that Brentwood Borough Council has not monitored any exceedances of the nitrogen dioxide Air Quality Objectives at relevant exposure.

Section 3.3 of this report provides details of ongoing compliance with the Air Quality Objectives at these locations and evidence to allow for revocation of all the current AQMAs.

The air quality priority for Brentwood Borough Council is to revoke:

• AQMA 2: Parts of Brook Street, Brentwood and the A12.

• AQMA4: Parts of Warescot Road, Hurstwood Avenue and Ongar Road, Brentwood and the A12.

• AQMA7: Parts of Ongar Road, Ingrave Road, High Street and Road, Brentwood in proximity to Wilsons Corner (the junction of the A128 and A1203).

i LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 Brentwood Borough Council Table of Contents

Executive Summary: Air Quality in Our Area ...... i Air Quality in Brentwood ...... i Local Engagement and How to get Involved ...... ii Conclusions and Priorities ...... i 1 Local Air Quality Management ...... 1 2 Actions to Improve Air Quality ...... 2 2.1 Air Quality Management Areas ...... 2 2.2 Progress and Impact of Measures to address Air Quality in Brentwood ...... 4

2.3 PM2.5 – Local Authority Approach to Reducing Emissions and/or Concentrations...... 5 3 Air Quality Monitoring Data and Comparison with Air Quality Objectives and National Compliance ...... 6 3.1 Summary of Monitoring Undertaken ...... 6 3.1.1 Automatic Monitoring Sites ...... 6 3.1.2 Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites...... 6 3.2 Individual Pollutants ...... 6

3.2.1 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)...... 6 3.3 AQMA Revocation ...... 7 Appendix A: Monitoring Results ...... 9 Appendix B: Full Monthly Diffusion Tube Results for 2019 ...... 18 Appendix C: Supporting Technical Information / Air Quality Monitoring Data QA/QC ...... 21 Appendix D: Maps of Monitoring Locations and AQMAs ...... 25 Appendix E: Summary of Air Quality Objectives in ...... 31 Glossary of Terms ...... 32 References ...... 33

ii LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 Brentwood Borough Council

List of Tables Table 2.1 – Declared Air Quality Management Areas ...... 3 Table 2.2 – Progress on Measures to Improve Air Quality ...... 4 Table 3.1 Maximum Concentrations in AQMAs (at Relevant Exposure) ...... 8 Table A.1 - Details of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites ...... 9 Table A.2 – Annual Mean NO2 Monitoring Results ...... 12 Table B.1 - NO2 Monthly Diffusion Tube Results – 2019 ...... 18 Table C.1 – AIR PT Results...... 21 Table C.2 – NO2 Fall-Off Calculator ...... 23 Table E.1 – Air Quality Objectives in England ...... 31

List of Figures Figure i.1 Essex Air Twitter Air Quality Notifications ...... ii Figure i.2 - Essex Air Reporting Smoky Vehicle Tweets ...... iii Figure 2.1 - Public Health Framework Indicator 3.01 Fraction of all-cause adult mortality attributable to anthropogenic particulate air pollution ...... 5 Figure 3.1 Maximum Concentrations in AQMAs (at Relevant Exposure) ...... 8 Figure A.1 – Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations in AQMA BRW2 ...... 14 Figure A.2 – Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations in AQMA BRW4 ...... 15 Figure A.3 – Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations in AQMA BRW7 ...... 16 Figure A.4 – Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations outside of any AQMA ..... 17 Figure D.1 – Monitoring Location Map: BRW2 AQMA, A12 & M25 ...... 25 Figure D.2 – Monitoring Location Map: BRW4 AQMA & A12/Warescot Road/Hurstwood Avenue/Ongar Road ...... 26 Figure D.3 – Monitoring Location Map: BRW7 AQMA & Brentwood Town Centre .... 27 Figure D.4 – Monitoring Location Map: Rural Background ...... 28 Figure D.5 – Monitoring Location Map: ...... 29 Figure D.6 – Monitoring Location Map: & Margaretting ...... 30

i LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 Brentwood Borough Council

1 Local Air Quality Management

This report provides an overview of air quality in Brentwood during 2019. It fulfils the requirements of Local Air Quality Management (LAQM) as set out in Part IV of the Environment Act (1995) and the relevant Policy and Technical Guidance documents.

The LAQM process places an obligation on all local authorities to regularly review and assess air quality in their areas, and to determine whether or not the air quality objectives are likely to be achieved. Where an exceedance is considered likely the local authority must declare an Air Quality Management Area (AQMA) and prepare an Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP) setting out the measures it intends to put in place in pursuit of the objectives. This Annual Status Report (ASR) is an annual requirement showing the strategies employed by Brentwood Borough Council to improve air quality and any progress that has been made.

The statutory air quality objectives applicable to LAQM in England can be found in Table E.1 in Appendix E.

1 LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 Brentwood Borough Council

2 Actions to Improve Air Quality 2.1 Air Quality Management Areas

Air Quality Management Areas (AQMAs) are declared when there is an exceedance or likely exceedance of an air quality objective. After declaration, the authority must prepare an Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP) within 12-18 months setting out measures it intends to put in place in pursuit of compliance with the objectives.

A summary of AQMAs declared by Brentwood Borough Council can be found in Table 2.1 Further information related to declared or revoked AQMAs, including maps of AQMA boundaries are available online at https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/aqma/local- authorities?la_id=33. Alternatively, see Appendix D: Maps of Monitoring Locations and AQMAs, which provides for a map of air quality monitoring locations in relation to the AQMAs.

Brentwood Borough proposes to revoke:

• AQMA 2: Parts of Brook Street, Brentwood and the A12.

• AQMA4: Parts of Warescot Road, Hurstwood Avenue and Ongar Road, Brentwood and the A12.

• AQMA7: Parts of Ongar Road, Ingrave Road, High Street and Shenfield Road, Brentwood in proximity to Wilsons Corner (the junction of the A128 and A1203).

See section 3.3 for more information.

2 LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 Brentwood Borough Council

Table 2.1 – Declared Air Quality Management Areas Is air Level of Exceedance (maximum quality in monitored/modelled Action Plan Polluta the AQMA concentration at a location of Date nts and influenced relevant exposure) AQMA of Air City / One Line Name Declar Quality Town Description by roads controlled ation Objecti Date of ves by At Declaration Now Name Link Publication Highways England?

Declar Parts of Brentwood Brentwood NO2 ed Brentwo Brook Street, Borough AQMA Annual 10/01/ od Brentwood YES 53.4 µg/m3 31.0 µg/m3 2008 No.2 Mean Council AQAP 2005 and the A12. (2008)

Parts of Warescot Declar Road, Brentwood Brentwood NO2 ed Brentwo Hurstwood Borough https://uk- AQMA Annual 10/01/ od Avenue and YES 76 µg/m3 33.5 µg/m3 2008 air.defra.gov.uk/ No.4 Mean Council AQAP 2005 Ongar Road, (2008) assets/docume Brentwood nts/no2ten/Loca and the A12. l_zone29_Brent Parts of Ongar Road, wood_AQAction

Ingrave plan_1.pdf Road, High Street and Declar Shenfield Brentwood Brentwood NO2 ed Brentwo Road, Borough AQMA Annual 10/01/ od Brentwood in NO 56.9 µg/m3 32.8 µg/m3 2008 No.7 Mean Council AQAP 2005 proximity to (2008) Wilsons Corner (the junction of the A128 and A1203).

☒ Brentwood Borough Council confirm the information on UK-Air regarding their AQMA(s) is up to date

3 LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 Brentwood Borough Council 2.2 Progress and Impact of Measures to address Air Quality in Brentwood

Although Brentwood Borough Council has had no exceedances of the air quality objectives at relevant exposure between 2015 to 2019, the Council anticipates that the measured in Table 2.2 will help sustain compliance of the Air Quality Objectives and enable revocation of AQMAs 2, 4 and 7.

Table 2.2 – Progress on Measures to Improve Air Quality

Reduction in Estimated / Date Key Comments / EU Organisations Funding Pollutant / Actual Measure No. Measure EU Category Measure Performance Progress to Date Barriers to Classification involved Source Emission from Completion Introduced Indicator implementation Measure Date Alternatives to Car & lift Essex Essex Essex County 1 private vehicle sharing County Number of Users Not quantified Ongoing N/A Liftshare Council use schemes Council Regional Groups Co- ordinating Policy Guidance programmes to Member of and develop Area 2 Essex Air Essex Air N/A N/A Ongoing N/A Essex Air Development wide Strategies Control to reduce emissions and improve air quality Environme Measures to ntal Permit reduce Operator Brentwood Inspection Environmental pollution Brentwood compliance with 3 Borough N/A Ongoing N/A & Permits through IPPC Borough Council Environmental Council Enforceme Permits going Permit nt beyond BAT Public Transport transport Network 4 Crossrail Planning and improvements Network Rail N/A N/A 2021 Rail Infrastructure –interchanges and services Plotting of Safer cycling routes safe cycling Promoting Brentwood to schools by Promotion of Brentwood 5 routes Travel Borough N/A N/A N/A Ongoing Scheme mapping potential cycling Borough Council across the Alternatives Council routes for cycle to borough school initiatives

4 LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 Brentwood Borough Council

2.3 PM2.5 – Local Authority Approach to Reducing Emissions and/or Concentrations

As detailed in Policy Guidance LAQM.PG16 (Chapter 7), local authorities are expected to work towards reducing emissions and/or concentrations of PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5µm or less). There is clear evidence that PM2.5 has a significant impact on human health, including premature mortality, allergic reactions, and cardiovascular diseases.

Brentwood Borough Council does not monitor PM2.5 concentrations however notes the Public Health Outcomes Framework indicator D01 – Fraction of mortality attributable to particulate (PM2.5) air pollution which for 2018 gave a value of 5.7%. These values are broadly similar to other authorities within the region. Figure 2.1 - Public Health Framework Indicator 3.01 Fraction of all-cause adult mortality attributable to anthropogenic particulate air pollution

Brentwood Borough Council is taking the following measures to address PM2.5: • Regular inspections of permitted industry where combustion and non-

combustion processes could lead to anthropogenic emissions of PM2.5.

• Working with Essex County Council (highway authority) and Highways England to deliver Major Transport improvement schemes to alleviate congestion. In addition to reduced exhaust emissions, these schemes will reduce non-exhaust emissions from brake and tyre wear by making traffic flows smoother.

• Operation of Smoke Control Orders. A number of residential locations within Brentwood are covered by orders to prevent smoke being emitted from chimneys.

5 LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 Brentwood Borough Council 3 Air Quality Monitoring Data and Comparison with Air Quality Objectives and National Compliance 3.1 Summary of Monitoring Undertaken

This section sets out what monitoring has taken place and how it compares with objectives.

3.1.1 Automatic Monitoring Sites

Brentwood Borough Council does not undertake automatic continuous monitoring.

3.1.2 Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites

Brentwood Borough Council undertook non-automatic (passive) monitoring of NO2 at 33 sites during 2019. Table A.1 in Appendix A provides detail of the sites.

Further details on Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) for the diffusion tubes, including bias adjustments and any other adjustments applied (e.g. “annualisation” and/or distance correction), are included in Appendix C.

Maps showing the location of the monitoring sites and their relation to AQMA are provided in Appendix D.

3.2 Individual Pollutants

The air quality monitoring results presented in this section are, where relevant, adjusted for bias4, “annualisation” (where the data capture falls below 75%), and distance correction5. Further details on adjustments are provided in Appendix C.

3.2.1 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)

Table A.2 in Appendix A compares the ratified and adjusted monitored NO2 annual mean concentrations for the past 5 years with the air quality objective of 40µg/m3. Note that the concentration data presented in Table A. represents the concentration at the location of the monitoring site, following the application of bias adjustment and annualisation, as required (i.e. the values are exclusive of any consideration to fall-off with distance adjustment).

4 https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/bias-adjustment-factors/bias-adjustment.html 5 Fall-off with distance correction criteria is provided in paragraph 7.77, LAQM.TG(16)

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For diffusion tubes, the full 2019 dataset of monthly mean values is provided in Appendix B. Note that the concentration data presented in Table B.1 includes distance corrected values, only where relevant.

Exceedances of the 1-hour objective as the concentrations are considered unlikely as the measured annual mean is significantly below 60µg/m3 which is an indication of a potential exceedance of the NO2 1-hour mean objective.

3.3 AQMA Revocation

Due to the influence of meteorological conditions, pollutant concentrations can vary significantly from one year to the next and it is important that Brentwood Borough Council avoids a continuous cycle of AQMA declaration, revocation and declaring again, simply due to these variations. Therefore, it is important to consider monitoring data carried out over a number of years. Table 3.1 below presents historical air quality monitoring data from AQMA2, AQMA4 and AQMA7.

In all AQMA, nitrogen dioxide concentrations (at relevant exposure) have been measured below the Air Quality Objectives for at least five years.

Figure 3.1 identifies that measured pollution is on a downwards trend and that from 2018, all locations are at least 10% below the Air Quality Objectives.

In addition to the national trend of improved fleet emissions, the proposed 2021 extension of the London Ultra-Low Emission Zone (ULEZ) from Central London out to the North Circular boundary is likely to drive an improvement of the vehicle fleet emissions on routes into and out of London, through Brentwood either along the A12 or around the M25 which could lead to further downward trend of concentrations in AQMA2 and AQMA4.

The continued compliance that has been measured provides Brentwood Borough Council with a reasonable level of certainty that an exceedance will not occur again at these locations and provides sufficient evidence to allow for AQMA 2, AQMA4 and AQMA 7 to be revoked.

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Table 3.1 Maximum Concentrations in AQMAs (at Relevant Exposure)

Maximum monitored concentration at a location of relevant exposure) & Has Compliance monitoring location Been Achieved & AQMA Name Current Levels At Least 10% Below At Declaration 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 AQO?

38.12 36.94 35.33 32.5 31.0 Brentwood 53.4µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 ✔ AQMA No.2 BRW6 BRW6 BRW6 BRW6 BRW6

34.54 38.89 39.52 33.3 33.5 Brentwood 76µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 ✔ AQMA No.4 BRW23 BRW23 BRW23 BRW23 BRW23

36.60 39.98 38.77 35.5 32.8 Brentwood 56.9µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 ✔ AQMA No.7 BRW10 BRW10 BRW10 BRW10 BRW10

It should be noted that due to its location, previously reported data from BRW37 (AQMA4) has been excluded (as reported by the 2017 ASR) Figure 3.1 Maximum Concentrations in AQMAs (at Relevant Exposure)

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Appendix A: Monitoring Results Table A.1 - Details of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites

Tube Distance to Distance X OS Grid Y OS Grid collocated Pollutants In Relevant to kerb of Height Site ID Site Name Site Type Ref Ref with a Monitored AQMA? Exposure nearest (m) (Easting) (Northing) Continuous (m) (1) road (m) (2) Analyser?

Telegraph pole at BRW 5 end of Brook Roadside 556887 192412 NO2 Yes 16.3 1.3 No 2.5 Street Freeway Cottage, BRW 6 Roadside 557014 192493 NO2 Yes 0.9 1.3 No 2.5 63 Brook Street 13 Nags Head BRW 7 Lane - on fence Roadside 557118 191978 NO2 No 5 15.6 No 2.5 trellis 3 High Street - BRW 8 Roadside 559691 193912 NO2 Yes 9.4 9.8 No 2.5 front facade Caffe Uno, High BRW 9 Street - front Roadside 559643 193889 NO2 Yes 0.9 8.1 No 2.5 facade 5/7 Ongar Road - BRW 10 Roadside 559699 193948 NO2 Yes 0.7 3.2 No 2.5 lamp-post 36 Ongar Road - BRW 11 Roadside 559604 194035 NO2 Yes 0 5.7 No 2.5 front facade Corner of Kings BRW 12 Road/Hart Roadside 559187 193658 NO2 No 5.3 2.1 No 2.5 Street/High Street

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145 High Street - BRW 14 Roadside 559148 193660 NO2 No 0 2.6 No 2.5 front facade 4 Westbury Road - BRW 15 downpipe on Roadside 559085 193601 NO2 No 2 6.9 No 2.5 corner of house 24 Wingrave Urban BRW 16 Crescent - rear 557379 192900 NO2 No 8.3 25.1 No 2.5 Background boundary fence 51 Spital Lane - BRW 17 Roadside 557632 193151 NO2 No 3.8 9.3 No 2.5 side garden 46 Selwood Road - Urban BRW 18 rear garden tree 557826 193333 NO2 No 6 20 No 2.5 Background stump 61 Warescot Road BRW 19 Roadside 558769 194873 NO2 Yes 0 10.4 No 2.5 - front facade 76 Warescot Road BRW 20 Kerbside 558818 194913 NO2 Yes 7 0.2 No 2.5 - lamp-post 316 Ongar Road - BRW 21 Roadside 558681 194799 NO2 Yes 9.9 8.2 No 2.5 side gatepost 339 Ongar Road - BRW 22 Roadside 558683 194894 NO2 Yes 0 7.1 No 2.5 front facade 12 Hurstwood BRW 23 Avenue - front Roadside 558742 194928 NO2 Yes 0 8.2 No 2.5 facade Highwood Close - BRW 24 Roadside 558624 194695 NO2 No 18.8 1 No 2.5 lamp-post 65 Greenshaw - BRW 25 Roadside 558482 194547 NO2 No 5.5 21.4 No 2.5 lamp-post 289 Chelmsford BRW 26 Road - telegraph Roadside 562278 196649 NO2 No 15.2 2.1 No 2.5 pole

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Ingatestone Junior School, The Urban BRW 28 564446 199509 NO2 No 11 37 No 2.5 Furlongs - Background playground pergola 1 Trimble Close - BRW 29 Roadside 564617 199849 NO2 No 8.9 11 No 2.5 lamp-post 8 Trimble Close - BRW 30 Roadside 564654 199898 NO2 No 0 9.5 No 2.5 rear facade New Road, BRW 31 Ingatestone - Roadside 565186 200071 NO2 No 19.2 18.7 No 2.5 telegraph pole

The Poplars, Brook Urban BRW 32 556964 192288 NO2 Yes 0 45 No 2.5 Street Background

108 Urban BRW 33 559139 195012 NO2 No 1.6 16.3 No 2.5 Road - front facade Background

La Clarentet, BRW 34 Roadside 557719 193226 NO2 No 2.2 2.7 No 2.5 Talbrook - carport Lincolns Lane - BRW 36 Rural 556603 194628 NO2 No N/A 0.6 No 2.5 background

BRW 38 58 Roman Road Roadside 563659 198314 NO2 No 9.6 26.3 No 2.5 Thorndon BRW 39 Roadside 562412 189153 NO2 No 21.3 2.2 No 2.5 Avenue/A127 131 High St - BRW 40 Kerbside 559191 193681 NO2 No 3 1 No 2.5 lamp-post 88 High St - lamp- BRW 41 Kerbside 559292 193710 NO2 No 3 1 No 2.5 post Notes: (1) 0m if the monitoring site is at a location of exposure (e.g. installed on the façade of a residential property). (2) N/A if not applicable.

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Table A.2 – Annual Mean NO2 Monitoring Results

Valid Data 3 (3) (4) X OS Y OS Grid Valid Data NO2 Annual Mean Concentration (µg/m ) Monitoring Capture for Site ID Grid Ref Ref Site Type Capture Type Monitoring (Easting) (Northing) 2019 (%) (2) Period (%) (1) 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 BRW 5 556887 192412 Roadside Diffusion Tube 91.7 91.7 42.69 45.95 46.96 39.58 42.09 BRW 6 557014 192493 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 38.12 39.34 37.61 34.24 32.60 BRW 7 557118 191978 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 25.96 26.60 29.59 25.15 23.77 BRW 8 559691 193912 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 35.61 40.48 36.53 33.87 35.08 BRW 9 559643 193889 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 32.68 33.47 35.09 31.93 31.02 BRW 10 559699 193948 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 36.60 41.22 39.96 36.42 33.56 BRW 11 559604 194035 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 32.83 37.04 35.48 31.12 30.54 BRW 12 559187 193658 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 27.37 30.56 28.23 26.94 26.18 BRW 14 559148 193660 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 34.98 38.02 37.05 31.88 29.64 BRW 15 559085 193601 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 21.87 23.17 22.70 20.52 19.69 Urban BRW 16 557379 192900 Diffusion Tube 100 100 27.17 29.07 31.38 28.14 27.32 Background BRW 17 557632 193151 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 26.52 30.34 29.58 25.99 26.57 Urban BRW 18 557826 193333 Diffusion Tube 100 100 23.53 25.38 26.27 23.40 22.50 Background BRW 19 558769 194873 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 26.10 29.56 29.16 26.76 26.66 BRW 20 558818 194913 Kerbside Diffusion Tube 100 100 31.51 38.95 36.63 32.27 31.93 BRW 21 558681 194799 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 23.61 26.45 27.11 23.69 23.69 BRW 22 558683 194894 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 31.64 35.12 34.50 30.33 30.00 BRW 23 558742 194928 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 34.54 38.89 39.52 33.27 33.52 BRW 24 558624 194695 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 25.52 28.47 27.91 23.80 24.60 BRW 25 558482 194547 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 26.54 30.84 32.85 28.48 26.68

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BRW 26 562278 196649 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 29.59 29.92 32.05 26.37 26.67 Urban BRW 28 564446 199509 Diffusion Tube 100 100 24.16 25.54 31.65 28.34 28.42 Background BRW 29 564617 199849 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 27.13 27.51 28.20 24.56 24.53 BRW 30 564654 199898 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 28.97 32.39 30.03 26.39 26.87 BRW 31 565186 200071 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 26.55 27.29 27.50 28.31 25.85 Urban BRW 32 556964 192288 Diffusion Tube 100 100 32.55 33.05 35.75 29.74 28.54 Background Urban BRW 33 559139 195012 Diffusion Tube 100 100 23.51 25.97 23.67 22.11 22.59 Background BRW 34 557719 193226 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 26.35 28.70 29.79 22.87 23.43 BRW 36 556603 194628 Rural Diffusion Tube 100 100 15.79 16.87 18.65 15.94 15.97 BRW 38 563659 198314 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 19.64 21.19 20.56 18.51 19.13 BRW 39 562412 189153 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 29.45 38.28 30.97 27.13 25.70 BRW 40 559191 193681 Kerbside Diffusion Tube 100 100 40.97 41.65 44.13 39.15 36.88 BRW 41 559292 193710 Kerbside Diffusion Tube 100 100 45.80 36.35 45.58 39.18 38.39 ☒ Diffusion tube data has been bias corrected ☒ Annualisation has been conducted where data capture is <75% ☒ Reported concentrations are those at the location of the monitoring site (bias adjusted and annualised, as required), i.e. prior to any fall-off with distance adjustment

Notes: 3 Exceedances of the NO2 annual mean objective of 40µg/m are shown in bold. 3 NO2 annual means exceeding 60µg/m , indicating a potential exceedance of the NO2 1-hour mean objective are shown in bold and underlined. (1) Data capture for the monitoring period, in cases where monitoring was only carried out for part of the year. (2) Data capture for the full calendar year (e.g. if monitoring was carried out for 6 months, the maximum data capture for the full calendar year is 50%). (3) Means for diffusion tubes have been corrected for bias. All means have been “annualised” as per Boxes 7.9 and 7.10 in LAQM.TG16 if valid data capture for the full calendar year is less than 75%. See Appendix C for details. (4) Concentrations are those at the location of monitoring and not those following any fall-off with distance adjustment.

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Figure A.1 – Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations in AQMA BRW2

50.0

45.0

40.0 ) 3 35.0

30.0

25.0

20.0

15.0 NitrogenDioxide Concentration(µg/m

10.0

5.0

0.0 BRW 5 BRW 6 BRW 32

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Nitrogen Dioxide Air Quality Objective 40µg/m3

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Figure A.2 – Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations in AQMA BRW4

45.0

40.0

35.0

) 3

30.0

25.0

20.0

15.0 NitrogenDioxide Concentration(µg/m

10.0

5.0

0.0 BRW 19 BRW 20 BRW 21 BRW 22 BRW 23

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Nitrogen Dioxide Air Quality Objective 40µg/m3

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Figure A.3 – Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations in AQMA BRW7

45.0

40.0

35.0

) 3

30.0

25.0

20.0

15.0 NitrogenDioxide Concentration(µg/m

10.0

5.0

0.0 BRW 8 BRW 9 BRW 10 BRW 11

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Nitrogen Dioxide Air Quality Objective 40µg/m3

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Figure A.4 – Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations outside of any AQMA

50.0

45.0

40.0 ) 3 35.0

30.0

25.0

20.0

15.0 NitrogenDioxide Concentration(µg/m

10.0

5.0

0.0 BRW 7 BRW 12BRW 14BRW 15BRW 17BRW 18BRW 24BRW 25BRW 26BRW 28BRW 29BRW 30BRW 31BRW 33BRW 34BRW 36BRW 38BRW 39BRW 40BRW 41

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Nitrogen Dioxide Air Quality Objective 40µg/m3

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Appendix B: Full Monthly Diffusion Tube Results for 2019

Table B.1 - NO2 Monthly Diffusion Tube Results - 2019

3 NO2 Mean Concentrations (µg/m ) Annual Mean Distance X OS Y OS Grid Bias Site Corrected Grid Ref Ref Adjusted ID Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Raw to (Easting) (Northing) (0.75) and Data Nearest Annualise Exposure d (1) (2) Erroneous BRW 556887 192412 63.3 77.8 55.5 43.0 Data 44.9 51.1 56.2 50.1 55.1 54.7 65.6 51.5 42.1 28.8 5 Removed BRW 557014 192493 38.8 58.3 49.5 40.0 39.8 36.3 39.0 45.3 38.3 44.0 45.7 46.5 43.5 32.6 31.0 6 BRW 557118 191978 43.2 46.1 34.4 19.5 26.8 23.3 27.3 33.9 27.0 32.7 30.8 35.4 31.7 23.8 23.3 7 BRW 559691 193912 53.7 60.6 52.8 39.6 42.3 38.6 44.8 42.6 42.8 46.3 51.4 45.7 46.8 35.1 30.8 8 BRW 559643 193889 53.2 53.7 47.8 33.3 34.0 34.0 34.2 32.7 39.0 39.4 49.0 45.9 41.4 31.0 30.5 9 BRW 559699 193948 52.4 53.4 46.3 46.7 40.0 39.4 40.9 34.0 43.8 45.1 53.0 42.1 44.8 33.6 32.8 10 BRW 559604 194035 46.7 56.8 43.2 31.2 35.8 33.9 39.4 42.8 36.7 40.9 40.7 40.5 40.7 30.5 30.5 11 BRW 559187 193658 43.8 44.6 37.3 33.1 28.9 25.6 27.2 25.1 32.7 37.1 44.2 39.4 34.9 26.2 23.7 12 BRW 559148 193660 51.4 47.0 45.1 36.7 36.7 32.3 35.0 33.1 36.9 27.0 51.1 41.9 39.5 29.6 29.6 14 BRW 559085 193601 39.4 38.3 27.0 21.4 20.8 18.0 19.3 19.7 23.1 28.3 29.6 30.0 26.2 19.7 19.5 15

18 LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 Brentwood Borough Council

BRW 557379 192900 49.7 43.8 37.1 30.4 33.5 29.3 32.3 37.3 33.5 35.2 36.9 38.3 36.4 27.3 25.8 16 BRW 557632 193151 46.3 44.8 39.2 38.1 33.3 24.7 27.2 32.7 31.4 33.1 38.1 36.5 35.4 26.6 25.5 17 BRW 557826 193333 42.3 40.7 34.8 26.2 26.4 23.1 24.9 17.2 27.2 31.2 33.9 32.1 30.0 22.5 21.9 18 BRW 558769 194873 46.3 48.0 33.1 37.7 30.0 25.2 28.1 31.7 31.4 36.9 42.5 35.6 35.5 26.7 26.7 19 BRW 558818 194913 53.7 55.7 48.0 54.5 42.1 38.4 35.0 35.8 41.3 17.2 53.0 36.1 42.6 31.9 24.4 20 BRW 558681 194799 36.7 41.1 32.7 29.1 30.4 22.8 26.4 32.7 29.5 28.3 37.5 31.9 31.6 23.7 22.2 21 BRW 558683 194894 41.3 67.7 36.5 31.9 25.1 33.3 33.7 43.0 37.1 40.2 42.5 47.8 40.0 30.0 30.0 22 BRW 558742 194928 47.8 65.8 39.0 34.6 40.7 35.6 39.4 44.0 41.9 44.6 52.8 50.1 44.7 33.5 33.5 23 BRW 558624 194695 44.9 53.2 34.6 24.1 23.9 21.6 24.9 31.0 28.3 27.0 41.3 38.8 32.8 24.6 20.8 24 BRW 558482 194547 41.1 42.6 41.5 29.3 31.4 27.3 19.1 36.1 36.7 35.4 46.5 39.8 35.6 26.7 25.7 25 BRW 562278 196649 51.4 43.0 38.4 30.0 29.6 25.1 26.8 29.6 29.6 35.6 46.9 40.5 35.6 26.7 21.3 26 BRW 564446 199509 49.3 51.3 46.7 23.0 36.1 28.1 33.3 37.9 34.4 35.2 38.8 40.7 37.9 28.4 26.3 28 BRW 564617 199849 39.8 49.0 32.5 27.3 26.6 22.0 24.1 30.8 29.6 34.6 39.8 36.3 32.7 24.5 22.8 29 BRW 564654 199898 45.5 50.3 40.0 33.3 32.3 21.2 28.5 34.0 35.8 31.2 43.4 34.4 35.8 26.9 26.9 30 BRW 565186 200071 42.3 37.3 35.0 41.3 35.2 29.8 28.1 25.6 32.3 34.0 43.0 29.6 34.5 25.9 22.4 31 BRW 556964 192288 38.3 51.6 40.5 27.2 31.7 32.1 34.2 40.7 37.5 38.8 38.8 45.1 38.1 28.5 28.5 32 BRW 559139 195012 44.0 45.3 34.4 22.8 25.8 21.6 24.9 29.1 22.8 28.9 36.0 26.0 30.1 22.6 22.4 33 BRW 557719 193226 41.7 43.0 34.2 26.4 28.9 23.3 26.4 31.7 32.5 33.5 31.7 21.4 31.2 23.4 22.6 34

19 LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 Brentwood Borough Council

BRW 556603 194628 31.9 37.1 21.2 14.0 15.3 13.0 15.1 18.0 17.6 24.9 18.0 29.5 21.3 16.0 N/A 36 BRW 563659 198314 30.4 33.3 20.3 29.1 20.1 21.2 20.3 22.0 19.7 26.4 33.1 30.2 25.5 19.1 18.5 38 BRW 562412 189153 47.8 42.6 35.6 29.3 29.5 28.5 28.7 32.3 27.9 33.7 43.0 32.3 34.3 25.7 20.7 39 BRW 559191 193681 59.3 59.3 56.0 36.0 47.0 40.2 47.8 47.2 46.5 52.2 56.2 42.3 49.2 36.9 31.6 40 BRW 559292 193710 57.8 70.2 55.3 42.1 45.3 42.6 48.4 51.8 34.4 57.2 57.6 51.6 51.2 38.4 32.7 41 ☒ National bias adjustment factor used ☒ Annualisation has been conducted where data capture is <75% ☒ Where applicable, data has been distance corrected for relevant exposure in the final column Notes: 3 Exceedances of the NO2 annual mean objective of 40µg/m are shown in bold. 3 NO2 annual means exceeding 60µg/m , indicating a potential exceedance of the NO2 1-hour mean objective are shown in bold and underlined. (1) See Appendix C for details on bias adjustment and annualisation. (2) Distance corrected to nearest relevant public exposure. BRW5 May Result 1.1µg/m3 Erroneous Data Removed

20 LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 Brentwood Borough Council Appendix C: Supporting Technical Information / Air Quality Monitoring Data QA/QC

Diffusion Tubes QA/QC In 2019, Brentwood Borough Council undertook monitoring with 33 nitrogen dioxide diffusion tubes. The diffusion tubes were supplied by Socotec (UKAS Testing Laboratory number 1015) with a preparation method of 50% triethanolamine (TEA) in Acetone.

The AIR NO2 proficiency testing scheme found that the laboratory achieved the following percentage of results determined as satisfactory for 2019: Table C.1 – AIR PT Results AIR PT AIR PT AIR PT AR031 AIR PT AR033 AIR PT AR034 Round AR030

Round January – April – May July – August September – conducted February 2019 2019 October 2019 in the period 2019

SOCOTEC 87.5% 100% 100% 100%

Diffusion Tube Bias Adjustment Factors

Brentwood Borough Council uses the national bias adjustment figure for calculating diffusion tubes results.

The Diffusion Tube Bias Adjustment Factors Spreadsheet 06/20 identified that for Socotec 50% TEA in acetone diffusion tubes in 2019, a bias adjustment factor of 0.75 should be used. This was derived from orthogonal regression analysis of 38 studies.

Point Sources No significant new point sources of emissions have been identified.

21 LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 Brentwood Borough Council NO2 Fall Off Estimation

Diffusion tube monitoring shown in Table B.1 in Appendix B has been adjusted for NO2 falloff between the monitoring location and the point of relevant exposure.

Using the equation taken from the NO2 Fall Off With Distance Calculator, a custom

Excel spreadsheet has been developed to derive the NO2 concentrations at relevant exposure. This calculator uses background concentrations taken from the 2017 NO2 background maps, measured annual mean concentrations and distances between the kerb, monitor and relevant exposure.

Estimated Annual Mean at Relevant Exposure:

Cz = ((Cy-Cb) / (-0.5476 x Ln(Dy) + 2.7171)) x (-0.5476*Ln(Dz)+2.7171) + Cb

Where:

Cz is the total predicted concentration (μg/m3) at distance Dz;

Cy is the total measured concentration (μg/m3) at distance Dy;

Cb is the background concentration (μg/m3);

Dy is the distance from the kerb at which concentrations were measured;

Dz is the distance from the kerb (m) at which concentrations are to be predicted; and

Ln(D) is the natural log of the number D

Table C.2 provides details of these calculations.

22 LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 Brentwood Borough Council

Table C.2 – NO2 Fall-Off Calculator

Distan Distance Distance Annual ce to Bias to kerb of Corrected Mean Releva Site ID Site Name Adjusted nearest to Nearest Backgrou nt Mean road (m) Exposure nd Expos (2) (µg/m3) ure (m)

Telegraph pole at end of BRW 5 42.09 18.13138 1.3 16.3 28.8 Brook Street Freeway Cottage, 63 Brook BRW 6 32.60 18.13138 1.3 0.9 31.0 Street 13 Nags Head Lane - on BRW 7 23.77 19.88099 15.6 5 23.3 fence trellis BRW 8 3 High Street - front facade 35.08 17.98946 9.8 9.4 30.8 Caffe Uno, High Street - front BRW 9 31.02 17.98946 8.1 0.9 30.5 facade BRW 5/7 Ongar Road - lamp-post 33.56 17.98946 3.2 0.7 32.8 10 BRW 36 Ongar Road - front facade 30.54 16.40805 5.7 0 30.5 11 BRW Corner of Kings Road/Hart 26.18 17.98946 2.1 5.3 23.7 12 Street/High Street BRW 145 High Street - front facade 29.64 17.98946 2.6 0 29.6 14 BRW 4 Westbury Road - downpipe 19.69 17.98946 6.9 2 19.5 15 on corner of house BRW 24 Wingrave Crescent - rear 27.32 18.13138 25.1 8.3 25.8 16 boundary fence BRW 51 Spital Lane - side garden 26.57 17.84782 9.3 3.8 25.5 17 BRW 46 Selwood Road - rear 22.50 17.84782 20 6 21.9 18 garden tree stump BRW 61 Warescot Road - front 26.66 18.20708 10.4 0 26.7 19 facade BRW 76 Warescot Road - lamp- 31.93 18.20708 0.2 7 24.4 20 post BRW 316 Ongar Road - side 23.69 18.20708 8.2 9.9 22.2 21 gatepost BRW 339 Ongar Road - front 30.00 18.20708 7.1 0 30.0 22 facade BRW 12 Hurstwood Avenue - front 33.52 18.20708 8.2 0 33.5 23 facade BRW Highwood Close - lamp-post 24.60 18.20708 1 18.8 20.8 24 BRW 65 Greenshaw - lamp-post 26.68 18.20708 21.4 5.5 25.7 25 BRW 289 Chelmsford Road - 26.67 15.96957 2.1 15.2 21.3 26 telegraph pole Ingatestone Junior School, BRW The Furlongs - playground 28.42 17.17933 37 11 26.3 28 pergola BRW 1 Trimble Close - lamp-post 24.53 17.17933 11 8.9 22.8 29

23 LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 Brentwood Borough Council BRW 8 Trimble Close - rear facade 26.87 17.17933 9.5 0 26.87 30 BRW New Road, Ingatestone - 25.85 15.95242 18.7 19.2 22.41 31 telegraph pole BRW The Poplars, Brook Street 28.54 18.13138 45 0 28.54 32 BRW 108 Doddinghurst Road - front 22.59 17.02781 16.3 1.6 22.35 33 facade BRW La Clarentet, Talbrook - 23.43 17.84782 2.7 2.2 22.59 34 carport BRW Lincolns Lane - background 15.97 14.28251 0.6 N/A N/A 36 BRW 58 Roman Road 19.13 15.85582 26.3 9.6 18.52 38 BRW Thorndon Avenue/A127 25.70 16.90273 2.2 21.3 20.71 39 BRW 131 High St - lamp-post 36.88 17.98946 1 3 31.60 40 BRW 88 High St - lamp-post 38.39 17.98946 1 3 32.69 41

24 LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 Brentwood Borough Council

Appendix D: Maps of Monitoring Locations and AQMAs Figure D.1 – Monitoring Location Map: BRW2 AQMA, A12 & M25

Site ID X OS Grid Ref Y OS Grid Ref

BRW5 556887 192412

BRW6 557014 192493

BRW7 557118 191978

BRW16 557379 192900

BRW17 557632 193151

BRW18 557826 193333

BRW32 556964 192288

BRW34 557719 193226

25 LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 Brentwood Borough Council Figure D.2 – Monitoring Location Map: BRW4 AQMA & A12/Warescot Road/Hurstwood Avenue/Ongar Road

Site ID X OS Grid Ref Y OS Grid Ref

BRW19 558769 194873

BRW20 558818 194913

BRW21 558681 194799

BRW22 558683 194894

BRW23 558742 194928

BRW24 558624 194695

BRW25 558482 194547

BRW33 559139 195012

26 LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 Brentwood Borough Council Figure D.3 – Monitoring Location Map: BRW7 AQMA & Brentwood Town Centre

Y OS Grid Site ID X OS Grid Ref Ref BRW8 559691 193912

BRW9 559643 193889

BRW10 559699 193948

BRW11 559604 194035

BRW12 559187 193658

BRW14 559148 193660

BRW15 559085 193601

BRW40 559191 193681

BRW41 559292 193710

27 LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 Brentwood Borough Council Figure D.4 – Monitoring Location Map: South Weald Rural Background

Y OS Grid Site ID X OS Grid Ref Ref BRW36 556603 194628

28 LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 Brentwood Borough Council Figure D.5 – Monitoring Location Map: West Horndon

Y OS Grid Site ID X OS Grid Ref Ref BRW39 562412 189153

29 LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 Brentwood Borough Council

Figure D.6 – Monitoring Location Map: Ingatestone & Margaretting

Y OS Grid Site ID X OS Grid Ref Ref BRW26 562278 196649

BRW28 564446 199509

BRW29 564617 199849

BRW30 564654 199898

BRW31 565186 200071

BRW38 563659 198314

30 LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 Brentwood Borough Council

Appendix E: Summary of Air Quality Objectives in England

Table E.1 – Air Quality Objectives in England Air Quality Objective6 Pollutant Concentration Measured as 200 µg/m3 not to be exceeded more Nitrogen Dioxide 1-hour mean than 18 times a year (NO2) 40 µg/m3 Annual mean 50 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more Particulate Matter 24-hour mean than 35 times a year (PM10) 40 µg/m3 Annual mean 350 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more 1-hour mean than 24 times a year Sulphur Dioxide 125 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more 24-hour mean (SO2) than 3 times a year 266 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more 15-minute mean than 35 times a year

6 The units are in microgrammes of pollutant per cubic metre of air (µg/m3).

31 LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 Brentwood Borough Council

Glossary of Terms

Abbreviation Description

AQAP Air Quality Action Plan - A detailed description of measures, outcomes, achievement dates and implementation methods, showing how the local authority intends to achieve air quality limit values’

AQMA Air Quality Management Area – An area where air pollutant concentrations exceed / are likely to exceed the relevant air quality objectives. AQMAs are declared for specific pollutants and objectives

ASR Air quality Annual Status Report

Defra Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

DMRB Design Manual for Roads and Bridges – Air quality screening tool produced by Highways England

Highways Government-owned company with responsibility for managing the England core road network in England

EU European Union

LAQM Local Air Quality Management

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

NOx Nitrogen Oxides

PM2.5 Airborne particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5µm or less

QA/QC Quality Assurance and Quality Control

TEA Triethanolamine – substance used in diffusion tubes for absorbing nitrogen dioxide

UKAS Accreditation Service

32 LAQM Annual Status Report 2020 Brentwood Borough Council

References Brentwood Borough Council 2017 Annual Status Report available at; http://www.essexair.org.uk/Reports/Brentwood_ASR_2017.pdf

Brentwood Borough Council 2019 Annual Status Report available at; http://www.essexair.org.uk/Reports/Brentwood_Borough_Council_2019_ASR.pdf

Defra Diffusion Tube Bias Adjustment Factors Spreadsheet available at; https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/bias-adjustment-factors/national-bias.html

Defra LAQM Summary of Laboratory Performance in AIR NO2 PT Scheme available at; https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/diffusion-tubes/qa-qc-framework.html

Defra LAQM Policy Guidance LAQM.PG16 available at; https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/documents/LAQM-TG16-February-18-v1.pdf

Defra LAQM Technical Guidance LAQM.TG16 available at; http://laqm.defra.gov.uk/documents/LAQM-TG16-April-16-v1.pdf

Defra NO2 Background Maps available at; https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/data/laqm-background- home

Defra Nitrogen Dioxide Fall-Off with Distance Calculator available at; http://laqm.defra.gov.uk/tools-monitoring-data/no2-falloff.html DVSA Smoky Vehicle Reporting Service available at; https://www.gov.uk/report-smoky- vehicle Essex Air Twitter Feed available at; https://twitter.com/essexair EssexCarShare.com available at; https://essex.liftshare.com/ Essex County Council Local Transport Plan available at; http://www.essexhighways.org/Transport-and-Roads/Highway-Schemes-and- Developments/Local-Transport-Plan.aspx Essex County Council Major Schemes available at; http://www.essexhighways.org/highway- schemes-and-developments/major-schemes.aspx National Air Quality Objectives and European Directive Limit and Target Values for the Protection of Human Health available at; https://uk- air.defra.gov.uk/assets/documents/Air_Quality_Objectives_Update.pdf Public Health Outcomes Framework Indicator D01 available at; https://fingertips.phe.org.uk/profile/public-health-outcomes-framework

33 LAQM Annual Status Report 2020