Brentwood Council

2019 Air Quality Annual Status Report (ASR)

In fulfilment of Part IV of the Environment Act 1995 Local Air Quality Management

May, 2019

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 Brentwood Borough Council

Local Authority David Carter Officer Department Environmental Health & Enforcement Council Offices Road Address Brentwood CM15 8AY Telephone 01277 312509

E-mail [email protected] Report Reference BRE/ASR2019 number Date 20th May 2019

Written by Tim Savage Scientific Team Public Health & Protection Services City Council Duke Street

Chelmsford Essex CM1 1JE

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 Brentwood Borough Council

Executive Summary: Air Quality in Our Area The 2019 Annual Status Report is designed to provide the public with information relating to local air quality in Brentwood, to fulfil Brentwood Borough Council’s statutory duty to review and assess air quality within its area, and to determine whether or not the air quality objectives are likely to be achieved.

In 2018, Brentwood Borough Council measured no exceedances of the Air Quality Objectives at relevant exposure.

Air Quality in Brentwood

Air pollution is associated with a number of adverse health impacts. It is recognised as a contributing factor in the onset of heart disease and cancer. Additionally, air pollution particularly affects the most vulnerable in society: children and older people, and those with heart and lung conditions. There is also often a strong correlation with equalities issues, because areas with poor air quality are also often the less affluent areas1,2.

The annual health cost to society of the impacts of particulate matter alone in the UK is estimated to be around £16 billion3.

The Borough of Brentwood is situated in the southwest of Essex and is a pleasant, busy town situated within the Metropolitan Green Belt. Apart from its urban heart, the Borough of Brentwood has about 3,000 acres (about 1,215 hectares) of woodland, yet it is only 18 miles from Central .

The main source of air pollution in Brentwood is road traffic emissions for major roads, notably the M25, A12, A127, A128, A1023 and A129.

Brentwood Borough Council has three Air Quality Management Areas (AQMA) which are detailed in Table 2.1. These were declared due to exceedances of Nitrogen Dioxide

(NO2). However, no exceedances were measured in these AQMAs.

1 Environmental equity, air quality, socioeconomic status and respiratory health, 2010 2 Air quality and social deprivation in the UK: an environmental inequalities analysis, 2006 3 Defra. Abatement cost guidance for valuing changes in air quality, May 2013 LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 i Brentwood Borough Council Local Engagement and How to get Involved

Brentwood Borough Council is a member of the Essex Air Quality consortium. The Essex Air web site provides a daily forecast of air pollution which is based off UK-AIR data feeds. Also, the @EssexAir twitter feed provides localised weekly air pollution forecasts.

Figure i.1 Essex Air Twitter Air Quality Notifications

Links to Defra recommended actions and health advice are provided when air pollution is likely to be moderate or higher. This will enable those with heart or lung conditions, or other breathing problems to make informed judgements about their levels of activity or exposure.

The Essex Air twitter also promotes the DVSA service for reporting smoky lorries or buses. Particulate matter is usually not visible but when poorly maintained diesel engines can produce visible particles, appearing as smoke. Fine particles have an adverse effect on human health, particularly among those with respiratory and cardiovascular problem.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 ii Brentwood Borough Council

Figure i.2 - Essex Air Reporting Smoky Vehicle Tweets

Essex County Council has worked closely with Liftshare to develop the Essex Car Share scheme. This operates across Brentwood and provides commuters with a car sharing service which could cut congestion and air pollution whilst saving money.

Conclusions and Priorities

This report identifies that Brentwood Borough Council monitored nitrogen dioxide concentrations in excess of 40µg/m3 at two locations within the Borough. These locations are outside railway station but are not at relevant exposure for the annual mean air quality objective.

2018 is the fourth year running where no exceedances at relevant exposure have been identified. After revoking four AQMA in January 2017, monitoring over the next 2-3 years will identify whether the remaining three AQMA can be revoked.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 iii Brentwood Borough Council Table of Contents

Executive Summary: Air Quality in Our Area ...... i Air Quality in Brentwood ...... i Local Engagement and How to get Involved ...... ii Conclusions and Priorities ...... iii 1 Local Air Quality Management ...... 1 2 Actions to Improve Air Quality ...... 2 2.1 Air Quality Management Areas ...... 2 2.2 Progress and Impact of Measures to address Air Quality in Brentwood ...... 4

2.3 PM2.5 – Local Authority Approach to Reducing Emissions and/or Concentrations...... 5 3 Air Quality Monitoring Data and Comparison with Air Quality Objectives and National Compliance ...... 6 3.1 Summary of Monitoring Undertaken ...... 6 3.1.1 Automatic Monitoring Sites ...... 6 3.1.2 Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites...... 6 3.2 Individual Pollutants ...... 6

3.2.1 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)...... 6 Appendix A: Monitoring Results ...... 9 Appendix B: Full Monthly Diffusion Tube Results for 2018 ...... 15 Appendix C: Supporting Technical Information / Air Quality Monitoring Data QA/QC ...... 17 Appendix D: Map(s) of Monitoring Locations and AQMAs ...... 19 Appendix E: Summary of Air Quality Objectives in ...... 26 Glossary of Terms ...... 27 References ...... 28

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 iv Brentwood Borough Council

List of Tables Table 2.1 – Declared Air Quality Management Areas ...... 3 Table 2.2 – Progress on Measures to Improve Air Quality ...... 4 Table A.1 – Details of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites ...... 9

Table A.2 – Annual Mean NO2 Monitoring Results ...... 12

Table B.1 – NO2 Monthly Diffusion Tube Results – 2018 ...... 15 Table C.1 – AIR PT Results 2018 ...... 17 Table E.1 – Air Quality Objectives in England ...... 26

List of Figures Figure i.1 - Essex Air Twitter Air Quality Notifications ...... ii Figure i.2 - Essex Air Reporting Smoky Vehicle Tweets ...... iii Figure 2.1 - Public Health Framework Indicator 3.01 Fraction of all-cause adult mortality attributable to anthropogenic particulate air pollution ...... 5 Figure 3.1 – Examples of where Air Quality Objectives should apply ...... 7 Figure 3.2 – BRW37 Monitoring Location ...... 8

Figure A.1 – Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations ...... 14 Figure D.1 – Monitoring Location Map: BRW2 AQMA & A12 ...... 19 Figure D.2 – Monitoring Location Map: BRW4 AQMA & A12/Warescot Road/Hurstwood Avenue/Ongar Road ...... 20 Figure D.3 – Monitoring Location Map: BRW7 AQMA & Brentwood Town Centre .... 21 Figure D.4 – Monitoring Location Map: Rural Background ...... 22 Figure D.5 – Monitoring Location Map: Shenfield Railway Station ...... 23 Figure D.6 – Monitoring Location Map: ...... 24 Figure D.7 – Monitoring Location Map: & Margaretting ...... 25

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 v Brentwood Borough Council

1 Local Air Quality Management

This report provides an overview of air quality in Brentwood during 2018. It fulfils the requirements of Local Air Quality Management (LAQM) as set out in Part IV of the Environment Act (1995) and the relevant Policy and Technical Guidance documents.

The LAQM process places an obligation on all local authorities to regularly review and assess air quality in their areas, and to determine whether or not the air quality objectives are likely to be achieved. Where an exceedance is considered likely the local authority must declare an Air Quality Management Area (AQMA) and prepare an Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP) setting out the measures it intends to put in place in pursuit of the objectives. This Annual Status Report (ASR) is an annual requirement showing the strategies employed by Brentwood Borough Council to improve air quality and any progress that has been made.

The statutory air quality objectives applicable to LAQM in England can be found in Appendix E.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 1 Brentwood Borough Council

2 Actions to Improve Air Quality 2.1 Air Quality Management Areas

Air Quality Management Areas (AQMAs) are declared when there is an exceedance or likely exceedance of an air quality objective. After declaration, the authority must prepare an Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP) within 12-18 months setting out measures it intends to put in place in pursuit of compliance with the objectives.

A summary of AQMAs declared by Brentwood Borough Council can be found in Table 2.1. Further information related to declared or revoked AQMAs, including maps of AQMA boundaries are available online at https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/aqma/local- authorities?la_id=33

Alternatively, see Appendix D: Map(s) of Monitoring Locations and AQMAs, which provides for a map of air quality monitoring locations in relation to the AQMAs.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 2 Brentwood Borough Council Table 2.1 – Declared Air Quality Management Areas

Poll Level of Exceedance (maximum Is air uta monitored/modelled quality in Action Plan nts concentration at a location of the AQMA and City relevant exposure) Date of influenced AQMA Air / One Line Declaratio by roads Name Qua Tow Description n controlled lity n At Date of by Now Name Link Obj Declaration Publication Highways ecti England? ves Parts of NO 2 Brook https://uk- Brentwood Declared ann Brentwood Brent Street, µg/ air.defra.gov.uk/assets/documents/no2t AQMA 10/01/200 ual YES 53.4 28.2 µg/m3 Borough Council 2008 wood Brentwood m3 en/Local_zone29_Brentwood_AQAction No.2 5 mea AQAP (2008) and the plan_1.pdf n A12. Parts of Warescot Road, NO 2 Hurstwood https://uk- Brentwood Declared ann Brentwood Brent Avenue and µg/ air.defra.gov.uk/assets/documents/no2t AQMA 10/01/200 ual YES 76 33.3 µg/m3 Borough Council 2008 wood Ongar m3 en/Local_zone29_Brentwood_AQAction No.4 5 mea AQAP (2008) Road, plan_1.pdf n Brentwood and the A12. Parts of Ongar Road, Ingrave Road, High NO Street and 2 https://uk- Brentwood Declared ann Shenfield Brentwood Brent µg/ air.defra.gov.uk/assets/documents/no2t AQMA 10/01/200 ual Road, NO 56.9 35.5 µg/m3 Borough Council 2008 wood m3 en/Local_zone29_Brentwood_AQAction No.7 5 mea Brentwood AQAP (2008) plan_1.pdf n in proximity to Wilsons Corner (the junction of the A128 and A1203).

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 3 Brentwood Borough Council

2.2 Progress and Impact of Measures to address Air Quality in Brentwood

Although Brentwood Borough Council has had no exceedances of the air quality objectives at relevant exposure between 2015 to 2018, the Council anticipates that the measured in Table 2.2 will help contribute to maintaining compliance of the Air Quality Objectives and enable revocation of AQMAs 2, 4 and 7.

Table 2.2 – Progress on Measures to Improve Air Quality

Organisations Reduction in Estimated / Key Measure EU EU involved and Planning Implementation Pollutant / Actual Comments / Barriers Measure Performance Progress to Date No. Category Classification Funding Phase Phase Emission from Completion to implementation Indicator Source Measure Date Alternatives Essex Car & lift sharing Essex County 1 to private N/A 2014 Number of Users Not quantified Ongoing N/A Liftshare schemes Council vehicle use Regional Groups Co-ordinating Policy programmes to Guidance develop Area Member of 2 and wide Strategies Essex Air N/A N/A N/A N/A Ongoing N/A Essex Air Developme to reduce nt Control emissions and improve air quality Environmen Measures to tal Permit Operator reduce pollution Inspection Environme Brentwood compliance with 3 through IPPC N/A N/A N/A Ongoing N/A & ntal Permits Borough Council Environmental Permits going Enforcemen Permit beyond BAT t Transport Public transport Planning improvements – 4 Crossrail and Network Rail N/A N/A N/A N/A 75% Complete 2020 interchanges Infrastructu and services re

Plotting of Safer cycling routes to safe cycling Promoting Promotion of Brentwood schools by mapping 5 routes Travel N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Ongoing Scheme cycling Borough Council potential routes for cycle across the Alternatives to school initiatives borough

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 4 Brentwood Borough Council

2.3 PM2.5 – Local Authority Approach to Reducing Emissions and/or Concentrations

As detailed in Policy Guidance LAQM.PG16 (Chapter 7), local authorities are expected to work towards reducing emissions and/or concentrations of PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5µm or less). There is clear evidence that PM2.5 has a significant impact on human health, including premature mortality, allergic reactions, and cardiovascular diseases.

Brentwood Borough Council does not monitor PM2.5 concentrations however notes the Public Health Outcomes Framework indicator 3.01 – Fraction of mortality attributable to particulate (PM2.5) air pollution which for 2017 gave a value of 5.8%. These values are broadly similar to other authorities within the region. Figure 2.1 - Public Health Framework Indicator 3.01 Fraction of all-cause adult mortality attributable to anthropogenic particulate air pollution

Brentwood Borough Council is taking the following measures to address PM2.5: • Regular inspections of permitted industry where combustion and non-

combustion processes could lead to anthropogenic emissions of PM2.5.

• Working with Essex County Council (highway authority) and Highways England to deliver Major Transport improvement schemes to alleviate congestion. In addition to reduced exhaust emissions, these schemes will reduce non-exhaust emissions from brake and tyre wear by making traffic flows smoother.

• Operation of Smoke Control Orders. A number of residential locations within Brentwood are covered by orders to prevent smoke being emitted from chimneys. LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 5 Brentwood Borough Council 3 Air Quality Monitoring Data and Comparison with Air Quality Objectives and National Compliance 3.1 Summary of Monitoring Undertaken

This section sets out what monitoring has taken place and how it compares with objectives.

3.1.1 Automatic Monitoring Sites

Brentwood Borough Council does not undertake automatic continuous monitoring.

3.1.2 Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites

Brentwood Borough Council undertook non-automatic (passive) monitoring of NO2 at 35 sites during 2018. Error! Reference source not found. in Appendix A shows the details of the sites.

Further details on Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) for the diffusion tubes, including bias adjustments and any other adjustments applied (e.g. “annualisation” and/or distance correction), are included in Appendix C.

Maps showing the location of the monitoring sites and their relation to AQMA are provided in Appendix D.

3.2 Individual Pollutants

The air quality monitoring results presented in this section are, where relevant, adjusted for bias, “annualisation” and distance correction. Further details on adjustments are provided in Appendix C.

3.2.1 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)

Table A. in Appendix A compares the ratified and adjusted monitored NO2 annual mean concentrations for the past 5 years with the annual mean air quality objective of 40µg/m3. For diffusion tubes, the full 2018 dataset of monthly mean values is provided in Appendix B.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 6 Brentwood Borough Council

Monitoring has identified two locations in 2018 where the annual mean air quality objective of 40µg/m3 was exceeded. These locations are new monitoring sites BRW42 and BRW43 which have been added in Shenfield within the vicinity of the railway station due to concerns regarding idling buses and taxis. BRW42 is adjacent to the taxi rank and BRW43 by the bus stop. Exposure at this location is by the public accessing the station or waiting for transport. Although exceedances of the annual mean air quality objective were measured, it is the 1-hour mean objective which is applicable at the location. Exceedances of the 1-hour objective as the concentrations are considered unlikely as the measured annual mean is significantly below 60µg/m3 which is an indication of a potential exceedance of the NO2 1-hour mean objective. Figure 3.1 – Examples of where Air Quality Objectives should apply

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 7 Brentwood Borough Council

As noted in the 2018 Annual Status report, Brentwood Borough Council had been operating monitoring location BRW37 adjacent to the A12 trunk road at the top of a cutting. Figure 3.2 – BRW37 Monitoring Location

The red mark identifies the diffusion tube location.

The location is canyon like location with significantly reduced dispersal of pollution when compared with open locations. Although indicative of pollution coming from the A12, the monitoring was not representative of public exposure.

Nearby BRW22 and BRW23 offer monitoring at relevant exposure and this monitoring point has been discontinued.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 8 Brentwood Borough Council Appendix A: Monitoring Results

Table A.1 – Details of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites

Tube Distance to Distance collocated X OS Grid Y OS Grid Pollutants In Relevant to kerb of Height Site ID Site Name Site Type with a Ref Ref Monitored AQMA? Exposure nearest (m) Continuous (m) (1) road (m) (2) Analyser? Telegraph pole BRW 5 at end of Brook Roadside 556887 192412 NO2 Yes 16.3 1.3 No 2.5 Street Freeway BRW 6 Cottage, 63 Roadside 557014 192493 NO2 Yes 0.9 1.3 No 2.5 Brook Street 13 Nags Head BRW 7 Lane - on fence Roadside 557118 191978 NO2 No 5 15.6 No 2.5 trellis 3 High Street - BRW 8 Roadside 559691 193912 NO2 Yes 9.4 9.8 No 2.5 front facade Caffe Uno, High BRW 9 Street - front Roadside 559643 193889 NO2 Yes 0.9 8.1 No 2.5 facade 5/7 Ongar Road BRW 10 Roadside 559699 193948 NO2 Yes 0.7 3.2 No 2.5 - lamp-post 36 Ongar Road BRW 11 Roadside 559604 194035 NO2 Yes 0 5.7 No 2.5 - front facade Corner of Kings Road/Hart BRW 12 Roadside 559187 193658 NO2 No 5.3 2.1 No 2.5 Street/High Street 145 High Street BRW 14 Roadside 559148 193660 NO2 No 0 2.6 No 2.5 - front facade 4 Westbury Road - BRW 15 Roadside 559085 193601 NO2 No 2 6.9 No 2.5 downpipe on corner of house

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 9 Brentwood Borough Council 24 Wingrave Urban BRW 16 Crescent - rear 557379 192900 NO2 No 8.3 25.1 No 2.5 Background boundary fence 51 Spital Lane - BRW 17 Roadside 557632 193151 NO2 No 3.8 9.3 No 2.5 side garden 46 Selwood Road - rear Urban BRW 18 557826 193333 NO2 No 6 20 No 2.5 garden tree Background stump 61 Warescot BRW 19 Road - front Roadside 558769 194873 NO2 Yes 0 10.4 No 2.5 facade 76 Warescot BRW 20 Road - lamp- Kerbside 558818 194913 NO2 Yes 7 0.2 No 2.5 post 316 Ongar BRW 21 Road - side Roadside 558681 194799 NO2 Yes 9.9 8.2 No 2.5 gatepost 339 Ongar BRW 22 Road - front Roadside 558683 194894 NO2 Yes 0 7.1 No 2.5 facade 12 Hurstwood BRW 23 Avenue - front Roadside 558742 194928 NO2 Yes 0 8.2 No 2.5 facade Highwood Close BRW 24 Roadside 558624 194695 NO2 No 18.8 1 No 2.5 - lamp-post 65 Greenshaw - BRW 25 Roadside 558482 194547 NO2 No 5.5 21.4 No 2.5 lamp-post 289 Chelmsford BRW 26 Road - Roadside 562278 196649 NO2 No 15.2 2.1 No 2.5 telegraph pole Ingatestone Junior School, Urban BRW 28 The Furlongs - 564446 199509 NO2 No 11 37 No 2.5 Background playground pergola 1 Trimble Close BRW 29 Roadside 564617 199849 NO2 No 8.9 11 No 2.5 - lamp-post

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 10 Brentwood Borough Council 8 Trimble Close BRW 30 Roadside 564654 199898 NO2 No 0 9.5 No 2.5 - rear facade New Road, BRW 31 Ingatestone - Roadside 565186 200071 NO2 No 19.2 18.7 No 2.5 telegraph pole The Poplars, Urban BRW 32 556964 192288 NO2 Yes 0 45 No 2.5 Brook Street Background 108 Urban BRW 33 559139 195012 NO2 No 1.6 16.3 No 2.5 Road - front Background facade La Clarentet, BRW 34 Talbrook - Roadside 557719 193226 NO2 No 2.2 2.7 No 2.5 carport Lincolns Lane - BRW 36 Rural 556603 194628 NO2 No N/A 0.6 No 2.5 background BRW 38 58 Roman Road Roadside 563659 198314 NO2 No 9.6 26.3 No 2.5 Thorndon BRW 39 Roadside 562412 189153 NO2 No 21.3 2.2 No 2.5 Avenue/A127 131 High St - BRW 40 Kerbside 559191 193681 NO2 No 3 1 No 2.5 lamp-post 88 High St - BRW 41 Kerbside 559292 193710 NO2 No 3 1 No 2.5 lamp-post BRW 42 Taxi rank Roadside 561328 195002 NO2 No N/A 1 No 2.5 BRW 43 Bus stop Roadside 561294 194995 NO2 No N/A 2.4 No 2.5 Notes: (1) 0m if the monitoring site is at a location of exposure (e.g. installed on the façade of a residential property). (2) N/A if not applicable.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 11 Brentwood Borough Council Table A.2 – Annual Mean NO2 Monitoring Results

Valid Data 3 (3) Valid Data NO2 Annual Mean Concentration (µg/m ) Monitoring Capture for Site ID Site Type Capture 2018 Type Monitoring Period (%) (2) (%) (1) 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

BRW 5 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 40.00 42.69 45.95 46.96 39.58 BRW 6 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 33.10 38.12 39.34 37.61 34.24 BRW 7 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 24.50 25.96 26.60 29.59 25.15 BRW 8 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 35.60 35.61 40.48 36.53 33.87 BRW 9 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 32.10 32.68 33.47 35.09 31.93 BRW 10 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 36.20 36.60 41.22 39.96 36.42 BRW 11 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 28.00 32.83 37.04 35.48 31.12 BRW 12 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 26.90 27.37 30.56 28.23 26.94 BRW 14 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 33.40 34.98 38.02 37.05 31.88 BRW 15 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 20.70 21.87 23.17 22.70 20.52 Urban BRW 16 Diffusion Tube 100 100 26.70 27.17 29.07 31.38 28.14 Background BRW 17 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 24.50 26.52 30.34 29.58 25.99 Urban BRW 18 Diffusion Tube 100 100 23.20 23.53 25.38 26.27 23.40 Background BRW 19 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 26.70 26.10 29.56 29.16 26.76 BRW 20 Kerbside Diffusion Tube 100 100 28.00 31.51 38.95 36.63 32.27 BRW 21 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 23.90 23.61 26.45 27.11 23.69 BRW 22 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 33.00 31.64 35.12 34.50 30.33 BRW 23 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 35.90 34.54 38.89 39.52 33.27 BRW 24 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 25.20 25.52 28.47 27.91 23.80 BRW 25 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 27.20 26.54 30.84 32.85 28.48 BRW 26 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 28.30 29.59 29.92 32.05 26.37

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 12 Brentwood Borough Council Urban BRW 28 Diffusion Tube 100 100 22.60 24.16 25.54 31.65 28.34 Background BRW 29 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 23.60 27.13 27.51 28.20 24.56 BRW 30 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 26.80 28.97 32.39 30.03 26.39 BRW 31 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 24.10 26.55 27.29 27.50 28.31 Urban BRW 32 Diffusion Tube 100 100 30.00 32.55 33.05 35.75 29.74 Background Urban BRW 33 Diffusion Tube 100 100 22.10 23.51 25.97 23.67 22.11 Background BRW 34 Roadside Diffusion Tube 92 92 25.10 26.35 28.70 29.79 22.87 BRW 36 Rural Diffusion Tube 100 100 15.80 15.79 16.87 18.65 15.94 BRW 38 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 21.70 19.64 21.19 20.56 18.51 BRW 39 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 26.90 29.45 38.28 30.97 27.13 BRW 40 Kerbside Diffusion Tube 100 100 N/A 40.97 41.65 44.13 39.15 BRW 41 Kerbside Diffusion Tube 100 100 N/A 45.80 36.35 45.58 39.18 BRW 42 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 N/A N/A N/A N/A 41.53 BRW 43 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100 100 N/A N/A N/A N/A 43.06

☒ Diffusion tube data has been bias corrected ☒ Annualisation has been conducted where data capture is <75%

Notes: 3 Exceedances of the NO2 annual mean objective of 40µg/m are shown in bold. 3 NO2 annual means exceeding 60µg/m , indicating a potential exceedance of the NO2 1-hour mean objective are shown in bold and underlined. (1) Data capture for the monitoring period, in cases where monitoring was only carried out for part of the year. (2) Data capture for the full calendar year (e.g. if monitoring was carried out for 6 months, the maximum data capture for the full calendar year is 50%). (3) Means for diffusion tubes have been corrected for bias. All means have been “annualised” as per Boxes 7.9 and 7.10 in LAQM.TG16 if valid data capture for the full calendar year is less than 75%. See Appendix C for details.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 13 Brentwood Borough Council Figure A.1 – Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 14 Brentwood Borough Council Appendix B: Full Monthly Diffusion Tube Results for 2018

Table B.1 – NO2 Monthly Diffusion Tube Results - 2018

3 NO2 Mean Concentrations (µg/m ) Annual Mean

Bias Distance Site ID Adjusted Corrected Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Raw (0.76) and to Nearest Data Annualise Exposure d (1) (2)

BRW 5 62.7 57.2 56.6 41.9 38.6 37.5 50.9 50.1 56.8 54.5 51.1 67.1 52.1 39.6 28.2 BRW 6 56.4 45.5 51.3 46.5 39.8 35.2 48.0 34.4 44.4 43.0 45.5 50.7 45.1 34.2 32.5 BRW 7 45.1 32.3 35.6 35.8 22.6 22.0 24.7 31.9 34.6 33.5 31.6 47.4 33.1 25.1 24.6 BRW 8 52.0 18.9 46.7 40.9 44.6 41.1 46.9 45.3 50.1 43.6 48.4 56.2 44.6 33.9 30.1 BRW 9 51.3 42.5 46.3 37.9 42.6 36.3 39.4 38.8 41.9 45.5 44.4 37.3 42.0 31.9 31.4 BRW 10 56.6 57.8 48.4 42.1 51.1 42.3 49.9 40.7 40.7 49.7 47.2 48.6 47.9 36.4 35.5 BRW 11 51.8 34.2 45.5 37.5 31.9 27.7 41.1 39.2 46.5 40.9 49.9 44.9 40.9 31.1 31.1 BRW 12 40.9 40.5 38.8 35.4 30.6 31.4 29.1 28.3 31.2 37.7 41.5 40.0 35.4 26.9 24.5 BRW 14 53.0 51.1 45.1 40.7 38.6 28.3 36.5 37.3 38.1 45.7 39.8 49.2 41.9 31.9 31.9 BRW 15 37.3 36.0 28.1 26.2 20.8 19.3 20.5 21.8 25.6 29.6 29.5 29.3 27.0 20.5 20.4 BRW 16 48.4 37.9 39.4 33.1 31.6 25.1 29.1 37.9 40.7 40.9 36.1 44.2 37.0 28.1 26.7 BRW 17 46.1 33.1 34.6 29.1 31.4 24.7 34.8 34.4 35.4 33.3 30.2 43.4 34.2 26.0 25.1 BRW 18 36.7 35.2 35.0 27.5 27.0 21.6 29.6 27.2 30.6 34.2 31.2 33.7 30.8 23.4 22.8 BRW 19 42.1 40.2 38.8 31.2 31.6 31.4 29.8 28.3 35.8 36.3 35.8 41.3 35.2 26.8 26.8 BRW 20 50.3 46.3 45.5 41.3 46.1 46.5 42.6 11.7 41.7 46.5 49.2 41.9 42.5 32.3 25.1 BRW 21 39.2 34.4 35.2 31.6 26.4 24.7 28.5 27.3 32.9 28.7 32.1 33.1 31.2 23.7 22.4 BRW 22 52.0 40.7 44.8 43.2 28.3 26.0 37.9 33.5 36.7 37.5 50.3 48.0 39.9 30.3 30.3

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 15 Brentwood Borough Council BRW 23 55.8 43.0 52.8 43.6 33.3 32.9 43.4 38.6 44.8 37.5 50.9 48.8 43.8 33.3 33.3 BRW 24 43.0 29.5 37.7 21.2 24.1 19.5 26.4 27.7 31.7 37.1 36.1 41.7 31.3 23.8 21.0 BRW 25 48.2 40.5 45.3 31.0 28.3 24.1 33.1 34.8 39.0 41.9 40.4 43.0 37.5 28.5 27.3 BRW 26 43.4 44.2 39.6 34.0 30.0 28.7 29.1 30.2 34.8 34.0 25.6 42.6 34.7 26.4 21.5 BRW 28 52.2 40.0 36.1 35.4 29.1 28.3 35.4 36.5 38.3 40.2 33.9 42.3 37.3 28.3 26.3 BRW 29 44.6 36.9 37.9 27.0 22.6 22.8 29.1 28.5 32.9 36.5 33.3 36.0 32.3 24.6 23.0 BRW 30 45.9 42.3 35.8 34.4 27.9 26.0 32.3 29.6 36.1 39.8 35.6 31.0 34.7 26.4 26.4 BRW 31 38.4 45.3 39.6 32.9 45.1 36.7 32.5 27.5 34.2 43.0 35.4 36.1 37.2 28.3 24.3 BRW 32 47.2 37.3 39.6 37.5 28.5 26.0 35.2 42.3 45.5 42.6 39.8 48.0 39.1 29.7 29.7 BRW 33 42.1 30.0 33.7 23.3 21.0 17.6 24.5 25.4 31.6 31.7 31.4 36.7 29.1 22.1 21.9 BRW 34 46.1 29.3 31.6 29.6 27.3 21.2 30.6 30.0 28.3 33.5 23.5 Missing 30.1 22.9 22.3 BRW 36 34.0 23.5 24.3 21.8 12.6 11.1 15.7 15.5 22.2 22.4 21.0 27.5 21.0 15.9 N/A BRW 38 31.2 28.5 30.8 26.4 18.9 18.4 20.7 17.8 18.0 23.5 31.0 27.2 24.4 18.5 18.2 BRW 39 45.3 39.4 42.1 32.9 37.3 17.4 30.8 28.5 35.4 40.9 35.4 43.0 35.7 27.1 21.8 BRW 40 60.6 50.1 53.0 51.4 43.0 39.4 54.3 49.2 55.5 60.2 49.2 52.2 51.5 39.1 33.4 BRW 41 64.1 51.6 56.8 52.0 40.4 36.7 50.5 48.6 57.0 46.3 56.2 58.5 51.6 39.2 33.5 BRW 42 65.8 54.9 60.4 62.3 49.0 42.8 47.2 45.3 51.1 53.7 58.3 64.8 54.6 41.5 N/A BRW 43 58.1 63.1 61.4 53.2 52.6 44.0 49.9 55.3 61.4 62.0 53.7 65.2 56.7 43.1 N/A

☒ National bias adjustment factor used ☒ Where applicable, data has been distance corrected for relevant exposure Annualisation was not required Notes: 3 Exceedances of the NO2 annual mean objective of 40µg/m are shown in bold. 3 NO2 annual means exceeding 60µg/m , indicating a potential exceedance of the NO2 1-hour mean objective are shown in bold and underlined. (1) See Appendix C for details on bias adjustment and annualisation. (2) Distance corrected to nearest relevant public exposure.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 16 Brentwood Borough Council

Appendix C: Supporting Technical Information / Air Quality Monitoring Data QA/QC

Diffusion Tubes QA/QC Brentwood Borough Council undertook monitoring at 35 nitrogen dioxide diffusion tubes sites in 2018.

The diffusion tubes were supplied and analysed by Socotec (formerly ESG, Didcot) with a preparation method of 50% triethanolamine (TEA) in Acetone.

The AIR NO2 proficiency testing scheme found that the laboratory achieved the following percentage of results determined as satisfactory for 2018:

Table C.1 – AIR PT Results 2018 AIR PT AIR PT AIR PT AR025 AIR PT AR027 AIR PT AR028 Round AR024

Round January – April – May July – August September – conducted February 2018 2018 October 2018 in the period 2018

ESG Didcot 100% 100% 100% 100%

Diffusion Tube Bias Adjustment Factors Brentwood Borough Council uses the national bias adjustment figure for calculating diffusion tubes results.

The Diffusion Tube Bias Adjustment Factors Spreadsheet 03/18 identified that for Socotec 50% TEA in acetone diffusion tubes in 2018, a bias adjustment factor of 0.76 should be used. This was derived from orthogonal regression analysis of 21 studies.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 17 Brentwood Borough Council

NO2 Fall Off Estimation

Using the equation from the Bureau Veritas NO2 Fall Off with Distance Calculator

(version 4.2), a custom Excel spreadsheet has been developed to derive the NO2 concentrations for multiple diffusion tubes from measured annual mean concentrations

2018 NO2 background maps.

Estimated Annual Mean at Relevant Exposure:

=IF(AC>0,(((AB-AC)/(-0.5476*LN(J)+2.7171))*(-0.5476*LN(H)+2.7171)+AC),"")

AB = Bias Adjusted Mean

AC = Annual Mean Background NO2

J = Distance: diffusion tube to kerb of nearest road (m)

H = Distance: relevant exposure to kerb of nearest road (m)

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 18 Brentwood Borough Council Appendix D: Map(s) of Monitoring Locations and AQMAs Figure D.1 – Monitoring Location Map: BRW2 AQMA & A12

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 19 Brentwood Borough Council Figure D.2 – Monitoring Location Map: BRW4 AQMA & A12/Warescot Road/Hurstwood Avenue/Ongar Road

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 20 Brentwood Borough Council Figure D.3 – Monitoring Location Map: BRW7 AQMA & Brentwood Town Centre

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 21 Brentwood Borough Council Figure D.4 – Monitoring Location Map: South Weald Rural Background

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 22 Brentwood Borough Council Figure D.5 – Monitoring Location Map: Shenfield Railway Station

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 23 Brentwood Borough Council Figure D.6 – Monitoring Location Map: West Horndon

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 24 Brentwood Borough Council Figure D.7 – Monitoring Location Map: Ingatestone & Margaretting

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 25 Brentwood Borough Council

Appendix E: Summary of Air Quality Objectives in England

Table E.1 – Air Quality Objectives in England Air Quality Objective4 Pollutant Concentration Measured as 200 µg/m3 not to be exceeded more Nitrogen Dioxide 1-hour mean than 18 times a year (NO2) 40 µg/m3 Annual mean 50 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more Particulate Matter 24-hour mean than 35 times a year (PM10) 40 µg/m3 Annual mean 350 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more 1-hour mean than 24 times a year Sulphur Dioxide 125 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more 24-hour mean (SO2) than 3 times a year 266 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more 15-minute mean than 35 times a year

4 The units are in microgrammes of pollutant per cubic metre of air (µg/m3).

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Glossary of Terms

Abbreviation Description

AQAP Air Quality Action Plan - A detailed description of measures, outcomes, achievement dates and implementation methods, showing how the local authority intends to achieve air quality limit values’

AQMA Air Quality Management Area – An area where air pollutant concentrations exceed / are likely to exceed the relevant air quality objectives. AQMAs are declared for specific pollutants and objectives

ASR Air Quality Annual Status Report

Defra Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

EU European Union

Highways Government-owned company with responsibility for managing the England core road network in England

LAQM Local Air Quality Management

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

NOx Nitrogen Oxides

PM2.5 Airborne particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5µm or less

QA/QC Quality Assurance and Quality Control

TEA Triethanolamine – substance used in diffusion tubes for absorbing nitrogen dioxide

UKAS Accreditation Service

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 27 Brentwood Borough Council

References Defra Diffusion Tube Bias Adjustment Factors Spreadsheet available at; https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/bias-adjustment-factors/national-bias.html

Defra LAQM Summary of Laboratory Performance in AIR NO2 PT Scheme available at; https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/assets/tubeprecision2019version0319finalfull.pdf

Defra LAQM Policy Guidance LAQM.PG16 available at; https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/documents/LAQM-TG16-February-18-v1.pdf

Defra LAQM Technical Guidance LAQM.TG16 available at; http://laqm.defra.gov.uk/documents/LAQM-TG16-April-16-v1.pdf

Defra Nitrogen Dioxide Fall Off With Distance Calculator https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/tools-monitoring-data/no2-falloff.html

Defra NO2 Background Maps available at; https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/data/laqm-background- maps?year=2017

Essex Air Quality Consortium available at; http://www.essexair.org.uk

EssexCarShare.com available at; https://essex.liftshare.com/

Essex Air Twitter Feed available at; https://twitter.com/essexair

Public Health Outcomes Framework Indicator 3.01 available at; http://www.phoutcomes.info/

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