County Fire & Rescue Service Our Values: Respect, Accountability, Openness and Involvement

Strategic Risk Assessment of the Medium to Longer-Term Service Operating Environment 2009 – 2010 2 Countywide Review 2009 Census data(2001)has beenusedasthedefinitivesource. from themostrecently datedsourceatthetimepress.Inallcases thelastNational demographics, ethnic background,religon,socialclassandage beengathered Statistical information;whereavailableand appropriatedataonpopulation, Disclaimer . ClimateChangeinEastofEngland ...... 10 4. 3. Executive Summary 2. Introduction ...... TheChangingFaceofTechnology 57 ...... 9. CountyDevelopmentandTransport Infrastructure ...... 40 8. OlderPeopleinEssex ...... 7. 6. Diversity DemographicsofEssex ...... 5. 1. Foreword ...... 22. Sources ...... 21. Conclusion ...... &BraintreeCommunity Command ...... 164 20. &Tendring CommunityCommand ...... 154 19. &BrentwoodCommunity Command ...... 143 18. Southend&RochfordCommunityCommand ...... 132 17. &MaldonCommunity Command ...... 124 16. &CastlePointCommunity Command ...... 114 15. &EppingCommunity Command ...... 104 14. 13. Future Constraints OperationalServiceDelivery ...... 12. 11. The Economy 10. Terrorism ...... Contents ...... 26 ...... 175 ...... 62 ...... 4 ...... 174 ...... 5 ...... 72 ...... 99 .....32 ...... 6 22 81

3 Contents 4 Countywide Review 2009 can workto reduce riskthrough ourcommunity impact onthe serviceswedeliver andwhere we occurring withinEssex thathavethepotentialto dium andlongtermchanges anddevelopments ular countywidereview looking atboththeme- by theglobalrecession. respond tothefundingpressures brought about time forallpublicsectororganisationsas they workforce tomeetthesechallengesinadifficult novation, investmentandthedevelopmentof our pared tomeetthem.Thiswillrequire flexibility, in- emerge inorder toensure thatweare fullypre- to changeandidentifyfuture challengesasthey to recognise andrespond and work,wemustbeable ing Essexasaferplacetolive contributing towards mak- rescue service,positively coming anexcellentfire and challenges. ibility torespond tothesenew ronment inorder tohavetheresources andflex- frommust continuouslylearn thisdynamicenvi- tive response from thefire andrescue service.We man-made, thatrequire animmediateandeffec- to suddenanddramaticchanges,eithernaturalor We also liveinaworldthatisonoccasionsubject and furthereconomicsocialdevelopments. sex thatcontinuallypresents fresh opportunities across ourCounty. all eventsthathavefurthershapedtheriskprofile pandemic andofcoursetheglobalrecession are in 2008.Furtherevidenceofclimatechange,flu cant changesincethefirstiterationofthisreview Review for2009/10. Welcome totheFire Authority’s CountyWide It istherefore essentialthatwe undertake areg- To achieveouraimof be- We live andworkinanenergeticvibrantEs- The world,andEssex,haswitnessedsignifi- Foreword these newchallenges. flexibility torespond have theresourcesand environment inorderto learn fromthisdynamic “ We mustcontinuously

Councillor discussion andfuture planning. review willprovide ausefulbackground toinform improvement. in servicedeliveryaswellopportunitiesfor and direction oftravel,identifyingpossiblegaps will helpustoassessourfuture useofresources Understanding thechangingriskprofile ofEssex arising from thechangingenvironment welivein. is toprovide aninsightintothesignificantissues plex innature; therefore theaimofthisdocument Plan. Risk Management of theIntegrated the development that willassistin tegic information up todatestra- stakeholders with to provide key revised inorder continue tobe The review will safety iterventions. By theChairmanofFire Authority Many oftheissueswithinthisreview are com- Anthony Headley ”

diverse community. This growing andincreasingly munity safetyneedsofour in order tosatisfythecom- funding challengesahead ing resources, andmeetthe to doingmore withitsexist- Rescue Serviceiscommitted Essex CountyFire and

whom, when andwhy? means knowing whatwewillneed todeliver, to in thefuture andprepare toadapt thisnow. This provided wemustunderstand theriskpresented able tomaintainthehigh levelsofservicecurrently understanding ofriskas itexiststoday, buttobe once theyoccur. emergencies andresponding effectively tothem designed tohelpmakepeoplesaferbypreventing from educationtoproactive andreactive services provides arangeofservicestoitscommunities, keep upwithdemand. reactive measures thatare constantlytryingto taken tomeetandaddress demandratherthan proach willensure thatproactive measures are is fundamentaltoourcontinuedsuccess.Thisap- those whomaycallupontheserviceinfuture, environment, togetherwithanunderstandingof ice recognises thatknowledgeofouroperating namic environment itisimperativethattheServ- provides. and qualityofservicesthatit a direct bearingontherange are andwillcontinuetohave other factors;factorswhich economic, environmental and cally asaresult ofsocial, ment ischangingdramati- needs before andnotaftertheyhavearisen. developing andproviding servicestomeetthose understanding ofitscommunity’s needs,andthen ice willinnosmallpartbebasedonaproactive The provision oftheseservicesisbasedonour Essex CountyFire andRescueServicecurrently In order tomeetthefuture challengesofthisdy- The Fire Serviceenviron- The future successoftheFire andRescueServ- Why hasthisdocumentbeenproduced? Introduction that. ” recession isevidenceof of uncertainty, theglobal always science andtherewill is neveraprecise “Predicting the future thefuture “Predicting remain adegree (Hons) BScMAMScFCMI County Fire andRescueService. those keychangesandwhattheymeantoEssex to meetthechangingneedsofourcommunities. what wewantourfuture servicetodeliverinorder today wewillbeabletosetoutouraspirationof However byusingtheinformationthatisavailable tainty, theglobalrecession isevidenceofthat. and there willalwaysremain adegree ofuncer- to befaced. existing strategytoreflect knownchangesthatare ered inthecomingmonthsandyears,adapting strategy. Thepurposeofthisdocumentistocon- activity isbasedonshorttomedium-term current planned liver. Muchofour services wede- in respect ofthe us pectations on different ex- be mean there will risk environment to theService’s The changes By ChiefFire Officer DavidJohnsonLL.b The purposeofthisdocumentistosetout Predicting thefuture isneveraprecise science

that willneedtobeconsid- that identifiesthoseareas long-term strategydocument in Essex.Ineffect thisisa they meanfortheService judgement, andsetoutwhat research andprofessional tified usingexistingdata, sider thosekeyareas, iden-

5 Countywide Review 2009 6 Countywide Review 2009 unfamiliar threats. and builduponthecapacity torespond tothese with partneragencies, must continuetodevelop traditional Fire Servicerole. The Service,together deal withnaturalandhuman disastersbeyondthe The Servicehasanincreasing responsibility to climatic environment andpublicexpectation. of achangingsocial,political,technological and tional roles, procedures andpracticesintheface them. We mustbeprepared tore-evaluate tradi- it isessentialthatweare bestprepared tomeet will present newchallengesandopportunities Key areas oftheService’s operating environment expectations. manner isessentialifweare tomeetcommunity being abletorespond inaneffective andtimely vide ourservices,understandingthatchangeand our communitiesthatwillaffect thewaywepro- Over thenext10to20yearsmuchwillchangein work andvisit. so makethecountyofEssexasaferplacetolive, these riskstoanacceptablelevelandindoing tively detailshowtheServiceplanstomanage risk managementplanning.Thisplanningeffec- The Servicewillusethisreview todriveintegrated t t t t t t t Community Commandareas; analysis ofeachtheFire Service’s seven impacts. Thereview alsoincludesadetailed together withtheregional andnational review oftherisksimpactinguponEssex Executive Summary This publicationprovides asubstantial Uttlesford andBraintree Thurrock andBrentwood Southend andRochford Harlow andEpping Colchester andTendring Chelmsford andMaldon Basildon andCastlePoint

creased restrictions placedonthewaterresourc- There willbea greater riskofwildfires and in- winter. be more extremes ofweatherin bothsummerand thanarepatterns currently experienced. There will ters willbeshorterandwetterwithdifferent rainfall higher averageandpeaktemperatures whilstwin- change willbringwarmer, longersummerswith The majorityofleadingexpert’s claimthatclimate that isalready required. savings in2010-11;that’s inadditiontothe£3.1m is required tomakeafurther£700,000inefficiency cellor’s April2009Budget meansthattheService Cuts inpublicspendingannouncedtheChan- further efficiency gains. ing; atthesametimeasbeingchallengedtomake to faceaperiodofreal-terms decreases infund- In themediumtolongtermFire Servicesare likely being uncertain. cial positionofthenationisreported bymanyas countries throughout theworld.Thefuture finan- The current financialcrisisisimpactingupon Essex tobeanexcellentFire andRescueService. forward tocontinuingdriveforward initsaimfor Essex Fire Authorityiscommittedtothisandlooks ing withcommunitiestoshapethosedecisions. managers intakingdifficult decisionsandengag- Authority Membersworkingcloselywithsenior change hasproved tobestrong leadershipbyFire Service staff .Thecommonfactorinsuccessful ther changesintheServicewillbefeltbyallFire Change hasnotbeen,andwillbe,easy. Fur- the effectiveness andefficiency oftheirservice. they havemadesignificantchangestoimprove challenge; UK havetakenupthemodernisation vice Efficiency- (Dec2008)thatFire Servicesinthe port; RisingtotheChallenge-Improving Fire Ser- The AuditCommissionhaverecognised intheirre- significantly inthepast30years. and itsroles andresponsibilities, havechanged The contextwithinwhichtheFire Serviceoperates, municate the servicesthatweare able toprovide vention measures coupledwithourability tocom- risk from fire andotheremergencies. Robustpre- lead toanincrease inthose whoare atahigher number ofethnicgroups and olderpeoplewill of servicedelivery. Thepredicted increase inthe nities willhaveadirect bearingonourfullrange The changingdiversityandprofile ofourcommu- our fire fighters. erational riskaswillthechangingwelfare needsof and provided toreflect thechangingnature ofop- ment andtrainingneedswillhavetobeidentified ly increasing levelsofincidents.Specialistequip- development aswillresponse optionstopotential- pumping provision willneedtobereflected infleet Fire waterand fightingstrategiesandalternative underway inEssex. This isworkthatalready safety andtrainingactivities. for deliveryofcommunity adaptable resourcing options for purposeanddeveloping models toensure theyare fit tained dutysystemavailability ers conditionedtothere- the reassessment offire fight- to bedevelopedandmaintained.Thiswillmean response strategiesifthisarea oftheserviceis to beinvolvedinthedevelopmentofsustainable tem andthosewhoare self-employedwillneed fire fighters conditionedtothe retaineddutysys- tivities vitaltooursuccess.Primaryemployers’of to continuetheincrease innon-operationalac- as willtheneedtoensure resources are available be adaptedtoreflect thesechangingdemands work. Longer-term budgetplanningwillneedto on otheractivitiessuchaspreventative fire safety ers conditionedtotheretained dutysystemand on theService,primaryemployersoffire fight- crease andthiswillplaceresourcing pressures The demandsonoperationalpersonnelwillin- extremes incoastalareas. caused bybothrainfallandtheimpactofweather be anincrease intheriskoffloodingincidents es availabletodealwiththem.There couldalso role. ” the traditionalFireService human disastersbeyond to dealwithnaturaland increasing responsibility “The Servicehasan Stansted will seepassengersincrease to35mil- within thecounty. Airportgrowth, particularly at additional 500,000transport movementsaweek 2021 anditisestimated thatthiswillgeneratean of 127,000newhomes beingbuiltinEssexby and populationgrowth islikely toseeinexcess lenges tothefire and rescue service.Housing transport networks,presenting particularchal- will alsoimpactonthecounty’s infrastructure and ment plans,whilstgeneratingeconomicbenefit, sea portsandsocialregeneration. Thedevelop- development planscoveringhousing,airports, terms ofinfrastructure withnumerous ambitious of thefastestgrowing countiesinthecountry Even inthecurrent economicclimateEssexisone of thecommunityweserve. profile oftheServicesothatwe reflect the profile geted. Thiswillmeanworkingmore closelywith groups canbeconsistentlyandeffectively tar- using andsharingriskdatasothathigher-risk There willneedtobeanevengreater focuson are delivered. reflect thosecommunitiesinthewayourservices sex increases, sowilltheneedtoensure thatwe achieved. AsthediversityofcommunitiesinEs- essential ifclosercommunityworkingistobe are not misunderstoodormisinterpreted willbe tural awareness toensure behavioursandactions A heighteneddegree ofunderstandingandcul- help themmakethemselvessafer. who donotknowwhatwecanprovide inorder to our desire toreach thosemostatriskor strategies willneedtobedevelopedthatreflect ingly important.Communicationandinformation to theminatimelymannerwillbecomeincreas- and increasing thediversity under-represented groups drawing applicationsfrom will needtobefocussedon able. Recruitmentstrategies gies are flexibleandadapt- community safetystrate- outcomes andensuringthat for mutualbenefitonjoint other agenciesandpartners

7 CountywideExecutive Review Summary 2009 8 Countywide Review 2009 our county’s economicsuccessand continued businesses in particular, formthefoundations to life bloodtosupportour economicsector. Small The county’s transportinfrastructure provides the to evermore complexand robust vehicledesigns. equipment andtrainingneedswillhavetorespond adaptable communitysafetystrategywhile our creasingly significantelementwithinaflexibleand of road traffic collisionswillneedtobecomeanin- cation campaignsdesignedtoreduce thenumber order thatresponse timescanbeminimised.Edu- response optionswillneedtobereassessed in times.Vehiclejourney and appliancedesign traffic reducing averagespeedsandincreasing transportation ofdangerous goods,withheavier an increased riskofroad traffic collisionsandthe Increases incarandlorrymovementswillresult in ments are tobeaddressed. inevitable ifsignificantincreases intraffic move- the transportinfrastructure is isting services.Expansionof capacity andcarriagestoex- limited scopeforincreasing with bytherailnetworks faster thancanbecoped likely toincrease atapace The demandforrailtravelis county. vehicle movementsaweekwithinandacross the erate intheregion of70,000to80,000additional proximately 6.3millioncontainersayearwillgen- deep seacontainerterminalsmovingatotalofap- jor shippingcounty. Theconstructionoftwonew container movementssettingEssexoutasama- ven developmentswillseesignificantincreases in Growth atboththeBathsideBayandShellHa- els to195,000perday. with thisdevelopmentfrom 40,000atcurrent lev- ing anincrease intraffic movementsassociated rope onanannualbasiswithresearchers predict- travel through thefastestgrowing airportinEu- than theentire populationoftheUnitedKingdom second runwayisconstructed.Thiswillseemore lion by2015andasmany70million2020ifa in staffandIT.” key tofutureinvestment workplace effectivelyis using technologyinthe “Understanding and net ordigital TVbased,willenable theServiceto generation is nowgrowing upin,whether Inter- technological environment inwhichtheyounger streamlined. Recognising and engagingwiththe aimed atmakingcore activities more effective and vice totakeadvantage offuture developments and administrationactivities,willenablethe Ser- changes intechnology, affecting bothoperational staff andIT. Aligningourbusinessprocesses with place effectively iskeytofuture investmentin Understanding andusingtechnologyinthework- needs ofthepublicarisingfrom anysuchincident. ensure thatithassufficient resilience tomeetthe its present response procedures andequipmentto or multipleattacksrequires theServicetoexamine tions inmethod,form,sizeandnumberofsingle of publicservicedeliveryexpectations.Thevaria- a significantadditiontooureverexpandingrange incident. Thisnewdimensionsburden comesas chemical, biological,radiologicalornuclear(CBRN) sequent threat offurtherterrorism intheUKhave The tragiceventsof9/11and7/7thesub- where statisticallymostofthecounty’s fires occur. drive andsupportchangeinareas ofdeprivation and Disorder ReductionPartnerships(CDRPs)to The Servicealsonowhasarole through itsCrime deprived communities. tinued socialprosperity andtheregeneration of in thebusinesscommunityisfundamentaltocon- fires occurringintheworkplace.Financialgrowth from thethreat ofarson,andreduces theriskof to protect emergingandestablishedcompanies available assistancetothebusinesscommunity growth itisvitalthattheServiceprovides every is inextricablylinkedtothecounty’s economic prosperity. AsthefinancialpositionofService forefront oftheresponse toa gencies Act(2004)),isatthe mined undertheCivilContin- has specificdutiesasdeter- organisation intheUKthat category 1responder isany as acategory1responder (A of Essex.TheFire Service, Dimension” risktothepeople combined tocreate a“New

In December 2008theAuditCommission - efficienta modern, andeffective Public Service. cue Authoritiesmustmeet publicexpectationsof stated that,inatighter fiscal climate,Fire andRes- the NationalFramework 2008-11.InittheMinister da, setthescenefor Fire Servicenationallyin ter fortheFire andRescueService,ParmjitDhan- Even priortothecurrent recession thethenMinis- and RescueService. Government’s prioritiesandobjectivesfortheFire Fire andRescueNationalFrameworksetsoutthe Under theFire andRescueServicesAct2004,the made everytime. these, theServicewillensure therightresponse is placed onfirefighters andassessingthemagainst the operationalrequirements andcompetencies es tolegislativerequirements. Bydetermining and respond totheriseofnewthreats andchang- in geographic,economicanddemographicrisk, The Servicemustcontinuetoreflect thechanges is bestprepared todeliverintothefuture. of strategiesandprocesses willensure theService aspirations oftheServicesothatdevelopment service. Keytothisisunderstandingthelongterm and continuetoprovide afirstclassemergency will ensure thatitiswellpositionedtomeetthem these risksattheearliestopportunityService are significant. Bygivingdetailedconsiderationto nities andchallengespresented bythesechanges this environment willrequire change.Theopportu- lenging financialenvironment. Managingtherisksin best tomanagetheincrease inriskwithinthechal- take placeinEssex,theServicemustdecidehow thelevelofdevelopmentcurrently predictedWith to across allpartsofthecounty. of incidents,undereverytypeconditionand most effective andefficient response toalltypes equipment toenabletheServicedeliver right placeatthetimeandwith right person,whoissafeandcompetent,inthe The Servicewillneedtoensure thatwehavethe safety messages. better focusandcommunicateitscommunity These include: dations forFire Servicesnationally. a rangeofmeasures, challengesandrecommen- that theFire andRescueServicefacesoffers ther evidencerelating totheeconomicpressures ing Fire ServiceEfficiency. The report provides fur- lished itsreport, RisingtotheChallenge-Improv- t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t Chief Fire Officers should: Fire andRescueAuthoritiesshould: change withinthefire service. sues, supportingandencouragingeffective culture Provide leadershiponequalityanddiversityis- ness casefordoingso;and quired toinRMBsonlywhere there isagoodbusi- Boards (RMBs),andparticipatebeyondwhere re- Define theirobjectivesforRegionalManagement diversity oftheirworkforce; Challenge theirChiefFire Officers toimprove the Defend decisionspubliclyoncetheyhavebeenmade; those decisions; Ensure thattheyhavetherightinformationtojustify terests ofefficiency; affecting staffing levelsanddeploymentinthein- Lead theircommunitiesbytakinghard decisions to improve efficiency aswellperformance; Challenge themselvesandtheirChiefFire Officers not promote equalityanddiversity. taking alead inchallengingbehaviour thatdoes Provide leadershiponequality anddiversityissues, age change;and improve theabilityofmanagers atalllevelstoman- agement ofpartnershipworking; Improve strategicplanningandperformanceman- those thatdeliverthebiggestefficiency savings; working withneighbouringfire servicesandpursue Systematically explore theavailableoptions for cumstances; other fire services,oradaptthemtotheirown cir- Adopt munity andinvestinthemproportion totheirvalue; Identify thebenefitsofinitiativesforwidercom- munity Fire Safety; Continue tousethosesavingsinvestinCom- by improving operationalefficiency; savingstargets Aim tomeetorbeatgovernment good ideasforimproving efficiency from

9 CountywideExecutive Review Summary 2009 10 Countywide Review 2009 changes intheclimate. have beenusedindicatively tosetoutpotential to mediumemission outcomes from modelling occur. Onthisbasis,andas astartingpoint,low mate changewilloccur, theyallidentifythatitwill in themodellingaffect thedegree towhichcli- els. Althoughthedifferent levelsofemissionsused based onmodellingusingdifferent emissionlev- into thepotentialoutcomesofclimatechange is It isonthisbasisthatthevastamountofresearch main ausefultoolinconsideringfuture outcomes. made contributions(carbonfuels),emissionsre- are causedbynaturalevents(solarflares) orman- whether fluctuationsingreenhouse gasemissions possible contender. Again,althoughitisuncertain creases in‘greenhouse’ gasemissionsremain a exact causeofclimatechangeitisclearthatin- the 1970’s. Althoughthere isstilldebateastothe with approximately 0.4ºCofthisoccurringsince the startof20thcenturyhavetotalled0.6ºC example globalincreases intemperature since years, hasbeenmarkedlymore dramatic.For as aresult ofcarbon-emissions. quence ofnaturalphenomenonandarguably many hundreds ofyearsmainlyasaconse- the EastofEngland Howeverrecent change,overthelastthirty The earth’s climatehasbeenchangingfor Climate Changein

clear negativerelationship with rainfall the numberofwildfires and temperature, anda There isaclearandpositive relationship between conditions andlonger periods ofwatershortage. reduced levelsofrainfallwillleadtomore drought change onourenvironment? surge tidesbeingexperiencedmore frequently. Sea levelswillcontinuetorisewithmore extreme vidual ‘extreme’ weathereventscanbeexpected. of rain.Inboththesummerandwintermore indi- milder andwetterwithshorter, intensedownpours willbecome very hotdaysexperienced.Winters months rainfallwillreduce onaveragewithmore these beingsincethemillennium.Duringsummer on record haveoccurred since1990,withfiveof ter anddrier;infactnineofthetenwarmestyears vere Summerswillbecomehot- weatherpatterns. and rescue servicetodealwiththeeffects ofse- have, animpactonthedemandsplacedfire mate ischangingandthishas,willcontinueto change mayslow. Whatiscertainthatthecli- green housegasesmayreduce andthusclimate factors whichmayvary, forexampleemissionsof are difficult toprovide astheyare dependenton change scenariosthatmayoccurwithinEssex Climate ChangeinEssex Impacts oftheexceptionally hotweather of1995intheUK- Department ofthe Environment 1

UK- Department of theEnvironment 1 Impacts oftheexceptionally hotweatherof1995in the In summermonths,highertemperatures and What willbetheimpactofpredicted climate Accurate prediction ofthepotentialclimate 1 . which equatesto113,611fires. temperature] relative tothe1994figure was54% tween 17-28%whilsta2 [where there wasa3.5 be notedthattheincrease in[outdoor]fires in1995 figures mayappearunrealistically large,itshould would leadtoa34-56%increase. Althoughthese 1995 identifiedthat Single derelict building, grassland,intentional. straw/stubble outdoor structure,burning, refuse and.singlederelict vehicle. 2 a 1 ages, theriseinnumberofoutdoorfires dueto 24,000 and40,000nationally. the numberofoutdoorfires canincrease between a similarpeakontheprojected averagefora1 2003 wassome70%above thesixyearaverage, the peakfor2003.Therefore, on theprinciplethat It shouldbenotedthat thislevelofcallsisbelow or a54%increase basedonaveragecallrates. or 2006,callratescouldriseby3452incidents exceptionally hotsummersuchasthatof1995 and 2870perannum,a17-28%increase. Foran see averagecallrateselevatetobetween2623 this basisa1ºCriseinsummertemperature could 2003 andalowof1586in2004(seefigure 1).On 2001 to2006were 2242withapeakof3862in sex betweenMayandSeptemberfortheperiod

outdoor structure, refuse and singlederelict vehicle 2 Single derelict building, grassland, international, straw/stubble, burning, Single derelict straw/stubble, burning, building, grassland,international, Average callratestosecondary ‘For a1 A report intotheexceptionallyhotsummerof When theseresults are expressed aspercent- o C summertemperature increase wouldbebe- o C increase insummertemperatures o C riseinaveragesummer o C temperature change 2 fires withinEs- o C are wide-ranging evenly butinsteadfallsveryheavilyinshortperiods tial increases inrainfall,especiallyifitdoesnotfall intense rainfalloccurring.Theimpactofsubstan- are already beingexperiencedwithshortermore incidents, ortwicethecurrent average. degree risecouldseecallsreach ahighof4668 Effects ofclimatechange onFire andRescue Servicesin the 2006 UK; Communities andLocalGovernment 3 available; howeveritis notunrealistic, basedon as aconsequenceofclimate changeisnotwidely speedmodelling 10% insummermonths. Wind 6% inwinterperiodsand reduce between2%and of weatherare predicted torisebetween2and ditions potentiallyrisingby80-140cm 26-86cm by2080,withsealevelsinextreme con- age sea the Essexcoastlinewillfaceseriousthreat. Aver- numerous lesssignificantevents. present consequencespotentiallywellinexcessof affecting arelatively urbanisedarea would the severityofflooding.Onesignificantevent dealing withsustainedintenseperiodsofrainfall. where stormdraincapacitymaynotbecapableof areas surrounding waterwaysbutalsourbanareas of severe localisedfloodingnotconfinedsolelyto

munities and Local Government 2006 munities andLocal Government 3 Effects ofclimatechange onFire andResuceServicesinUK: Com- For winter months, changes to rainfall patterns For wintermonths,changestorainfallpatterns Wind speedsassociatedwithsevere extremesWind If sealevelsriseinlinewithexpertpredictions, The frequency offloodingislessrelevant than levels off theEssexcoastcouldriseby 3 . There isanincreased likelihood

11 CountywideClimate ReviewChange 2009 12 Countywide Review 2009 of retained applianceavailabilityandaproportional them forfirefighting duties,resulting inadecrease on thegoodwillofsomeemployerstorelease their primaryemployment.Thisislikelytoimpact to theretained dutysystemwouldbeawayfrom the frequency withwhichfirefighters conditioned could bedifficult topredict. Itwouldalsoincrease system. Thiswillhavebudgetaryimplicationsthat on firefighters conditionedtotheretained duty tudes. Inruralareas thiswillplacegreater demand dramatic changestofirefighting response andatti- frequent andlargerfire serviceattendancesor areas. ised andsevere floodinginurban,ruralandcoastal months there willbemore largescaleincidents.Inwinter land orsecondaryfires willincrease innumberand be seasondependent.Insummermonths,grass- creased operationalactivity, thenature ofwhichwill tal changesontheFire andRescueService? cidents. dence andexperienceofsevere windrelated in- events wouldalmostcertainlyincrease theinci- that increases inthenumberofextreme weather events overthelastthree tofiveyears,identify More frequent andlargerfires mayrequire more It islikelythatclimaticchangeswillresult inin- What willbetheimpactofpredicted environmen- there willbeagreater likelihoodoflocal- and maintainingcompetencies. tional crews andthetimetheyspenddeveloping community safetyactivitiesundertakenbyopera- which mayleadtoreductions inthenumberof activities suchastrainingandcommunitysafety, result inadecrease inthetimeavailableforother gency callsmaybecomenecessary. dents couldbeextendedandprioritisingofemer- fighters inretained areas. increase ontheoperationaluseofwhole-timefire- Firefighting isanarduous activity, particularly This predicted increase inoperationalactivitywill As aconsequenceattendancetimestoinci- Fig B

Fig D Fig C

Pictures showing parts of flooded in the 1953 floods (Fig A-D) Climate Change

The flood was caused by an accumulation of adverse conditions; a low pressure system over the and North Easterly gales which had the effect of pushing a surge of wa- ter down the North Sea into an ever narrow- ing gap between the coasts of and Fig A . during hot weather. Attending a higher number water availability could seriously hamper firefight- of secondary fires, for longer periods may have ing operations and lead to a reassessment of mo- health and welfare implications for crews. This bilising protocols and fleet provision such as wa- may reflect in the type of equipment provided and ter bowsers. Firefighting operations may require the way it is used, also in the type of personal pro- more resources to attend the same incident over a tective equipment that is provided and the welfare longer period of time. arrangements such as drinking water, food and toilet facilities. Increased incidents of flooding may require more operational attendances and in this sense preceding Reduced water availability will affect open water comments regarding the impact on firefighter re- supplies such as lakes and ponds and may lead to sources are equally relevant. Specialist equipment reductions in pressure in water mains. Insufficient and training is necessary to effect rescues where 13 14 Countywide Review 2009 out thatthesewillerode. In1953whentidelev- tecting coastalcommunities,someresearch sets marshes off theEssexcoastactasabuffer pro- impact offlooding.Coastalmud-flatsandsalt- promised andlesslikelytomitigateorcontrol the areas. Floodmanagementschemesmaybecom- from entering,leavingandmovingaround flooded ing waterdepthsmayprevent fire fightingvehicles by highertidesandstormrelated flooding.Stand- water supplies. It couldalsoaffect theavailabilityoffresh drinking cess thosewhomayneedassistanceofanykind. of ourcommunitieswithlittlenoabilitytoac- released from drains.Itcanalsoisolatesections flood watercausessewageandeffluence tobe safe todosoandmitigatetheimpactofflooding. Fig 2 Essex Rivers(Source EssexResilienceForumCommunityRiskRegister) Coastal areas maybemore frequently affected Flooding oftencreates healthriskswhere

roads andresidential orbusinesspremises. snow. Anyofthesefactorscanleadtoflooding intense heavyrainfall,orrapidthawof a combinationoffactors,suchasprolonged or water coursesinEssexare vulnerabletooneor inciding” (seefigure 2and3). increases thechanceofstormsandhightidesco- remains significant,particularlyasclimatechange the early1950’s thedangerofcoastalflooding vances infloodprotection havebeenmadesince homeless. EssexTrends 2006reported “Whilead- ple were killedinEssexand11,500peoplemade levels (seefigures A,B,C,andD),over100peo- els rose between1.5mand2mabovepredicted Apartfrom theRiverThamesallriversand Fig 2

Essex Flood Risk Copyright Environment Agency Fig 3

The map in Figure 3 above shows the areas of the loss of time with their employers during pro- Climate Change the county that are at risk from Tidal Flooding. Es- tracted incidents and a potential depletion of the sex has the largest coast line of any Fire and Res- overall operational cover in Essex. The potential cue Service in the UK. Historically, in Essex, there consequences are large scale disruption to the is evidence of numerous flooding events. The people of Essex, economic loss to the community most serious of these occurred on the 31st Janu- and a reduction in time and resources available to ary 1953 when a combination of high sea levels, carry out community safety initiatives. The finan- heavy rain fall and winds resulted in large areas of cial costs will continue to rise during the winter Essex flooding. It was the worst recorded disaster months as crews attend ever more frequent inci- to affect the people of Essex since 1702, with 119 dents of flooding and storm damage. people losing their lives. Longer term budget planning must recognise Risk Analysis the impact of increased operational activity along with the need to ensure community safety work As Essex is 70% rural1¹ (see figure 4), hotter continues to be delivered. Firefighting tactics, drier summers are likely to lead to an increase appliances, equipment and crewing models will risk of crop and grass fires. The impact on the need to be considered in the light of increased service will be predominately financial due to in- operational activity to ensure adequate resources creased use of retained firefighters who cover the remain available to deal with all types of incidents majority of rural areas. The knock-on effect will be during periods of high activity.

1 Pastoral or Agricultural

15 16 Countywide Review 2009 the increased risk offlooding tal changesintheway thecountryisadaptingto report Lessons from ‘Learning the2007Floods’. fromsons learned theeventsandpublished his Michael Pittwaschargedwithreporting theles- nificant, widespread andprolonged flooding.Sir Floods crews. fire coverispredominantly provided byretained predominately inthenorthofcountywhere by wildfires. Fig.4showsthattheseruralareas are nomical lossandenvironmental damagecaused parklands, andassuchatgreater riskfrom eco- used forcrop cultivationaswellforests and Sir MichaelPittcalledfor urgentandfundamen- In 2007largepartsofEnglandexperiencedsig- LessonsfromPitt Report-Learning the2007 Essex is70%rural,thismeanslargeopenareas Rural Areas ofCountyatRiskField&GrassFires Fig4 Government should: Government Sir MichaelPittrecommended thatThe t t t t and otheremergencies; facilitate nationallevel planning forflooding Establish aNational Resilience Forumto every spendingreview; measures, withaboveinflationincreases Ensure proper resourcing offloodresilience displaced; events, includingnumberofhouseholdsstill ing therecovery phaseofmajorflooding Publish monthlysummariesofprogress dur- demic fluandterrorism; in linewithothermajorriskssuchaspan- tackling theriskoffloodingbringing Establish aCabinetCommitteededicatedto

t Have pre planned, rather than ad hoc, financial Government Response to the Pitt Report arrangements in place for responding to the financial burden of exceptional emergencies; The Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) was tasked with and conse- t Publish an action plan to implement the rec- quently published an action plan for government, ommendations in this review, with regular local authorities and others to implement the rec- progress updates. ommendations of the Pitt Review.

Sir Michael Pitt also expressed concerns about Defra’s Action Plan the quality and availability of flood risk information currently available to emergency responders and In the last year Defra have overseen work by the public: other Government departments and agencies to improve the country’s preparedness to deal with Commenting on the role of Local Authorities, flooding events in several key areas, including: he said:

t The Environment Agency’s flood warning t Local authorities should play a major role in service will now automatically register prop- the management of local flood risk, taking erties to receive flood warnings where tele- the lead in tackling local problems of flooding phone numbers are publicly available. Since and co-ordinating all relevant agencies. Up- June 2007 over 73,000 more people have per tier authorities should establish oversight registered with the Agency’s flood warning and scrutiny committees to review work be- system. ing undertaken to reduce flood risk and pub- lish annual updates on the work undertaken. t Delivering improved management of surface water flooding, (draft Floods and Water Bill Other key recommendations include: April 2009) and by giving the Environment

Agency the Strategic Overview of all inland Climate Change t The Environment Agency and Met Office flooding, with local authorities taking the lead should work together, through a joint centre, on the ground for surface water flooding. to improve their technical capability to fore- cast, model and warn. t The electricity industry has identified just over 1,000 grid and primary sites which are t The Government should put in place a fully in flood zones, and is working with the Envi- funded national capability for flood rescue, ronment Agency to see which of these might with Fire and Rescue Authorities playing a need additional protection. lead role, underpinned by a statutory duty, if necessary; t Every water company is reviewing how its critical assets may be at risk from flooding t The Ministry of Defence should identify a in order to prioritise investment plans. This small number of trained Armed Forces per- information will be used as the basis of a sonnel who can be deployed to advise Gold planned nationwide programme to improve Commands on logistics during wide-area the resilience of critical infrastructure which civil emergencies and, working with Cabinet Government will produce later on this year. Office, identify a suitable mechanism for The majority of Local Resilience Forums deployment. have been briefed on critical infrastructure in their area, and the remainder will be done by

late 2009.

17 18 Countywide Review 2009 nises thepublic’s expectationofthe Servicetodo to floodincidents. However, theService recog- is despitenothavinga statutorydutytorespond enhance theService’s floodrescue capability. This of £60Kfor2009and £40K for2010,inorder to ment tofloodresponse with afinancialinvestment The Servicehasdemonstrateditsfuture commit- tified asoneofthoserisks. how toplan,dealandrespond tofloodingisiden- nesses andservicesofEssex.Future planningon present andfuture risksfacedbythepeople,busi- cies Act2004).Theforumisinplacetoplan for responders, (asdefinedundertheCivilContingen- Forum, whichisagroup ofcategory1and2 t The Fire ServicechairstheEssexResilience Flood RescueinEssex Flood PlainConsultations t t t t premises floodingis reduced. made underPPS25,thusensuringtheriskof The Servicewillensure atimelyresponse is improve preparedness forsevere flooding. This willbepartofamajorprogramme to the NationalFloodEmergencyFramework. willproduceThe Government anoutlinefor Water Bill. outlined intheforthcomingdraftFloodsand reservoirmodernise safetylegislationwillbe if theyare notalready available. Measures to emergency plannersbefore theendof2009 Reservoir Act,whichwillbeprovided tolocal maps forreservoirs thatcomeunderthe upreservoir safetythroughTightening flood with implementingsuchmeasures. help peoplebearsomeofthecostsinvolved Proposals toprovidegrant aGovernment on theculvertsinGloucester. bishing theHullbarrierandremedial works schemes includea£5.9millionproject refur- summer of2007.Current improvement lion onrepairing defensesdamagedinthe The Environment Agencyhasspent£5mil-

ing anddeliveryofthisevent. were heavilyinvolvedintheplanning,facilitat- Forum annualexercise. Fire Servicepersonnel vided thethemeof2008EssexResilience the countyandnationalriskregisters andpro- animals trappedbytherisingwaters. stranded intheircars,floodedhomesandeven were workingaround thecountyhelpingmotorists ing related toflooding.More than100appliances more than350calls,witharound 310ofthosebe- day ofFebruary102009theServicereceived sex, throughout thenightofFebruary9and bility byDecember2010. toimproveby theGovernment floodrescue capa- agencies involved.Upto£2mhasbeenpledged capability andcoordination betweenthevarious group hasbeenimplementedtoimprove theUK’s national capabilityforfloodrescue andaproject has alsoagreed theneedforaproperly funded related incidents. safety andassuchwillcontinuetoattendflood Service hasadutytosavelifeandprotect public all itcantoprotect theirsafety. AdditionallyThe The riskoffloodingfeatures prominently on As furtherrecent evidenceoffloodeventsinEs- In response tothePittReview, theGovernment Hazards, Risks, Impact, Consequnces & Opportunities of Climate Change

Hazards

Summers Extreme weather conditions

Higher than average temperatures Increase in frequency and intensity of storms

Longer dry periods between rainfalls Higher than average winds speeds

Lower than average rainfall Rise in average sea levels

Water restrictions in place More coastal areas exposed to flooding

Winters

Higher than average levels of rain fall Sudden rises in river levels

Saturation of floods plains Flooding spread over larger areas

Larger volumes of rain water falling over shorter Saturation of floods plains periods Climate Change

Risks

Increase in rural fires Increased attendance at secondary fires

Rural fires covering larger areas Increased attendance at flooding incidents

Increase in primary fires due to increased fire Longer attendance at flooding incidents spread

Insufficent water to extinguish fires Increased attendance at storm damage incidents

Longer time required to extinguish rural fires Increase in coastal flooding incidents

Longer attendance at secondary fires Increased environmental damage

Increase in incidents in flooded areas Increase in risks to the communtiy and FRS personnel

19 20 Countywide Review 2009 nraei tednetmsReductioninotheractivitiesi.e.Community Firefighters conditionedtotheretained duty Increase inattendancetimes Primaryemployerswithdrawsupportfor Economic losstocommunity Loss ofpublicconfidenceandsupport requirements Inadequate levelsofresource torespond toall Consequences oesvr ielse Increase inriskstothe communtiyandFRS consultations Primaryemployerswithdrawsupportfor Greater demandontheFSO’s timeforPPS25 Accessrestrictions toincidentsdue to flooded Larger attendancesrequired atincidents More severe fire losses Greater demandforspecialistequipment Potential forreputation damage Greater demandforspecialistskills Resources deployedforlongerperiods Increase incallstocontrol Greater demandonwholetimeresources Increase infirefighter welfare requirements more frequently andforlongerperiodsoftime system willbeabsentfrom primaryemployers Firefighters conditionedtotheretained duty retained dutysystembudgetcosts Increase infirefighters conditionedtothe Impact Safety andtraining required system maynotbeabletoprovide cover releasing employees Lack ofavailablefunding required system maynotbeabletoprovide cover Firefighters conditionedtotheretained duty releasing employees personnel routes Longer response timestoreach incidents larger areas Depletion infire-cover forlongerperiodsover Service resilience to respond to CBRN Inadequate welfare arrangements for incidents under pressure firefighters

Service delivery response under review Lack of specialist and general skills available to deal with incidents

Increase in relief crews and associated costs Lack of specialist equipment available to deal safely with incident type

Negative affect on Best Value Performance Increase in the number of Blue light Indicators (BVPI’s) movements

Less time for audits, other statutory duties and fire safety activities

Opportunities

Opportunities for the development of the new and innovative techniques. equipment and response methods to meet the changing risk profile using existing resources. Climate Change

21 22 Countywide Review 2009 essary risksontheroad whenbehindthewheel, derage andinexperienceddriverstakingunnec- of peopleaged15-19,duemainlytoyoung/un- first istorecognise thattraffic isthebiggestkiller the fire service,bothnowandinthefuture. The sex, twofactorspresent asignificantchallengeto ing ofyoungpersons(15-19yearolds)withinEs- emergency servicetothepeopleofEssex. to ensure wecontinuetoprovide afirstclass we canmodifyandimprove ourfuture delivery environment andidentifyingdevelopingtrends particular needs.Byanalysingthedemographic should besufficiently flexibleinorder tomeettheir needs andtherefore ourresponse toeachgroup Essex. Eachgroup mayhaveitsownspecific to thedifferent groups andcommunitieswithin er wemustrecognise themainrisksapplicable have everdonetomakethepeopleofEssexsaf- When examiningtherisktolifeandwellbe- Young Persons In order tofulfilourpledgedomore thanwe Background Demographics of Essex

has beensteadilyfallinginrecent years,butthe of 2amand5amtheirriskis17timeshigher. than othermaledrivers–butbetweenthehours seven timesmore likelytobeinvolvedinacollision shows thatyoungmaledriversaged17-20are killed orinjured in2002were under25.Research more thanoneintwo(54%)ofcarpassengers sengers, whoare ofteninthesameagegroup; ers alsocausesthedeathandinjuryoftheirpas- an accidentasa48year-old. is more thanthree timesaslikelytobeinvolvedin accident intheirfirstyearofdriving.An18year-old aged over25whentheypassedtheirtesthadan of driving,whereas only12%ofdriverswhowere were involvedinaroad accidentintheirfirstyear between 17and19whentheypassedtheirtest accident rates.18%ofdriverswhowere aged hort Studyfoundthatagedoesinfluencedrivers’ drivers killedare inthisagegroup. yet more thanaquarter(29%)ofmotorvehicle license holders,nationally, are aged25orunder, time. Aboutoneineight(13%)ofmotorvehicle often killingtheiryoungpassengersatthesame The numberofpeopleinjured inroad crashes Dangerous behaviourbysomeyoungcardriv- The Transport Research Laboratory(TRL)Co- Firebike Team number of people killed nationally has been grad- from 25,754,000 to 26,208,000. Overall, there ually creeping up from 3,409 in 2002 to 3508 in are 32,897,000 vehicles registered for use on UK 2003. roads.

When it comes to so-called ‘accidental’ deaths, The current economic climate may slow down such as fire, drowning, poisoning or falls, traffic the previously predicted increase in road use, kills far more children and young people than all however reports in emergency service publica- these events combined. Three-quarters of (deaths tions have highlighted the economic downturn as other than those caused by an illness) among 10- a potential catalyst for increased road traffic colli- Demographics of Essex 19 year olds are in road crashes. This is in con- sions and subsequently deaths and injuries. trast to fire deaths in which the lowest rate of fire death occurs within the age group 11 to 16. The rationale behind this is the decrease in new vehicle purchases resulting in older vehicles on Road traffic has increased since the mid 1980’s the road, coupled with the potential for car own- by almost two-thirds. DVLA figures show that ers to save money on vehicle maintenance and the overall number of cars on UK roads has in- repair, resulting in decreased vehicle safety. creased byy 1.8% comparedp with 2004, risingg

23 24 Countywide Review 2009 most atrisk. Reduction Board, inspecificworktotargetthe resources heldbypartners’oftheEssexCasualty bining therangeoftechnicalskills,expertise and safety initiativethatstandsasanexampleofcom- road. TheCommunityWheelsproject isaroad at improving thesafetyofyoungpeopleon t t t t ECRB, theServicehasalready committedto: cy andtheEastofEnglandAmbulanceService. County Fire andRescueService,HighwaysAgen- es ofEssexCountyCouncil,Police, ment oftargetsforcasualtyreduction. Itcompris- ners atthehighestleveltooverseeachieve- was setupinJanuary2006,toinvolvekeypart- counties roads asaferplaceforpeopletodrive. which correspond withhighincidents ofpeople messages to targetroad usersandcommunities vehicle. Theproject willdeliver specificroad safety media resource, education,and demonstration “Community Wheels” One project inparticularisspecificallyaimed Through agreements andmembershipofthe The EssexCasualtyReductionBoard (ECRB) The Serviceisworkinghard tomakethe sions (RTC’s) Provide atimelyresponse toroad traffic colli- ery anddevelopmentofroad safetyinitiatives Continue tosupportourpartnersinthedeliv- include road safety Extend ourexistingeducationprogrammes to safety Exploit ouruniquepositiontopromote road 4 isapurpose-built,multi-

2 deathsandacosttosocietyofover£42million. deliberately startedprimaryfires, 63injuries, 32,500 in2003.Everyweekarsonresults in2,213 creased nationally, by17%from 27,700in1993to last tenyearsdeliberatefires inbuildingshavein- fects, particularlyinrelation toschools.Overthe well-being ofyoungpeopleisarsonanditsef- phone andseatbeltcompliance. Drink andDrugDriving,Motorcyclists, andmobile endar, andincludeYoung Drivers,Speedingand Compliment theTHINK!road safetycampaigncal- killed orseriouslyinjured. Thetopicscovered will

planned visitsthis yeartoschools,collegesandbusinesses. of whichECFRS is akeystrategicpartner. TheVehicle already has220 for Transport underthemanagementof EssexCasualtyReductionBoard, 4 CommunityWheelsisauniqueproject partfundedbytheDepartment The secondfactoraffecting therisktolifeand

Every week 20 schools suffer an arson attack Greater demands on the Service will require the around the country. Up to 90% of major fires in most effective use of resources and a constant re- schools are thought to be arson. 84% of schools assessment of overall resource levels to ensure that suffer an arson attack will have a history of oth- these demands are met. Longer-term planning er prior criminal damage. The estimated number must recognise the impact of increased opera- of pupils affected by large school fires is 90,000- tional activity in terms of response and prevention. 100,000 per year as a result of the destruction or damage of classrooms and school property. This Firebreak is aside the major social and economic disruption arising from school closures. FireBreak is a highly successful youth inclusion programme for young people aged between 13- Arson is committed for a variety of reasons and 17 years old. Research indicates that those young there are many kinds of arsonist. Arsonists may people excluded or at risk of exclusion from not be strangers to the school and children and school present the highest potential for displaying adolescents feature prominently. Fires in schools anti-social behaviour. are most likely to be started by pupils, ex-pupils or their friends, or others with knowledge of the The FireBreak initiative is designed primarily school. Of the 4600 individuals prosecuted, cau- to address this behaviour. The course runs over tioned or found guilty each year for arson offenc- five to seven days with a passout demonstra- es, almost half are aged from 10 to 16 . tion on the last Friday. FireBreak schemes are run throughout the seven Community Commands Despite these figures, only 150 out of 28,000 within Essex. schools in the UK are fitted with sprinklers. Sprinklers not only detect the fire, they will sup- press and control its growth, or ultimately extinguish it. These issues are not new to the Fire Service and efforts are already in place to tackle the problems and reduce the risk to life and the financial risk to society and the environment. Demographics of Essex

Within Workplace Fire Safety in Essex County Fire and Rescue we are actively encouraging the installation of sprinklers within schools in an effort to combat the destruction caused following a fire within a school premises.

Risk Analysis

The continued rise in the number of vehicles owned and driven by young persons is likely to result in an increase risk of road traffic collisions (RTC’s). This inevitable rise in risk will require an equal response by the Fire Service in terms of op- erational resources and RTC reduction initiatives aimed at young persons.

5 All fires in buildings, vehicles and outdoor structures or any fire involving casualties or rescues or fires attended by five or more appliances. 6 How to combat arson in schools- Fire Safety Advice Centre June 2007

25 26 Countywide Review 2009 Service. subsequently theworkandresources of the Fire will continuetohavean impactwithinEssexand bases inLondonandthe North.Allthishasand grown andexpandedout from theirtraditional communities established inthesixtieshavenow to travelandworkintheUK.TheBlackAsian (EU) havegivenmillionsofpeopletheopportunity subsequent expansionoftheEuropean Union The collapseoftheformerSovietUnionand the ing, workingandlivingintheUK(seefigure 9). rise inthenumberanddiversityofpeopleenter- enced anunprecedented andlargelyunpredicted During thelasttwentyyearswehaveexperi- Background Diversity own communities.No district withinEssexhasa populations tocluster together anddeveloptheir siderably fasterthantheWhiteBritishgroup. Most minoritygroups appeartohavegrown con- of thegrowth intheUKpopulationaged16-59 to BMEgroups are expectedtoaccountfor70% tion. Between2001and2020,thosebelonging other thanWhiteBritishintheCensusclassifica- The termBMEisusedtorefer toallethnicgroups population isgrowing inlinewithnationaltrends. The county’s blackandminorityethnic(BME) as Essexgrows itisbecomingmore diverse. groups compared to9%nationally longed toMixed,Black,AsianorChineseethnic

8 7 Standard tableS101, Census2001NationalStatistics. Rees andParsons, 2006,seepage30fortable The generaltrend across the UKisforBME In 2001only2.9%oftheEssexpopulationbe- 7 , however, 8 .

BME population of more than 10% of its total. Ep- When looking at ethnic groups by religion the ping Forest and Harlow districts have the highest 2001 Census (see figure 8) found that within Es- proportions of BME residents in Essex, at 8.8% sex: 0.6% was Muslim, 0.5% Jewish and 0.4% and 8.2% respectively. Although clustering within Hindu. The highest percentages of Muslims were Essex does occur, it occurs to a lesser degree than of Bangladeshi and Pakistani origin. can be seen nationally, and the degree to which BME groups integrate within the local communi- The BME population in Essex is highly qualified ty is increasing. The highest percentage of BME and successful in the labour market. Members of groups in Essex can be found in the many groups are as or more likely to be in the pro- Cross ward in Colchester, home of the University fessional and managerial groups than the White of Essex. We should also recognise the White Irish British majority9. group, particularly in the ‘Travelling Community’, Essex has the largest ‘Travellers’ site in the UK in The Service has been actively engaging in Basildon. positive action initiatives to improve the diversity

Equality and Diversity Men % Women % BME % Disabled % Establishment Figures (figures include Irish April 2009 & White Other)

Whole time 96.8 3.14 1.62 0.75

Retained 98.6 1.34 1.00 0.00

Control 8.5 91.48 0.00 6.38 Diversity

Support 49.2 50.7 2.5 2.14

Total 87.5 12.4 1.52 0.90

Age profile differs significantly by ethnic group, of its workforce. Providing open days to allow with BME groups generally having younger popu- women and BME groups to have a better under- lations. standing of the firefighter role: attending multicul- tural events to promote the fire service: advertis- The 2001 Census found that overcrowding in ing regularly in diverse publications, for example, Essex was more prevalent for ethnic groups than Melor, BHM, and Multicultural News. amongst the white population. This was highest amongst the Chinese community. The non-BME The Fire and Rescue Service Equality and Di- community was more likely to be owner-occupiers versity Strategy 2008-2018 sets out a vision for and less likely to suffer overcrowding. the Fire Service that makes fairness and inclusion fundamental to all Fire Service activity. To achieve this vision, the Department of Communities and 9 Essex Trends 2006 Local Government has set out recruitment and retention targets for the Fire Service. 27 28 Countywide Review 2009 to recruit. straints willbetherateat whichtheServiceisable sector. Aninevitableconsequenceofthesecon- cial constraintsbeingfeltrightacross thepublic needs tobesetagainstthecontextoffinan- April 2009 Establishment Figures Equality andDiversity The term ‘migrants’ encompasses ahuge Migrants The abilityoftheServicetomeetthesetargets t t t By 2013: Fig 7 Total Support Control Retained Whole time sexes. and whiteemployees,betweenboth and progression betweenminorityethnic there shouldbeparityinratesofretention and resentation ofthelocalworkingpopulation; same percentage astheminorityethnicrep- the wholeorganisationshouldbeat recruitment ofminorityethnicstaff across to theoperationalsectorshouldbewomen; a minimumof15percentnewentrants 751. .20.90 2.14 1.52 6.38 2.5 0.00 12.4 0.75 0.00 50.7 87.5 1.00 91.48 49.2 1.62 1.34 8.5 3.14 98.6 96.8 e oe BME% Women % Men % (A8) immigrantssince2004: figures onthenumbersofAccession8countries three sources government withthree different curacy ofdatacanbeseeninthree reports from pean UnionentertheUK;Anexampleofthisinac- how manyimmigrants immigration isthedifficulty indeterminingexactly economy andsocialstructure. society andhavecontributedtothechangesinits II. Asaresult, migrantshavebecomepartofUK to theUKinsignificantnumberssinceWorld War as migrantworkers away from theirnativelandsare oftenreferred to ying circumstances. Groups ofpersonsworking with different skillswhoarriveintheUKundervar- range ofindividualsfrom numerous countriesand 11 10 other thanhisor her ownnativeland-Fowler’s EnglishUsage Modern Animmigrantisone whocomesasapermanentresident toacountry Fowler’s EnglishUsage’ Modern . The AccessionMonitoringReportbasedon 2. Passenger Survey(IPS) The International 1. One ofthebiggestcontroversies surrounding from theHomeOffice (over200,000 in2005) Worker RegistrationScheme (WRS)figures in 2005) from theOffice ofNationalStatistics(64,000 & WhiteOther) (figures includeIrish 10 . Migrantshavebeencoming 11 from theenlargedEuro- Disabled % Population breakdown in districts by religous groups Source Essex Resillience Forum Community Risk Register

Population Christian Buddhist Hindu Jewish Muslim Sikh Other Non No Stated Religion

Basildon 165668 121493 318 745 389 943 93 423 12405 28559 Braintree 132179 98116 198 245 197 409 49 334 10178 22453 Brentwood 68456 54242 144 514 198 380 45 178 4141 8614 86608 65528 100 197 202 248 53 238 6600 13442 Chelmsford 157072 117378 344 630 320 1072 85 398 11038 25807 Colchester 155796 111501 549 758 238 1181 117 564 12078 28810 Epping 120896 87582 257 1157 3715 1409 698 317 8750 17011 Forest Harlow 78768 53009 253 310 205 1029 71 169 6098 17624 59418 45027 79 62 100 150 29 138 4044 9789 78489 59517 88 190 240 168 28 174 5801 12283 Southend 160257 110016 418 935 2721 1958 103 610 13301 30195 Thurrock 143128 107477 244 791 249 1537 995 298 9332 22205 Tendring 138539 105327 174 132 208 322 34 378 11269 20695 Uttlesford 68946 52838 157 94 197 290 23 177 4696 10474 County 1614220 1189051 3323 6760 9179 11096 2423 4396 119731 267961

Fig 8

With the expansion of the EU, following the col- Diversity 3. National Insurance Number (NINo) Alloca- lapse of the former Soviet Union and the former Yu- tions to Overseas Nationals Entering the UK goslavia, the inclusion of the ‘Accession 8’ coun- from the Department of Work and Pensions tries (Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, (estimated 190,000 in 2005) Lithuania, Malta, , Slovakia and Slovenia) meant a significant increase in the number of mi- Whilst recognising these figures are inconsist- grants entering the UK. The accession of Bulgaria ent they should be compared to original Home Of- and Romania will keep immigration buoyant but fice estimates of 5,000 to 13,000 A8 immigrants will not present the same surge as the A8, as to demonstrate the unreliability on data on known their preferred destinations are thought to be migrant inhabitants and workers in the UK. and .

Analysis suggests that, although the trend so far has only seen increasing immigration since EU enlargement, it is likely to have peaked in 2006 with the numbers of immigrants leveling out, with some of this being offset by a section of migrants choosing to return home.

Between 1991 and 2001, half of Britain’s popu- lation growth was due to immigration, although it is impossible to predict, with any degree of cer- tainty, what will happen next.

29 30 Countywide Review 2009 wish tosettle permanently. return home,othersto stayabitlonger, others to people’s plansforhow longtheyintendtostay. and socialinteractionare alsoimportantlyrelated stayed theiroriginallegalentryvisastoBritain. to manualwork,mostofwhommayhaveover- they workinarangeofsectorsfrom professional in themediaas‘illegalimmigrants’We knowthat from allovertheworld,peoplegenerallydescribed Project) AbroadUK between1971and2001(BBC:Born Fig 9 Many onlyplantowork forashorttimeandthen ofimmigrantintegration Legal status,patterns theUKthere areWithin ‘undocumented’people Illegal Immigrants Figure 9setsoutthepopulationchangesin of Total abroad as% People born abroad People born All People .551 .57.53 5.75 4,301,280 5.14 57,103,331 3,153,375 4.55 2,751,130 54,888,744 2,390,759 53.550,270 52,559,260 9118 912001 1991 1981 1971 on theFire Service dresses thatcondition. as bothacondition,and asetofpoliciesthatad- re-think thenature ofmulticulturalismintheUK ‘super-diversity’, infact.The Servicewillneedto plicated picture ofcurrent immigrantdiversity-a creased migration. in someareas haveonlybeenprevented byin- cannot bedenied.Incontrast,population falls nantly thestoryofsouth.Itseconomicpull - andtheimmigrationstoryofBritainispredomi- newcomers are. rates ofchange,theactualnumbersandwho tory change–butthere are great differences inthe consist ofyoungfamilies,otherssinglepeople. men (60-70%).Somegroups are more prone to while mostAlgerians,KosovarsandAfghansare Filipinos andThaisintheUKare women(70-80%), nomic livelihood.Forexample,mostSlovakians, crucial variablesindeterminingsocialandeco- ate migrantgroups -genderandfamilystatusare Affects ofIncreased Diversity and Immigration What canbeseennowisavastlymore com- continuestoseethegreatest change Every region ofBritainhasexperiencedmigra- Conclusion There are manyothersocialtraitsthatdifferenti- Britain is one of the most diverse societies in the world. In recent years and for the first time since records began in the 1970s, immigrants from out- side the Commonwealth and Europe have made up the largest group of new arrivals.

While immigration to Britain in the past has calls at Control to directing firefighters’ search in been overwhelmingly from just a small number of a building. It is unrealistic to expect firefighters to nations, recent immigrants have come from a learn the many languages which may be spoken much wider range of countries. within their areas, but they will need to know how to access interpreters if need be. Such ‘super diverse’ patterns are hard to cap- ture through frequently-used categories for de- As the number and diversity of people living in scribing ethnic groups such as ‘White’, ‘Black’ Essex increases so will the desire to reflect those and ‘Asian’ - and almost certainly this largely un- communities within the workforce of Essex. recorded and growing diversity will have an impact on the Fire Service. Many immigrants will be unfamiliar with basic practices within the home and possibly the safe Fig 10 use of electrical appliances. Those entering from Third world countries are likely to be living in over- crowded conditions in the more deprived areas of Essex. This low cost accommodation is becoming a larger problem due to these premises now com- ing under the current Fire Safety Order This will in itself create a new high risk group which will need to be identified and responded to by the Service Diversity in the form of fire safety enforcement, education

Risk Analysis

Evidence has shown that migrants and illegal immigrants may often be living and working in conditions which are likely to place them at high A wider range of countries means a greater varie- risk from death or injury from fire. The emergence ty and complexity of cultures, languages, religions, of this new high risk group is in danger of going social structures and practices which firefighters un-noticed and unrecorded if the Service fails to will come into contact with on a daily basis. They engage with the ethnic and migrant community. will need a heightened degree of understanding The Service will need to ensure that it has suit- and cultural awareness to ensure their actions and able partnerships in place in-order to obtain and behaviours are not misunderstood or wrongly in- record the necessary information. The Service will terpreted. There will also be a need to inform and need to examine its own diversity make-up to en- educate the different nationalities of the role and sure that it is able to meet the needs of its whole responsibilities of the Fire Service. community.

Lack of communication and understanding cre- 12 Home Fire Safety Visits provide households with free advice on all ated by language barriers may impact adversely aspects of fire safety in the home. A free smoke alarm will also be fitted on workplace fire safety, community safety and during the visit, with fire service staff explaining how to maintain it correctly operational response, from receiving emergency and how to develop and carry out a fire action plan in the event of a fire. 31 32 Countywide Review 2009 generations, butatanolderage. number ofyearssevere disability, asprevious caring forpeoplewhoare experiencingthesame thattheyarehas risen.Healthworkerswarn now people generallybegintoexperiencepoorhealth health tendstodeclinewithage,theageatwhich are experiencingbetterhealthforlonger. Although pared to30%nationally(seefigure 11). ably higherthanthatseennationally, 44%com- growth inthis‘older’bracketEssexisconsider- able amount,witha44%riseinover85s.The very oldpeoplehasgrown bythemostconsider- in thepopulationofEssex(5%).Thenumber 12%, overtwiceasmuchtheoverallincrease 1991 and2001,thenumberofover65sgrew by Along withanincrease inlifeexpectancy, people Health The populationofEssexisageing.Between Background Older PeopleinEssex safety matters. time beingspentbythe Service,addressing fire current regulations andguidance, causingmore care whichisfurtherstretching theboundariesof These homesare providing an intenselevelof are anincreasing numberofResidentialHomes. ing ontheServiceinanumberofways.There matic fire alarmsattendedbytheService. cant contributortothenumberofunwantedauto- noted thatthistypeofpremises hasbeenasignifi- homes willalmostcertainlyincrease. Itshouldbe and subsequentlythenumberofresidential care in this‘older’bracketfigure shouldrisefurther theexpectedgrowth 16% fortheover85s.With lishments, at75-84yearsofageitis3%,risingto in thenumberofpeoplelivingcommunalestab- erty outright.There hasalsobeenasignificantrise people. Themajorityofpensionersowntheirprop- ing more likelyingeneraltolivealonethanyounger this total,80,000livedalonewithpensionersbe- senting athird ofthetotalhouseholdsinEssex.Of holds withsomeoneofpensionableage,repre- older peopleinthefuture are likely tomakeupanincreasing proportion of groups ishigherinyoungeragegroups, sothey the proportion ofpeoplefrom non-whiteethnic from the‘WhiteBritish’ethnicgroup. However, (see figure 11). urban districtsat18%andruralwith22% fies adifference inthenumberofpensioners 30%. TheOffice ofNationalStatisticsalsoidenti- range from 17%to21%,Tendering hasnearly pensionable ageinallotherdistrictscoversa4% tween Tendering andotherdistricts.Whilethe These increasing numberofelderlyare impact- In 2001Essexhadfewerthan180,000house- Housing The vastmajorityofolderpeopleinEssexare Ethnicity Essexthere issignificantvariationbe- Within Distribution Population by Age and Gender, Essex and Districts Fig 11 Source Essex Resillience Forum Community Risk Register

Population Males Female 0-14 15-29 30-64 65+ Basildon 165668 80035 85633 33208 30976 77088 24396 Braintree 132179 65060 67119 26120 22085 64217 19757 Brentwood 68456 33203 35253 12221 10634 32993 12608 Castle Point 86608 42319 44289 15514 14203 42117 10405 Chelmsford 157072 77428 79644 29333 28966 75759 22984 Colchester 155796 77123 78673 29100 31859 71887 22950 Epping 120896 58608 62288 22402 19496 58606 20392 Forest Harlow 78768 38217 40551 15896 15523 35769 11580 Maldon 59418 29452 29966 11443 9007 29865 9103 Rochford 78489 38139 40350 14572 12270 37943 13704 Southend 160257 76749 83508 30185 27287 72043 30742 Thurrock 143128 69669 73459 29566 28330 66553 18679 Tendring 138539 66265 72274 22777 18657 61047 36058 Uttlesford 68946 34344 34602 13236 10530 34657 10533 County 1614220 786611 827609 305573 279823 760544 263891

Also with in Essex all our Hospitals are under office into fires and fire-related deaths, during the going major development and refurbishment period 2000-2005, show that the majority of which is leading to more consultation work for the deaths occurred in homes. The highest fire fa- Fire Safety Officer. tality rates were people aged 80+. Although fire deaths overall continue to fall those persons in The concentration of over 65s will increase dra- the over 80s group consistently have the high- matically as the baby boom children of post war est death rates compared to the age group 11 to settlers reach retirement. This nation wide prob- 16, which consistently has the lowest fire-related Older People in Essex lem will be magnified in Essex: over 13% of local death rates. people are within ten years of their sixty fifth birth- day; over 26% are within twenty years. As more Although the older population of Essex is in- people retire, we will see a steep change in the creasing, the health and general mobility and ratio of older people to working age people. There well-being of the elderly is also improving. It is were 3 working age people for every older person the ‘above average growth rate’ of the over 80s in 2003; we can expect to see only 2.2 in 2008. group, living alone in domestic dwellings, within Essex will see increases not just in over 65s, but Essex that potentially raises the risk of fire deaths in the over 75 and over 85s too. By 2028, Es- increasing within the county. sex’s over 85’s population will have doubled from 26,800 to over 58,200. This could have a profound There appears to be no reason why the prefer- effect on the Service as over 65s are considered ence for older people within Essex to retire to Ten- as one of our “At Risk Groups”. This will also have dering and costal areas should not continue and a profound affect on local government as this will consequently the level of persons ‘most at risk in place a large financial burden upon them. these areas’ to subsequently rise.

What future risks arise from the older The number of ethnic minority people within the population group? elderly group can also be expected to rise over the next twenty year period; many will have lived in the Publications by the National Statistics UK for most of their adult life with problems such 33 34 Countywide Review 2009 Fig 12 tionship shouldfocusonshared dataandshared and otherkeypartners.Thiscloserworkingrela- it mustalsoworkmore closelywithsocialservices cation strategiesthatfocusonhigherriskgroups, effective indeliveringitsmarketingandcommuni- join thecommunitiescreated particularly forelderlyrelatives whosubsequently with communitiesoutsideoftheirownmayreduce, minority communitygroups grow theirinteraction as languagebeinglessofanissue.However, as these groups thantheFire Service. the Aged,haveahigherdegree ofinteractionwith other agencies,suchassocialservicesandHelp category. Itisclearfrom existinginformationthat place more peopleinthe‘highestriskfrom fire’ of 200.Theyearslostare calculatedas75minusageatdeath. (74.5 x2,yearslost)andone24yearold(51inanSOAwithapopulationof1000wouldresult inaYPLLfigure 1000 membersofthepopulationoverayear. Forexample,otherthingsbeingequal,thedeathoftwooneyearoldchildren lation. Soafigure of200foranSOAindicatesthatyearspotentiallife,afteradjustment, havebeenlostper The Years ofPotentialLifeLost(YPLL)indicatorisanannual,ageadjusted,rateyearspotentiallifelostper1000pop The Years ofPotentialLifeLost(YPLL)indicator Copyright (Source PFKAuditCommission) Health Inequalities:Essex(IncludingSouthend-on-seaandThurrock Not onlymusttheServicebecomemore A riseinthenumberofolderpeoplewill What doesthismeanfortheFire Service? by their children.

working toreduce thisgrowing risk. carry-out thenecessaryHFSV’s andpartnership reflects theneedtoprovide sufficient resources to the Servicemustensure itslonger-term planning fires withinthisagegroup isanobviousoneand of anincrease indeathsandinjuries,asaresult of pectancy reaching wellintotheeighties.Therisk creasing olderpopulationinEssexwithlifeex- in thehome.Thestatisticsclearlypointtoanin- in termsofdeathsorinjuriesasaresult offires 80 yearsandoverrepresent thehighestriskgroup outcomes, mutuallycontributingtojointsuccess. Evidence hasshownthatthosepersonsaged Risk Analysis u-

Essex Operational Area – Accidental Dwelling Fires from 2006/07 to 2007/08 and years of potential Life Lost. Copyright (Source PFK Audit Commission) The white markers represent individual accidental dwelling fires from the period of 2006-2009. This has been overlaid on the potential life lost due to health inequalities.

Fig 13 Older People in Essex

35 36 Countywide Review 2009 Fig 14 fires is more ofaconcentrationmultipledwellingfires. Yellow markersrepresent fire injuriesandred markersrepresent fatal The bluecircles represent areas where asmallnumberofdwellingfires haveoccurred. Areas oflightblueshowwhere there All DwellingFires 2005-2008 Areas of Multiple Deprivation, Essex Figures 12 to 15 shows that our dwelling fires are mostly in our more densely populated areas and using the demographics from partner agency’s we can see that these areas are also the most deprived and where the life expectancy is low

Fig 15 Older People in Essex

37 38 Countywide Review 2009 nraei evc ot Lackofavailablefunding Greater demandforspecialistskills(translators, Increase inService costs services (HFSV’s) Greater demandforCommunity Safety Increase ineconomicloss injuries Increase inthenumberoffire deathsand Impact Increase inthenumberofun-wantedAFA’s Greater numberofpersonsinhigherrisk(80+years)group Unrepresentative workforce Unable toeffectively communicatewithimmigrantcommunity Increase inthenumberofpersonsconsidered tobeatahigh-riskfrom fire Increase inRoadTraffic Collisions Risks Increase inolderpersonswhowillbeenteringtheover80sagegroup inthenext5and10years Increase inthediversityofpersonslivingEssex Increase inthenumberofimmigrantslivingandworkingEssex Increase inthenumberofvehicles,ownedanddrivenbyyoungpersons Hazards Hazards, Risks,Impact&Opportunitiesof Demographics inEssex Greater demandonfirefighting resources community workers) Increase inprimaryfires Lack of awareness amongst migrant Lack of service uptake community of services available

Services not informed by local need Reduction in other activities i.e. training

Difficulty in reaching high risk groups Rise in serious or fatal RTC incidents involving (data collection) young persons

Increase in the number of Blue light Negative impact on BVPI’s movements

Increased consultations with WFS staff Increase in audits of high risk premises

Increase in enforcement action due to poor Increase in use of FSO’s time to organise and understanding of uk regulations take part in preventive work

Increased use of translation service

Opportunities

Opportunities to improve the care of the elderly and the education of the young through the promotion of passive and proactive fire suppression/detection systems in domestic premises and the delivery of more intelligent and focused road traffic safety education. Demographics of Essex

39 40 Countywide Review 2009 going tocompoundthe situation. land development,housing andbusinessisonly infrastructure networktheexpected expansionin cramped, overloadedtrains. Basedonthecurrent the limit,resulting inheavytraffic congestionand commuters are pushingroad andrailnetworksto county’s transportnetwork;increasing levelsof substantial volumesoftraffic duringholidayperiods. Essex andtheEastofEnglandwhichgenerate and there are manyothertouristattractionsin is amajorattractionforsailingandwater-sports, quarter workoutsideofEssex.TheEssexcoastline Essex travellongdistancestoworkandnearlya Manyresidentsdispersed settlementpattern. of to London,Europe,gatewaysanda international ral. Travel are patterns influencedbytheproximity development andpartsofwhichare largelyru- tions ofindustrial,commercial andresidential of whichare highlyurbanisedwithconcentra- County Development& Transport Infrastructure The increase intraffic hashadanimapctonthe Essexcoversalargeanddiversearea, parts Background

housing, seaandairportssocialregeneration. numerous ambitiousdevelopmentplanscovering ties inthecountrytermsofinfrastructure with and ShellHaven. complexes atHarwichInternational, Stansted; andsomeofthenation’s busiestport London; Europe’s fastestgrowing airport,London going toandfrom oneoftheworld’s largestcities, everyday. Theysupportpeopleandgoods well overhalfamillionpeopletoandfrom work port network county’s infrastructure andinparticularitstrans- ating economicbenefit,willalsoimpacton the Essex isoneofthefastestgrowing coun- At present Essexroad andrailnetworkstake What isthepresent volumeofmovements? Most ofthedevelopmentplans,whilstgener-

Internal commuting equates to over 300,000 internal journeys within Essex. With the exception of London there is limited out-commuting from Essex to adjoining counties and this tends to be balanced by similar numbers of in-commuters to Essex.

In January 2009, the Essex Chief Executives Associations (Economic and Housing Issues Sub-Group) stated in their “Strategic Countywide Economic & Housing Issues “publication that the “housing and economic growth that Essex has delivered in the past 30 years or so has not been matched by sufficient infrastructure needs”. Fur- thermore, the paper states that those needs are significant and wide ranging. The greatest need focuses on a range of significant transportation (road, rail and passenger transport) improve- ments, the delivery of which is critical to the longer term prosperity of the County and it’s ability to ac- commodate further growth.

Fig 15a

Internal Commuting Journeys External Commuting Journeys

Essex 384,100 Essex to London 112,200 County Development

London to Essex 23,340

Essex to 15,970

Hertfordshire to Essex 13,560

Essex to 3,190

Cambridgeshire to Essex 3,550

Essex to 9,570

Suffolk to Essex 8,870

Essex Issues Jan 2009- Strategic Countywide Economic & Housing Issues

41 42 Countywide Review 2009 Fig 15b Across Essexthemostsignificanttransportationinfrastructure requirements canbeidentifiedas: Essex IssuesJan2009-Strategic CountywideEconomic&HousingIssues Thurrock andBrentwood Southend andRochford Basildon andCastlePoint Harlow andEpping Braintree andUttlesford Thurrock andBrentwood Chelmsford andMaldon Braintree Uttlesford Tendring Colchester and Command Area ECFRS Community ShellHaven 26 –31 M25 wideningjunctions A120 Improvements sted airportaccess improvements toStan- improvements and M11 junction7 A12 improvements junctions 27–31 M25 improvements LocallySignificant A120 Improvements A12 Improvements Bathside Bay RegionallySignificant Nationally Significant A13 PassengerTransport Corridor C2C Linecapacity improvements Gardiners lanesouthaccess A127 andA1159improvements A13/A130 SadlersFarmIntersection South EssexRapidTransport junction A414 bypassandnewM11 Army &Navyjunctionimprovements Chelmsford area rapidtransit North eastChelmsford Rail Station North eastChelmsford bypass A120 improvements improvements Colchester publicrealm/ centre East Colchesterrapidtransitlink Colchester research park and A133improvements North ColchesterRapidTransit link (Basildon) regeneration access Fryerns/Craylands eration (CastlePoint) Roscommon wayregen- works upgrading Harlow sewagetreatment transport improvements Harlow towncentre school Chelmsford newsecondary highway improvements Local Maldon/Braintree flood alleviation Chelmsford andMaldon Chelmsford parkandride Braintree branchline and Jaywick. , Walton Clacton planning packagefor Regeneration/master package Colchester Urbantransport Hythe Stationimprovements Colchester parkandride Travel networks and travel gateways in Essex Source: Now We’re Moving More Freely, Safely and Efficiently, Essex County Council

Fig 16

Figure 16 shows the travel networks and travel gateways in Essex

Current congestion Source: Now We’re Moving More Freely, Safely and Efficiently, Essex County Council County Development

Fig 17

Figure 17 shows current congestion on the roads of Essex 43 44 Countywide Review 2009 Source: NowWe’re MovingMore Freely, SafelyandEfficiently, EssexCountyCouncil Congestion in2021evenwithinvestment Source: NowWe’re MovingMore Freely, SafelyandEfficiently, EssexCountyCouncil Congestion in2021withoutnecessaryinvestment Fig 19 Fig 18 gateways inEssex Figure 18showsthecongestiononEssexRoadsin2021withoutnecessaryinvestmenttravel networksandtravel be anincrease involumeoftraffic ofaround 25% 17 youcansee thatthecongestionin2021 willreflect thesame congestionthatweexperience todayhoweverthere would Figure 19showsthe predicated congestiononEssexroads in2021evenwithinvestment.Ifyoucompare thiswithfigure Housing and population growth Ten-T envisages coordinated improvements to primary roads, railways, inland waterways, Out of the four major national growth areas se- airports, seaports, inland ports and traffic man- lected by the Government, two will have a direct agement systems, to provide long-distance high- bearing on Essex – the and the speed routes for the movement of people and London to M11 corridor. It is en- freight throughout Europe. A decision to adopt visaged that these areas, along with others, will Ten-T was made by the European Parliament and see significant increases in housing. As the key Council in July 1996, and as a result of this, the driver of economic and housing growth within the EU works to promote the networks by a combina- , Essex is being asked to deliver tion of leadership, coordination, issuing of guide- 131,000 jobs and 127,000 homes for the period lines, and the funding of aspects of development 2001-2021. Whilst the current global recession through a series of projects. The Channel Tunnel will inevitably have an impact, the review of the Rail Link is one example of a TEN-T project. East of England Plan may well lead to Essex be- ing asked to deliver at or beyond these levels of Trans-European Roads within Essex growth in the period from 2021 onwards 10a (see figure 20 and figure 21). It has been estimated t The M11 & M25 that new housing will generate over 500,000 extra road movements (see figure 15a.) per day on the t The A12, from the M25 to the A14 south of Essex road network.

Essex has over 7000km of maintainable road t The A120 from the M11 at Stansted to network. Our road and rail networks take over Harwich half a million people to and from work everyday, and the majority of these journeys are taken by car13 . The average Essex commute is around 10 Traffic congestion miles. National trends show that fewer children

are walking to school and that more are travelling County Development by car. As prosperity in Essex has increased so has the level of car ownership, reaching 1.3 for every household. The result is that 29% of Essex’s strategic highway is operating beyond its practical capacity.

The Trans-European Transport Network

The Trans-European Transport Networks are a planned set of road, rail, air and water transport networks designed to serve the entire continent of Europe. The Networks are a subsidiary part of a larger vision for a wider range of Trans-European Networks (TENs) first outlined in a European Par- liament 1993 White Paper on growth, competi- tiveness, and employment; the transport network is known as TEN-T.

13 Essex Trends 2006

45 46 Countywide Review 2009 England Version October2007 Source: FurtherProposed ChangestoEastofEnglandPlan-DraftVersion totheRegionalSpatialStrategyforEastof Regional SpatialStrategyNumberofnewhomesby2021 Source: EssexResillienceForumCommunityRiskRegister Population bydistrictswithinEssex Fig 21 Fig 20 ony1120368 4.40 1.08 4.10 8.76 38.38 4.63 1.66 25.79 366980 64118 3.57 4.73 33773 16338 4.64 19.22 4176 4.47 16950 35890 2.16 3054 1614220 15.06 68946 138539 33899 32910 143128 33879 160257 4507 78489 59418 15312 78768 61171 County 11003 Uttlesford Tendring 120896 155796 Thurrock 157072 Southend 86608 Rochford 68456 Maldon 132179 165668 Harlow Epping Forest Colchester Chelmsford Castle Point Brentwood Braintree Basildon ouainSz Hcae)Density Size(Hectares) Population Predicated Population Growth in Essex by Districts Source: Essex Resillience Forum Community Risk Register

Fig 22

2001 Population 2006 Population 2031 Population Forecast Basildon 165668 168600 194600 Braintree 132179 139700 180800 Brentwood 68456 70900 86,800 Castle Point 86608 88600 100500 Chelmsford 157072 162800 198500 Colchester 155796 170800 251400 Epping Forest 120896 122900 143100 Harlow* 78768 78100 82600 Maldon 59418 61,700 74,400 Rochford 78489 81100 95100 Southend 160257 159900 179900 Thurrock 143128 148900 183200 Tendring 138539 144600 191400 Uttlesford 68946 71400 85800 Essex Total 1614220 1670000 2048000

Essex Issues Jan 2009- Strategic Countywide Economic & Housing Issues & Essex Resilence Forum Community Register

*Much of the growth around Harlow will take place in adjoining districts beyond the boundaries of Harlow District, including urban extensions in Epping Forest and .

The population of Essex is growing because Even with the current recession Essex’s expan- those who already live in England, especially Lon- sion continues and the East of England plan plac- County Development don, see Essex as a place where they can better es a considerable emphasis on Essex in terms of themselves and improve their quality of life. meeting national economic and housing growth targets. Within Essex the plan proposes the de- Population Density livery of 127,000 homes and 131,000 jobs in the period 2001-2021. Essex’s population was 1,614,200 in 2001, which represents a 5% increase over the previous 10 years. This growth is above the UK average and is contained in a total area of 1416.9 square miles. There were 564,404 dwellings in Essex in mid 2002, which represents a rise of 9% since 1992. Basildon, Colchester and Chelmsford dis- tricts have the most dwellings in Essex, but Mal- don and Braintree had the largest proportional rise in the number of dwellings since 1992. 3,582 new houses were built in 2002, the most being built in and the least in Brentwood and Castle Point. High rise housing

47 48 Countywide Review 2009 the secondrunwayis developed,averagecar ahead. EssexCounty Council2006 the day. of made bythepublicinquiryin1984 andconfirmedbytheGovernment passengers perannum(25mppa) in accordance withrecommendations Essex CountyCouncil to getandleavefrom theairport.Research by on thetransportnetworkaspassengerswillneed figure 23).Thisgrowth willhaveadirect impact making itbusierthanHeathrow Airporttoday(see ger numberswouldrisetoover70millionayear, world. Ifasecondrunwayisdevelopedpassen- making itthebusiestsinglerunwayairportin the passenger movementsto35millionby2015 present. accommodates 22millionpassengersayearat is nowthefastestgrowing airportinEurope and South East.InitiallyaUSairforce base,Stansted vided tosupplyfurtherairportcapacityforthe that asecondrunwayatStanstedshouldbepro- one occupant. 80% ofemployeestraveltoworkincarswithonly ed’s passengerstraveltotheairportbycar, while count suggeststhatalmosttwo-thirds ofStanst- The BritishAirportAuthorities(BAA)mostrecent resulting inahighvolumeofHGVmovements. num. ItisalsotheUK’s third largestfreight airport facilities forupto25million 15 14 Understandingour County–Where weare nowandthechallenges Plans are currently beingconsidered toincrease The Government’s AirportWhitePaperstated Essex hastheUK’s thir Airport growth The airportcapacityislimitedtoa maximum throughput of25million 15 hasidentifiedthatif d largest airportwith d 14 passengers peran-

airport gatesperyear. and 2millionpassengerswillpassthrough the airport willexpandtoemployaround 2300staff airport in2007.Itisexpectedthat2017 the 1300 staff and51,169passengersusedthe At present LondonSouthendairportemploys phases The developmenthasbeensplitinto2distinct which isduetoundergodramaticdevelopment. couldincreasejourneys from 12,600to40,000. highlighted thattheaveragenumberofdailyrail 40,000 to195,000movementsperday. Italso toandfromjourneys Stanstedcouldincrease from 17 16 commence in2009forcompletionby2011 and approvals soughttoenablework advanced planningstagewithpermissions charters. Thisdevelopmentphaseisatthe scheduled flightsandshorterrangeholiday jets beingadoptedbyregional airlinesoperating generation ofmediumcapacity, high-efficiency allow theairporttoaccommodatenew building andarunwayextension.Thelatterwill the buildingofanentirely new, re-sited terminal improved terminalbuilding.Phasetwoinvolves station, 131bedrooms 4starhotel,carparkand includes anewcontrol tower, dedicatedrailway for completionin2009.Thissignificantprogram Informationfrom CLG CasestudyLondonSouthendAirport Informationfrom SouthendAirportCommunity NewsLetter Essex isalsohometoLondonSouthendairport 16 . Phaseonestartedin2007andisaimed Stansted AirportNewTerminal 17 .

Top left, Top right and centre Image Copyright Southend Airport

Fig 23 BBA Stansted Airport Copyright County Development

49 50 Countywide Review 2009 container port intheUK,almost doublingthe Portthe secondlargest Harwich International sea containerterminal at BathsideBaywillmake container terminalfor the world.A£300mdeep are settoestablishEssex asamajordeep-sea wich andShellHaven ontheThamesGateway tainer portsintheUK. Docks isregarded asoneofthefivemajorcon- the collectionandprocessing ofgrain.Tilbury tainer shipsaswellluxurypassengerlinersand of 450acres. Itiscapableofhandlinglargecon- which issituatedwithinEssex,coveringanarea is anotheroftheUK’s deep-seacontainerports passing through theportlastyear. Docks Tilbury 244,000 carsand363,000heavygoodsvehicles passenger ferryterminals.Thisresulted insome the port.TheportisalsooneofUK’s largest to Harwich,andover1.4millionshippedoutof over 2.8milliontonnesofimportswere shipped the UK’s leadingmulti-purposefacilities.In2004 Portdevelopingintooneof wich International Planned developmentsatBathsideBayinHar- EssexhassubstantialportfacilitieswithHar- Port Growth Copyright HutchinsonPorts Bathside BayHarwich handle 1.7mTEUsperannum ment. Thenewexpansionwillenabletheportto commercial useassociatedwiththeportdevelop- acres adjacenttotheportwillbedevelopedfor 462,000 TEUsperannum.Anarea offortyfive for 28,000TEUs multaneously. Theexpansionwillincludestorage four deep-seacontainervesselstobehandledsi- total quaylengthto300metres, enablingupto 19 18 additional 70-80,000vehicle movementsaweek. ing from thesetwodevelopments willgeneratean the combinedadditionaltraffic movementsaris- handles 2mTEU’s perannum.Itisestimatedthat passing through itsterminal.Felixstowecurrently vessels withacapacityfor3.5millionTEUs year 2.3 kmlongquayproviding berthsforupto10 largest portoperationsworldwideitwillincludea finery hasthepotentialtobecomeoneofP&O’s the ShellHavensite.The1,500acre formerre- build amajorterminalintheThamesGatewayon Harwich International ContainerTerminalHarwich International Report. Twenty-Foot Equivalent Units,theindustrymeasure ofcapacity Work isalready underwaybyDubaiWorld to 18 andarailterminalcapacityof 19 . Fig 24 Dubai World Copyright Hutchinson Ports

Fig 25

Rail The expansion of the rail network, after the de- velopment of the channel tunnel, has resulted in Essex is served by three major rail routes radiating London & Continental Railways building and op- out of London and providing daily transport to our erating the Channel Tunnel Rail Link which will see County Development large commuter belt: high speed trains passing under and over parts of and Thurrock. t and Branches Cross Rail, is a £16bn rail scheme which will link t and Branches Maidenhead, to the west of London, with Shen- field in Essex, passing directly through the City of t London, Tilbury and Southend-on-sea Line London. Construction is due to begin in 2010 with trains running from 2015, it is not expected to be Essex also has close links to the Trans European complete until 2017 and is set to carry 200m pas- railway network: sengers a year. The plans are for twenty trains an hour during peak periods, traveling at 100mph, to t London Liverpool Street to carry the expected 160,000 passengers at peak periods t London Liverpool Street to Although travel by car remains the predominant t London Fenchurch Street to means of personal transport, a third of all Essex workers commute out of the county to work and t Stansted Airport to Harwich over 52,000 people a day commute into Lon- don and South Essex districts. The affects of in-

51 52 Countywide Review 2009 Fig 26 the county. sex oftheRegionalSpatialStrategyandgrowth surrounding The abovediagramshowstheimpactandpressure onEs- Source: EastofEnglandRegionalAssembly Spatial StrategyIssuesAffecting Essex River LeaBroxbourne Hertfordshire 30/07/12 – 02/08/12Whitewater raftingevent, opens 14/07/12 HadleighCastle mountainbikevenue Opens 13/07/12 OlympicVillage below. The programme ofeventsfor2012issummarised Stansted airport. in lightofpressures suchasthedevelopmentof volume offreight transportedbyrailare expected ices. Increases inbothpassengernumbersand scope forincreasing carriagestoexistingserv- capacity onexistingkeyroutes andonlylimited recognition thatthere islittlescopeforincreasing can becopedwithbyexistingraillinks.There is travel islikelytoincrease atapacefasterthan also impactontherailnetwork.Demandfor creased housingandeconomicdevelopmentwill London 2012Olympics t t t Olympics gateway eitherviaair, road, railandsea. of teamsandvisitorsbeusedasatransport during gamestimeEssexwillshare inthehosting dition, duringthelongbuilduptogamesand ing ofbuildingmaterialspriortothegames.Inad- modation forconstructionworkersandthehold- Essex anidealbasefortheprovision ofaccom- ty totheOlympicParkatStratford. Thismakes this event. will provide aproportion oftheinfrastructure for shire Essexborder atBroxbourneandthecounty ter raftingvenueistheRiverLeaonHertford- ing takingplaceatHadleighCastle.Thewhitewa- will hostanOlympiceventwiththemountainbik- the London2012OlympicGames.Thecounty closes 14/09/12 OlympicVillage 09/09/12 Paralympicsclosingceremony 29/08/12 Paralympicsopeningceremony 12/08/12 Gamesclosingceremony Hadleigh CastleEssex 11/08/12 –12/08/12Mountainbikingevent 27/07/12 Gamesopeningceremony Predicted StatisticsfortheLondon2012 Essex borders Londonandistheclosestcoun- Essex isasignificantpartnerinthehostingof freight. Airport isthe favoured choicefortransient experience anincrease in usage asStansted M11 andsurrounding road infrastructure will vehicle movementsper hour. servicing theOlympicPark,with150goods isthesiteofamajorlogisticscentre work. dation withinanhourcommutefrom placeof work ontheOlympicsiteandseekaccommo- 22,000 constructionworkersare expectedto t Essex will host a large number of park & ride congestion on the roads, increasing journey times and/or park & rail sites during the 2012 games. which will impact on the economy, environment and road safety. At current levels 29% of the t In response to individual bids placed. Essex county’s strategic highway network is operating will receive Olympic teams in various training beyond its practical capacity and without signifi- camps and venues throughout the County. cant change this will increase. t Through the Cultural Olympiad there will be of- An increase in total vehicle movements com- ficial cultural events involving large gatherings bined with increases in the number of heavy of the public, closer to the time of the 2012 goods vehicles and the impact of climate change Games. It is anticipated there will also be simi- may cause the road network to deteriorate at a lar unofficial cultural events. faster rate than it can be repaired. t Nine million tickets are expected to be sold for The overall increase in road, air, rail and sea the 2012 Games with an approximate 140,000 transport movements will increase the risk of voluntary and paid work force. transport accidents, the nature of which may be local or county-wide in their impact. Isolation of a t As a result, a high demand will be placed on major transport route or service will have a signifi- available accommodation. Ticket holders and cant impact and knock-on effect on congestion. visitors may be looking to stay in the neigh- An increase in freight movements will bring an bouring areas of Herts, Bucks, Essex, Kent, increase in dangerous goods being transported Surrey and Middlesex as well as London. around and through the county. t In response, it is anticipated there will be a Risk Analysis large number of official and unofficial types of accommodation, including campsites, cara- Nationally in 2004, there were 6.1 accidents for van parks, temporary hostels and converted every thousand vehicles, 19% of these accidents 20

living spaces. were serious or fatal . The expected rise in car County Development numbers and usage is likely to push this figurer The Service is working in partnership with a higher. The impact for the Fire Service will be an number of groups both UK fire service and multi- increase in operational response to road traffic agency in order to ensure that plans are devel- collisions (RTC’s) and the need to expand RTC’s oped and tested for any event that may be con- reduction initiatives. The rise in traffic volume will nected to such an internationally high profile event also lead to an increase in traffic congestion; this as the Olympic Games. may result in delays to appliances attending in- cidents around Essex. The expansion of airports What will be the impact of these develop- and container ports in the county will lead to a rise ments on Essex? in the number of incidents involving HGV’s.

Expansion of the transport infrastructure is in- The varied nature of the loads carried will re- evitable in one form or another and is probably the quire a greater degree of technical knowledge and greatest challenge facing the county. expertise on the part of those officers and crews attending if the consequences of incidents involv- On a county wide scale traffic levels are grow- ing hazardous materials are to be minimised. The ing by approximately 2% each year which means location of fire service resources will also have to that by 2010 traffic volume could have increased 20 Road accidents rate per thousand vehicles, and accidents by severity, by 8% and by as much as 25% by 2021 (see fig- 2004. . ure 26). Increases in traffic volume will increase 53 54 Countywide Review 2009 by thequickestavailablemodes. porting personnelandequipmenttotheincident routes isoptimised,aswillthemeansoftrans- be analysedtoensure useofeffective transport Large increase inindustrialcomplexesattransportheads Increased populationmovementsattransportfacilities Increased liferiskattransportfacilities Increase intherangeanddiversityofvehicledesignfuelsystems Increase inthenumberofdangerous goodscarriedbyroad/rail Increase inthenumberofHeavyGoodsvehiclesonroadways Increase inthenumberofcarsonroadways Hazards rae eado prtoa eore Increase inbudget forfirefighters conditioned Greater demandonoperational resources Impact Increased riskoffire atnewindustrialcomplexes Increased liferiskattransportfacilities Increase incongestion Increase inthenumberofaccidentalanddeliberatevehiclefires Increase inRTC’s Risks Hazards, Risks,Impact&Opportunitiesof Development &Transport Infrastructure additional resourcing. tory consultationsandaudits,whichmayrequire work loadfortheWFSdepartmentthrough statu- port facilitieswithinthecountywillincrease the to theretained dutysystem The expansionofthePorts,RailwaysandAir- Firefighters condition to the retained duty Rise in serious or fatal incidents system will be away from their primary employers more frequently

Delay in attendance times due to congestion Increase in the number of calls to Control

Increase in the number of Hazardous Greater demand for specialist skills material incidents

Greater demand on operational resources Rise in serious or fatal incidents

Increase in salary costs i.e. overtime Greater demand for specialist skills and equipment

Increased environmental damage Reduction in resources available to undertake community safety. activities

Increase in the number of Blue light movements Greater demand on WFS resources Greater demand on Fire Safety Officers time

Consequences County Development Inadequate levels of resource to respond to all requirements

Loss of public confidence and support

Economic loss to community

Increase in attendance times

Service delivery response under review

Negative effect on BVPI’s (Best Value Performance Indicators)

Lack of available funding

Primary employers withdraw support for releasing employees

Firefighters conditioned to the retained duty system may not be able to provide fire cover required

Reduction in other activities i.e. community safety and training

55 56 Countywide Review 2009 equipment toincidents Opportunities forthedevelopmentofnewandinnovativemethodstransportingpersonnel Opportunities Increase trainingrequirements inspecialistroles Fire Safety Officers beingdivertedfrom controlling existingrisks Lack ofspecialistequipmentavailabletodealsafelywithincidenttype Reduced focusonmediumtohighriskaudits. Lack ofspecialistandgeneralskillsavailabletodealwithincidenttype The Changing Face There has been a huge change in the way com- of Technology panies across the world do business and with that a rising expectation that services will meet individual’s needs. For local government and Background Fire & Rescue Services there are both threats and opportunities. It is argued that distance has Information technology is changing our lives: no meaning in an e-commerce world and some the way we work, the way we communicate with traditional ways of doing things, justified by the each other, the way we do business and how we need to be local, will disappear. The Government spend our time. Twenty years ago many of the is encouraging innovation and co-operation things which many of us now rely on - mobile between central and local service providers and phones, cash-point debit cards, personal com- wants to drive up technology standards across the puters and E-mail, were all virtually unknown. The public sector and though the Internet is of course a recent growth in Internet use by businesses and vital part of this it is not just about web-sites and home users has been phenomenal. Although we providing on-line information. The Changing Face of Technology

may interpret the future in terms of the present, There is a need to consider how information we also rapidly absorb innovation. It is not easy to and communications technologies will affect predict the pace of change over the next decade every aspect of governing local communities in but a history of ingenuity suggests that, over the the future - from transport to education, from trad- next ten years, technology will play a fundamental ing standards to social services. Local Authorities role in the modernisation of government and the must not forget about practical applications like delivery of public services. using CCTV to cut crime for safer communities 57 58 Countywide Review 2009 tion andadvice servicestoconsumers andbusi- as well providers andfacilitators of informa- ties asregulators oftheelectronic marketplace suppliers andanewenvironment forlocalauthori- create newrelationships between purchasers and available tolocalcommunities. be just afewoftheservicesthatare andmay for asessioninleisure centre are application, bookingandpaying brary books,tracingaplanning paying counciltax,renewing li- and processes, forexample distance. Usinginteractiveforms as voiceandtext,cuttingacross mission ofvisualinformationaswell public accesspoints,andtrans- viduals through callcentres and personalised informationforindi- allowing forimproved accessto week accesstoon-lineservices ness datamore effectively. bling serviceproviders tohar- knowledge managementena- ing powertogetherwithsmarter sion andcontinuingincreases incomput- interactivedigitaltelevi- the Internet, number ofhouseholdsconnectedto happening nowandwillincrease inthefuture. voice commandandtouchscreens. Theseare all dependence onkey-board skills,developmentof cards holdingindividualinformationsecurely, less functional technology, smartcards andswipe bined withuser-friendly interfacesthrough multi- up. Increasing propensity tousetechnologycom- and thewaythatcouncilsconductbusiness. ing thewaypeoplevote,councillorswork also beimportantfordemocraticrenewal, chang- - orimproving high-risehousing.Technology will E-commerce andglobalvirtual companieswill There willbe24hour, 7daya There willbedynamicgrowth inthe The computergamejoy-stickgenerationgrows What willinfluencechange? Nanotechnology ormolecularengineering. ing are growing. Lesswellknownisthethird area, Bio-technology, andparticularlygeneticengineer- mobile phonesetc.Debatesaboutthesecond, Technology intheformofcomputers,Internet, familiar withInformationandCommunications inthe21stcentury.nities andconcerns We are verging, seemlikelytooffer bothmajoropportu- desking’, homeandtele-working. focus onbalancinghomeandwork-more ‘hot- nesses. Workwillchangewithincreasing patterns cal lifestyles andalsoofelectronic intelligence and cieties that replace muchofourtraditional physi- on thewaywelive, emergenceofvirtualso- and totargetingmissiles withpin-pointaccuracy. to phoning,faxingandemailingaround theworld on theothersideofworldastheyhappen; industry. We havebecomeusedtoseeingevents ever were incoal-miningevenattheheightofthat Technology doeshaveimpactsonsocietybut Three technologies,whichare increasingly con- Looking aheadsomesee majoraffects ofICT it is not an external force.it isnotanexternal Technology isde- cal reasons andtechnologiesdevelopedfor ately notdevelopedforeconomicorpoliti- veloped bysociety, orcertainsectionsof happen. Sometechnologiesare deliber- it, forparticularpurposes,itdoesnotjust the latterhaveyettoemerge.Informa- usually already inthelaboratories,while fect onsocietybecausetheformerare generally easierthanpredicting theiraf- tion andcommunicationstechnologies jobs incomputingtheUKthanthere one purposeare oftenusedforcom- ments ofthenext25yearsorsois pletely different ones.Itisunlikely, for fect onourlives.There are nowmore have already hadaconsiderableaf- Predicting thepotentialdevelop- example, thatthemilitaryorigi- terrorists. ed its use by pornographers or ed itsusebypornographers nators of the Internet anticipat- nators oftheInternet robotics that may take over some elements as political response as we enter a world in which humans become increasingly redundant, many potentially we could begin to control evolution. social interactions that involve face to face meet- ings or physical movement could be replaced by Risk Analysis electronic communication, many forms of work could be done without ‘going to the office’ and The risk to the Service from the rapidly chang- shopping can be done ‘virtually’. All forms of en- ing world of technology is two-fold. Firstly, that tertainment delivered to the home and education the Service fails to keep pace with the changes freed from the need to attend school or university. which, almost on a daily basis, occur in the world This could have major impacts on how and where around us in terms of our own technical knowl- we live and on travel patterns. edge and specialist equipment and the ability of our workforce to remain competent and proficient The scope for further change is enormous but in the use of the hardware and software installed. influences in our social systems may well delay, if not prevent, some of the more extreme possibili- The second significant risk to our organisation ties being realised. ICT will probably continue to is that we spend considerable sums of money add to the possibilities of communication rather buying, installing, training for and maintaining new than completely replacing existing ways of do- highly technical equipment and software but fail ing things. Some activities will be done ‘virtually’ to utilise this new technology to its fullest potential but they will be combined with existing and new because our traditional and long-standing work physical ways of doing things. Bio-technology practices may constrict and hold back the way can often conjure up images of Frankenstein in which we develop and move forward with the and other monsters and appear to threaten hu- technology available. man existence, but we seem to have accepted transplant surgery and in-vitro fertilisation for in- The service will complete more workplace fire fertile couples. Farmers and gardeners have been safety consultations using IT solutions, this will cross-breeding plants and animals for centuries. It require investment and continuous training. seems inevitable that bio-technology will become an increasingly important focus of ethical and po- The Service must also examine the way in which litical debate. it communicates its community safety message and recognise future changes to how people ac- The Changing Face of Technology Nanotechnology (molecular engineering) may cess our services and the range and diversity of emerge as a multi-trillion dollar industry that will mediums they may use and where they will be dominate the economic and ecological fabric of when they access our services. our lives. Examples of nanotechnology in modern use are the manufacture of polymers based on molecular structure and the design of the com- puter chip layouts based on surface science. The potential of nanotechnology is immense. It may for example, make it possible to produce high quality products made at low cost with little en- vironmental impact. If the promise of Nanotech- nology is even partially fulfilled the implications for individuals and many industries social structures and economies will be considerable. But it is one thing for technology to make things possible and another for them to be realised. An important driv- er in this respect will be public reaction and the 59 60 Countywide Review 2009 Poor useof funding Failure tocommunicateeffectively withthepublicthrough newmediums Technology notusedtofullestpotential Staff notproperly trained Lack offundingavailable Present technologybecomesobsolete Consequences WFS departmentunabletooperateefficiently Present workingpracticesdonotallowefficient useoftechnology Increased costs Additional training New technologybrought intotheworkplace Existing technologybecomesoutofdatewithinashorttimeframe Impact Technology failure Range anddiversityoftechnologyusedbythepublic Present workingpractices Development ofnewtechnology Hazards The ChangingFaceofTechnology Risks, Impact&Opportunitiesof Unable to response in statuary time frame

Reduced amount of fire safety audits carried out

Opportunities

Opportunities for technological improvements to passive and proactive fire protection systems and the reduction of road traffic collision casualties due to improved vehicular design and collision avoidance systems. The Changing Face of Technology

61 62 Countywide Review 2009 by outsiders, so the domestic and international by outsiders, sothedomesticand international als from and sometimes thecountry concerned times theseattacksare carried outbyindividu- wide rangeoftargets in manycountries.Some- have beencarriedout,or attempted,againstavery Compared withearlierterrorist threats, attacks paigns andengaginginthepeaceprocess. main Loyalistgroups ceasingtheirterrorist cam- recent years,withtheProvisional IRAandthe related tothetroubles hasgreatly diminishedin of paramilitaryorganisationsalthoughterrorism Ireland’sNorthern “troubles” camefrom anumber country intheworld.Thesecuritythreat during more terrorist attacksintheUKthananyother Ireland andbetween19791999there were as aresult ofthelong-runningtroubles inNorthern experienced repeated domesticterrorist attacks The present threat isgenuinelyinternational. Present DayTerrorist Threat Terrorism isnotanewphenomenon.TheUK Background Terrorism kill themselves asameansofkilling manyothers. scale andthese terrorists are oftenprepared to have donethisinthe past,butnotonsucha ing abouttheirnormallives. Otherterrorist groups they alsodeliberatelystrike atordinary peoplego- towers oftheWorld Trade Centre inNewYork, es, orthosewithsymbolicvaluesuchasthe twin such asembassiesandunitsofthearmedforc- targets, victims. Whilsttheyaimatgovernmental regardless oftheage,nationality, orreligion oftheir the mostdeathanddestructionthattheycan, alties. Theyare indiscriminate:aimingtocause but alsopursueseparategoals elements oftenco-operateandassisteachother, groups oflike-mindedindividuals.Thesedifferent reaucratic structures, tomuchlooserandsmaller groups organisedaround clearhierarchic andbu- works andindividuals.Theserangefrom larger information andmoneyflowsacross theworld. cially theeaseoftravelandwithwhich freedoms life-espe- andpossibilitiesofmodern The terrorists alsomakemaximumuseofthe dimensions ofthisthreat are closelyinterlinked. These terrorists intendtocausemasscasu- The threat comesfrom avarietyofgroups, net- September 112001Attack World Trade Centre after

This method is not unique but it has, until recently, Recent Terrorist Activity not been a feature of previous threats that the UK has faced. During the 1990s terrorist groups carried out numerous attacks in a variety of countries. A The people involved in these terrorist attacks bomb attack against the World Trade Centre in are driven by particular violent and extremist be- New York in 1993 and the Paris Metro attacks liefs. A common thread connecting many of the in 1995 were amongst the earliest of these, but planned or successful terrorist attacks in the UK, later in the decade many more attacks were the rest of Europe, the Middle East, South Asia, made in other countries, including in Saudi and North America over the past decade has Arabia, Egypt, Tanzania, Kenya, and Yemen. The been that those involved have claimed to be act- most serious of these attacks came in Septem- ing in defence of . However, the great major- ber 2001, when four simultaneous actions in ity of Muslims in the UK and abroad reject both the USA killed nearly 3,000 people, including 67 extremism and violence. British citizens making it the worst terrorist incident of modern times The current threat level is assessed by the Gov- ernment as SEVERE (as of 4th July 2007). This Since then there have been further, significant means there is a high likelihood of future terror- attacks: in predominantly Muslim countries such ist attacks and indicates a continuing high level as Pakistan, Tunisia, Morocco, Qatar, Jordan, In- of threat to the UK. The Government continues donesia - including the bombing of a nightclub to maintain a state of heightened readiness in re- in Bali in October 2002, in which over 190 peo- sponse to the threat from international terrorism. ple were killed, including 28 British citizens - and Turkey, in India, as well as more attacks in Egypt, Threat level History Saudi Arabia, and Yemen.

t 4 July 2007 There have also been significant attacks in Eu- Terrorism rope: multiple attacks on the Madrid train network Threat level lowered to SEVERE in March 2004 and attacks in the t 30 June 2007 on the 7th July 2005, when near simultaneous ex- plosions on the Underground network and a bus Threat level raised to CRITICAL in London killed 52 innocent people and injured t 14 August 2006 over 700 others. The failed London bombing at- tempt on the transport network on the 25th July Threat level lowered to SEVERE 2005, and the driving of a vehicle into Glasgow t 10 August 2006 Airport terminal building, 30th June 2007, in an attempt to cause an explosion involving LPG cyl- Threat level raised to CRITICAL inders, highlights the continuing threat. t 1 August 2006 The most recent large scale attacks took place Threat level published for the first time. in Mumbai in 2008. The attacks were a series of Threat level: SEVERE ten coordinated terrorist attacks across Mumbai, India’s financial capital and its largest city. The at- It remains the Government’s policy to issue tacks, which began on 26 November 2008 and warnings or advice if this ever became necessary ended on 29 November 2008, killed 173 people to protect public safety in the event of a specific and wounded 308, these events serve to highlight and credible terrorist threat. the continuing threat.

63 64 Countywide Review 2009 cide operative withinthevehicleto get ishitby employingasui- seek toensure thattheir tar- od, AlQaedanetworks often IRA, whoalsousedthis meth- attack. UnliketheProvisional the mostprevalent meansof sive devicewithinavehicleis by person.Currently anexplo- targets invehicles,bypostor ing ricin,intheUK. ting tomanufacture andspread poisons,includ- known linkstoAlQaeda,wasconvictedofplot- chemical andbiologicalweapons”. said “itisourrighttofight[theAmericans]with Al QaedaspokesmanSulaimanAbuGaithalso weapons asadeterrent”. InaJune2002article, chemical andnuclearweapons.We havethe ar weaponsagainstus,thenwemayretort with he saidthat“ifAmericausedchemicalornucle- devices onseveraloccasions.InNovember2001, the West. OsamabinLadenhasreferred tosuch biological, radiologicalornuclearmaterialagainst associated networksmayseektousechemical, less, itispossiblethatAlQaedaandsomeother easier forterrorists toacquire oruse.Neverthe- explosive devices,are more reliable, saferand methodsofattack,suchas the UK.Alternative nuclear devices(CBRN) coalition aircraft inIraq. have beencarriedoutinrecent monthsagainst basa, Kenya,inNovember2002.Similarattacks on anIsraelicharterplanedepartingfrom Mom- These canbedelivered totheir Explosive devices In April2005,KamelBourgass,anAlgerianwith To date,nosuchattackshavetakenplacein Chemical, biological,radiologicaland An unsuccessfulmissileattackwasattempted Surface toairmissiles Methods ofattack

may alsotry toaccessinformation thatmaybeof (both off thecoastofYemen, in 2000and2002). ships usingexplosivespackedintosmallboats has alsocarriedouttwosuicideattacksagainst plosive deviceconcealedinhisshoes.AlQaeda bring downanairlinerwithasmallimprovised ex- Reid’s thwartedattemptinDecember2001to bank inIstanbulNovember2003andRichard devices againsttheBritishConsulateandHSBC include thesuicideattacksusingvehicle-borne perpetrate furtherattacks. their devicesremotely, sothattheycangoonto muter trainattacksinMarch 2004,todetonate terrorists decide,astheydidintheMadridcom- individual orlocation.Onsomeoccasionsthe an explosivedeviceintothevicinityofatarget detonate thedeviceatrequired moment. In additionto physicalattackmethods, terrorists Other MethodsofAttack Other examplesofterrorist explosivedevices Suicide bombersare alsodeployedtocarry use to them, for example by infiltrating an organi- The programme operates at a national, regional sation or securing the assistance of an “insider”, and local level using strategically located fire serv- or disrupting IT systems and computer networks. ices to respond. Essex is one of these strategi- cally located Fire Services and as such is ready The US, UK and Israel, and their representatives to form part of a regional or national response. overseas, remain the prime targets for internation- It works closely with the Communities and Local al terrorist networks, particularly Al Qaeda. Government department. The New Dimension’s work stream includes other government CBRN Locations partners and blue light services including:

Official personnel and property, such as diplo- t Police matic missions and military forces, are still seen as priority targets for attack, as shown by the at- t Ambulance tacks on the British Consulate in Istanbul in No- vember 2003, the Australian Embassy in Jakarta in t Local Authorities September 2004 and the US Consulate in Jeddah in December 2004. t Emergency planning agencies

However, terrorist cells are increasingly looking t Government agencies at less well-protected “soft” targets where West- erners can be found, such as social and retail ven- t Other central government departments ues, tourist sites and transport networks (rail, road and airports), as illustrated by the attacks in Bali in October 2002, Madrid in March 2004, Egypt in July 2005, London in July 2005 and Glasgow

2007. Terrorism

Fire Service Response to Terrorism Threat

The New Dimension’s programme was estab- lished following the 11th September 2001 attacks on the World Trade Centre. It provides the Fire and Rescue Service with equipment, procedures and training to respond to a range of threats including:

t Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear incidents (CBRN)

t Terrorist CBRN threats

t Industrial and domestic accidents

t Chemical spills and collapsed buildings A response to single or multiple large-scale inci- dents will require the mobilisation of specialist Fire t Natural disasters and Rescue Service personnel. This potentially means the movement of Essex firefighters across t Floods and earthquakes the UK for short or long periods of time.

65 66 Countywide Review 2009 tions, propping andshoringequipment, lighting and breaking equipment, timbercutting worksta- vices, communications probes, cutting,drilling includes technicalsearch cameras, listeningde- designed fordemanding andsustaineduse operational incidents.The equipmentprovided is knowledge andskillstoattendthedesignated cles, equipmentandtrainedcrew whohavethe Service. OurUSARUnitisacollectionofvehi- search andrescue (USAR)capabilityfortheFire equipment andtrainingtoforanationalurban people perhour. and are capableofdecontaminatingupto200 easily carriedanderected onsitewithinminutes two massdecontaminationstructures thatcanbe Unit atChelmsford. Aspecificvehiclecarrying of thepublicEssexhasanIncidentResponse others. or supportwithouttheriskofcontaminating to hospitalsorshelterforfurthertreatment health. Theycanthenbetransportedsafely ately onsite,reducing theeffects ontheir to bedecontaminatedimmedi- procedures enablecasualties attack. tion intheeventofCBRN public massdecontamina- bility forthemanagementof Health, acceptedresponsi- ship withtheDepartmentof rapidly theyhave,inpartner- firefighters andequipment ity tomobiliselargenumbersof scene. AstheFire Servicehastheabil- among thefirstpeopletoarriveat the Fire andRescueServicewouldbe CBRN Incident The NewDimensionprogramme hasprovided Urban Search andRescue To facilitatethemass decontamination New equipmentand If aCBRNattackwere tooccur, itislikelythat Mass DecontaminationofthePublicata series oftabletop andcommand post exercises ground Station in September2003,the CAPITAL ercise OSIRISII,whichwas heldatBankUnder- live ortabletopformat. Suchactivityincludedex- ercise activityintheprevious two yearsineither events of7July2005had beenthesubjectofex- has achieveditsintendedaim. feelthatto dateit sine 2003andtheGovernment confidence’. that peoplecangoabouttheirlivesfreely andwith interests overseasfromterrorism, international so strategy isto‘reduce therisktoUKandits sue, Prevent, Protect andPrepare. Theaimofthe egy continuesthefourmainworkstreams: Pur- is farbetterprepared andequippedtodealwith search capabilityisprovided. EssexFire Service pacity airbags.Inaddition,withinEssexacanine and powergeneration,handtoolsheavyca- Almost allelementsoftheresponse tothe Planning andPreparation Required The CONTESTstrategyhasnowbeeninplace level continuestoincrease. In Marchpublishedthe 2009theGovernment and understandingofthethreat atanational level ofthreat aimedattheUK,Theplanning from IraqandAfghanistanmayreduce the Qaeda. target forterrorist groups, particularlyAl force inIraq,Britainremains aprincipal terrorism strategyCONTEST. Thestrat- second iterationoftheirnationalcounter our continuedpresence asanoccupying Although thewithdrawalofBritishtroops ism doesnotappeartobereducing or USAR incidentsnow, thanithasever to havereached aplateau.We know ments ofAmericanforeign policyand that becauseofBritishsupportforele- been in its modern history.been initsmodern The present globalthreat ofterror- Future Risk which focused on the co-ordination of the emer- Securing funding to meet future training, gency response across London, and the interna- maintenance and daily running costs for the tional counter-terrorist exercise ATLANTIC BLUE New Dimensions response is the next project of held jointly with the USA and Canada, which took the New Dimensions programme, known as the place in April 2005, with the UK elements focusing Long Term Capability Programme (LTCP). on London. This relies on funding from Central Government The importance of this programme of regular in the form of grants. exercises, which test capability and drive improve- ments, was shown on 7 July 2005, when relevant Security components of emergency plans developed and tested in recent exercises were put into effect and The high profile role of the Fire Service at major worked well. incidents, the publics’ open and immediate re- sponse to the presence of an appliance or fire-

Urban Search & Rescue Team Terrorism

Essex Fire and Rescue continues to engage fighter in uniform, together with the ability to enter with other emergency responders at local, region- highly restricted areas as a statutory right, places al and national level to ensure regular exercises a need on the Service to be constantly vigilant to are carried out to test the service’s response to a possible infiltration at incidents. The events dur- terrorist incident. ing the recent Gloucestershire flooding, whereby 67 68 Countywide Review 2009 more incidents at alltimesoftheday immediately andeffectively tooneor pability oftheService to respond portance isthelong-term ca- of people.Ofparamount im- ing andaffect largenumbers Essex withlittleornowarn- dent couldoccurwithin means aCBRNinci- bal terrorist threat levels. nicating withtheServiceatall confident andcomfortableincommu- nity ofEssex,ensuringthecommunityfeels to maintainstrong linkswiththeMuslimcommu- the attackson7July2005.TheServicewillneed was shownbythosewhowere killedorinjured in much atriskfrom terrorism asanyoneelse, cultural, andsociallifeoftheUK.Muslimsare as the hugecontributiontheymaketoeconomic, do notthreaten oursecurity-infact,werely on recognise thatMuslimcommunitiesthemselves procedures. The Servicewillneedtore-examine itsdisposal clothing andsecuritypassestoprevent miss-use. all serviceequipmentandpersonnel,including A heightenedlevelofsecuritymustalsoapplyto reached theendofitsserviceandisdisposedof. tenance andservicing,whenthevehiclehas by terrorist groups, includingduringroutine main- all timesandnotatriskofbeentakenused ensuring thatemergencyvehiclesare secure at and useofFire Servicevehicles.Thismustinclude trol is maintainedatalltimesonthewhereabouts danger. at alargeandprotracted incident,highlightsthis pass themselvesoff asafire officer forthree days a memberofthepublicwasabletosuccessfully m i pa p of people. i E dent couldoccurwithi mea b l nicati con nity ofEssex,ensuringthecommunityfeels to mme n eve al terrorist threat ortance ssex w g ore incidentsat alltimesoftheda

The present glo- Risk Analysis In anyresponse tothisthreat, itisimportantto Community Relations The Servicewillneedtoensure thattightcon- T Ri bili maintain he present an fid l n s. s ty ng di s k d ent an

oftheServicetores ate a A withthe a i t na h

ff l i

ect C y an s t li

l O tt stro ys BRN in d l f paramountim e ornowarn com h l i ar d s e ng gl e ge o- S l

ff ong-term ca links f num ervice atall ect orta c

i- i ve

n bl with b l e ers - y tooneo i n commu

the po - -

nd Muslim r - y

commu- of smallIslamicfundamentalistgroups from within community are notdamagedbytheemergence should becoordinated andconsistent. place fire safetyandthenewdimensionsproject and thepublicare notplacedatfurtherrisk. operations are notjeopardised anditspersonnel ing andattendingCBRNincidentstoensure its nel andthatofthepublicwhenpreparing, train- threat intermsofthesafetyitsownperson- in placeatalltimesandunderconditions. planning mustensure thatthiscapabilityremains the consequencescanbeminimised.Long-term that somethreats cannotbeavoidedentirely, but ble toprotect communities.Itmustbeaccepted the Serviceisdoingallthatreasonably practica- of itmaybe,iskeptinproportion toensure that in thatthethreat ofdisaster, whateverthecause gency planningmustmaintainaclearperspective ever formtheincidentmaketake. and trainedcrews necessarytodealwithwhat- complement ofappliances,specialistequipment and throughout allperiodsoftheyearwithfull of

The Servicemustensure itslinkswiththeMuslim Advice giventothecommunityregarding work- The Servicemustrecognise thenature ofthe The wholeapproach toresilience andemer- small w which mayseektodriveadividebetween hi c co communities ofdifferent faithsandbeliefs.

Islamic h maysee mm L Long-term planningmustensure the ong-term p un Se Service isinformedandeducated

fundamentalist i t rvi i e a about theculture andbeliefs s b ce k ou o to i f o of themainstream British

s t diff f t l inf ann d M Muslim Community. h h e r e i e ma re o ve a uslim i ng mustensure t rm nt cu

gr ed f l a t ou i ur nstream di C i

t h a e ommunity. ps v s n id d

an an e from

educa d d b

etween b

b B within e e r li i li e t t e i ed h f s s. f h e s

Hazards, Risks, Impact & Opportunities of Terrorism

Hazards

Long term capability management of the New Dimension’s programme

Security of Personnel, premises, appliances, equipment and PPE

Large numbers of public involved

High loss of Life

Multiple incidents

Secondary hazards i.e. dirty bomb

Public hostility towards Minorities communities following terrorist incident

Control of confidential shared information between responders

Risks Terrorism

Service New Dimensions resources not adequately resourced

Ability to maintain suitable fire cover

Use of fire service resources by Terrorist organisations

Arson attacks on Mosques and Muslim community

Theft of confidential information on local risks

Theft of fire service vehicles, equipment and uniforms

Confusions over appropriate application of current standards

69 70 Countywide Review 2009 Delay indetecting secondaryhazards Longer response timestonon CBRNincidents Insufficient resources torespond effectively tomultipleincidents Public andfirefighters atriskfrom terrorist actions Consequences Conflicting adviceleadingtoincreased risktolife Reputation Increased environmental damage Post traumaticstress Increase inprimary/secondaryfires withinMuslimcommunity Personnel securitychecks Breech ofsecurityzonesatincidents Infiltration ofsecure highriskpremises (Detection IdentificationandMonitoring) Greater demandforrapidtransportationofspecialistpersonnelandequipment Greater demandforspecialistequipment Greater demandforspecialistskills Increase inservicedeliverycosts Resources deployedforlongerperiods Detrimental affect onfire cover, duringandpostCBRNincident Lack ofavailablefunding Greater demandonresources Impact Increased exposure to secondary hazards

Delay in completing mass decontamination

Firefighters suffer mental illnesses due to post traumatic stress

Public and firefighters at risk from terrorist covert actions

Access restrictions to high risk sites

Breakdown in community relations/ law and order

Possible inappropriate decisions leading injury or death

Opportunities

Opportunities to develop search and rescue response capability to any incident.

Develop interdepartmental liaison Terrorism

71 72 Countywide Review 2009 all sectorsacross theeconomynowsuffering. the housingandconstructions marketshard, with of highprofile retailers. Alending drought hashit eral monthswiththousands ofjobslostandacull has beendescribedas beingin‘freefall’ forsev- the Office forNationalStatistics.Theeconomy performance inmore than28yearsaccording to 1.5% inthefinalthree monthsof2008,theworst contraction since1980.Theeconomyshrunk by cession withfigures confirmingtheworstquarterly in January2009Britainofficially slippedintore- cent madeinSeptember2008. 1.7 percentagainstagrowth forecast of0.3per ed thattheeconomywasexpectedtocontractby people outofwork.Inearly2009theCBIpredict- ed toreach 9percentby2010,leavingnearly3m trough latein2009.Unemploymentwasexpect- shrinking 2.5%from itspeakbefore reaching a sion assevere asthatof1991,withtheeconomy (CBI) forecast thattheUKwouldenterareces- The CBI’s bleakoutlookbecameapparent when In 2008theConfederationofBritishIndustries The Economy ments continuing tofrustratebusinessesandgovern- in globalindustrialoutputandthefinancialcrisis its lastforecast inFebruary2009,withfurtherfalls ed thattheworldeconomyhadworsenedsince in thespringof2010.’Furthermore itwasreport- slow andfragile,withGDPgrowth resuming only However itisexpectedthattherecovery willbe pected tomoderateinthesecondhalfof2009. Domestic Product GDP, andtherecession isex- have beentheworstofquarterlyfallsinGross three monthsofthisyear, butthisshouldprove to sion deepenedmore thanexpectedinthefirst ue toworsen overthenext12months, breaking of 0.1%. nual averagefor2010 as awholeofGDPgrowth slowly overthecourse oftheyear, givinganan- Sluggish growth willresume in2010pickingup marking sixconsecutivequarterlyfallsinGDP. cession isexpectedtolastuntiltheendof2009, 5.9% seenintheearly1980srecession. There- cession, whichisnotassevere asthecumulative shrunk byatotalof5.1%theendthis re- In April2009theCBIstatedthat,‘theUKreces- It ispredicted that unemploymentwill contin- The CBIpredicts thattheeconomywillhave 10% in 2010 (10.1%) and peaking at 3.25 million Other economic drivers within the County, in- unemployed (10.3%) in 2010 . cluding those that will affect the future growth of the Essex economy in the coming years are: Businesses are expected to continue to scale back on investment in the face of the recession, t 2012 Olympics and business investment is expected to shrink by 9.3% over 2009 and a further 3.4% in 2010. t Growth of the County’s universities at Col- chester, Chelmsford, Southend and Harlow. The public finances remain under considerable pressure, and net borrowing in 2009/10 is ex- t Expansion and consolidation of major gen- pected to reach £157bn and £172bn in 2010/11, eral hospitals at Southend, Basildon, Har- which would represent 11.2% and 11.9% of GDP low, Chelmsford and Colchester. respectively. The International Monetary Fund (IMF)have acknowledged that the United Kingdom t Success and possible change to the now has the highest budget deficit amongst the London economy with improved links with worlds major economies. London such as, Crossrail.

The IMF recently quantified the impact of the t Development of the Thames and Haven global recession with a prediction of a 1.3% de- Gateways, particularly Bathside Bay and cline in the global economy in 2009. The Fund also (Dubai Ports World) develop- forecast that the UK GDP will fall 4.1% in 2009 ments. and a further 0.4% in 2010, the latter challenging other forecasts that predict the economy will start t Regeneration and development of Chelms- to grow again in 2010. ford, Basildon, Thurrock, Harlow, Colches- ter and Southend. Economic drivers t Continued expansion of tourism and the The Economy Despite the current recession Essex continues promotion of the County’s heritage and to be a major economic centre in it’s own right natural environment providing over 600,000 jobs across a wide vari- ety of sectors. A significant majority of the Essex t Expansion of Stansted and Southend workforce is employed in these centres and it is as airport important as the success of the London economy in terms of delivering future economic growth.

73 74 Countywide Review 2009 form ofhigher salariesandincreased spend and increased wealth flowsintothecounty inthe means many of London.Thiseconomic giantonourdoorstep these portswillbeakeyfuture economicdriver. and Thamesgatewayports.Thedevelopment of in thecontextofStanstedairportandHaven gateway,position asaninternational particularly andSuffolk. to thattotal,more thanthecombinedvalueof was worth£90bnandEssexcontributed£24bn 2005, theentire economyoftheEastonEngland contribution totheregional andnationalGDP. In Essex’s economyiscloselyconnectedwiththat The County’s primaryeconomicstrength isit’s The Essexeconomymakesaconsiderable The EssexEconomy Essex residents work in the capital Essex residents workinthe capital ing. The 21 disadvantage deprivation Essexhasnolargeconcentrationsof and keepbenefitclaimslow. Despitepocketsof They helpEssexavoidlarge-scaledeprivation mately 40%higherthanthoseworkinginEssex. income ofthoseworkinginLondonisapproxi- nomic success. standards andtherefore closelylinkedtoitseco- has becomereliant onLondonforourhighliving Essex andconsequently anynegativeimpacton provide thefoundationforincreasing prosperity in 3% more thanfifty. Smallbusinesses therefore ers havefewerthanfive employees;fewerthan largest. Almostthree-quarters ofEssexemploy- the EssexbusinesscommunityoneofUK’s but fouryearssince1980.Thisgrowth hasmade number ofbusinessesinEssexhasincreased inall Based onIndices ofMultipleDeprivation2004.ODPM Despite pastandpresent majorrecessions, the 21 . However, thishasmeantEssex their well-being and success will affect the abil- in the economic value of crops due to the rise ity of Essex to raise funds through business rates in world food prices and the demand for bio-fu- and council tax. els. Wheat prices have hit record highs and tight supplies of the staple crop have ignited concern Arson is the single most common cause of fire about rising food costs. The rise comes as the in business premises, 45% of all serious fires are UN’s World Food Programme warns that it will as a result of arson. Up to 80% of businesses have to start cutting rations or feeding fewer peo- never fully recover from a serious fire. New busi- ple if it does not get more money to cope with the nesses face significant obstacles in their opening higher cost of food. years and many fail to stay afloat due to financial pressures, it is vital that Essex Fire and Rescue World wheat stocks are expected to hit a 30- recognises their significance to our economy and year low this year, partly driven by the worst proactively moves to form closer relationships. drought in Australia in 100 years, which halved the winter wheat crop to 12 million tonnes in 2007. Given the importance of small businesses in un- Reports of drought and water shortages in north- derpinning Essex’s prosperity it is vital that Essex west China, where most of the country’s wheat is Fire and Rescue does as much as it can to ensure grown, have also spurred buying in recent days. they are safer from arson and accidental fires. Unusually cold weather last year in places such as Ukraine also hurt. Smaller businesses often require more advice and support with regard to fire safety legislation. Demand for alternative energy sources has led The service should endeavour to educate and in- farmers to sow less wheat and convert land to form communities across Essex on the need to crops such as corn, sugarcane and rapeseed, comply with the legislation that can be turned into biofuels. Ethanol, diesel and other liquid fuels can be made from process- As a Fire and Rescue Service we have a statu- ing plant material. But this means there is less land tory duty to protect the lives and ensure the safety for growing food crops. In addition to the supply The Economy of employees’ through the application and when problems pushing up prices, there has also been necessary the enforcement of fire safety legisla- growing demand. Increasing wealth in China and tion. At the same time we recognise the financial India, for example, has led to consumers eating pressures it can sometimes place on business. more meat, which means more grain is needed to We need to ensure our actions are effective, rea- feed farm animals. sonable and within the guidelines of the law.

Rural Economic Value

The British equestrian industry makes an im- portant contribution to the county’s economy. The Horse Trust estimates a valuation in excess of £4 billion in the UK with over 1.3 million horses and over 4 million riders nationwide.

The Service has recognised the value of the in- dustry and more importantly the risk that is present for both animal and owner when animals become trapped.

The Service must also recognise the increase 75 76 Countywide Review 2009 ed facthashelpedshape thedirection andtarget- compared to‘leastdeprived areas’. Thisaccept- from suffering adeathorfire related injury when in areas of‘multipledeprivation’are atgreater risk have consistentlyshownthatthosepersonsliving on theServicetorespond quicklyandeffectively. farmers toavoidlosseswillplacefurtherdemands to protect thecounty’s crop production andassist by consumptionandgrainstocksare tight. For three yearsproduction hasbeenoutstripped the falloutfrom thesub-primecrisiscontinues. have lostground astheworldeconomyslowsand with poorreturnsinothermarkets.Stockmarkets ties havefoundfavouramonginvestorsstruggling next 10years. that Chineseimportsofporkwilldoubleoverthe 23 Indices ofDeprivation 2004 Basildon (22),Clacton (11),Harwich(1),Colchester (5)andHarlow(1)- Figures from theNationalOffice ofStatistics Socio-Economic Assessment 70%ofEssexdescribedasrural,theneed With Wheat priceshavealsosoared ascommodi- The USDepartmentofAgriculture forecasts from foodandheating totravelandentertainment. has availabletospend on everythingelseitneeds, money leftoveristherefore what thehousehold est, buildingsinsurance andwatercharges).The housing costs(including rents, mortgageinter- ured afterdeductingincometax,counciltaxand two dependentchildren. Thesesumsare meas- ent children and£268perweekforacouplewith children, £186forloneparent withtwodepend- £183 perweekforacouplewithnodependent week forasingleadultwithnodependentchildren, which dataisavailable,thiswasworth£100per household income.In2004/05,thelatestyearfor 60% ofthecontemporaryGreat Britainmedian erty (‘poverty’forshort)ifitsincomeislessthan tify andconsequentlytargetareas ofdeprivation. therefore abletogatherthenecessary data toiden- derstands theunderlyingcausesofpovertyandis in fire related injuriesitisvitalthattheserviceun- injuries. contributing toanoverallreduction infire related ing offire safetyadviceandinitiatives,successfully A householdisdefinedasbeinginincomepov- To continuewiththepresent downward trend It is important to recognise that because the fig- rate but is also higher than a decade ago (see ure is based on income which is less than 60% of figure 29). the contemporary Great Britain median household income, that in theory there will always be people In terms of age, children and older people are living in ‘poverty’ even in an affluent society. We at greatest risk of experiencing poverty, with risks know that the highest wealth and lowest poverty increasing for younger children and older pen- rates tend to be clustered in the South East of sioners. Among households, chances of poverty England; nevertheless, Essex contains forty seri- are higher for lone-parent families with dependent ously deprived small areas, those in the most de- children, for households with a greater number prived 20% in England23 of children and for those with younger children. More women experience poverty than men. This The official UK poverty rate is determined through data also reflects those groups known to be at point-in-time surveys. Change in the poverty rate is highest risk from fire. estimated by comparison of two or more surveys. There are two aspects to the causes of poverty. The Service enforces fire safety standards The social characteristics - or personal resources in the common areas of shared accommo- - of households indicate how vulnerable they are dation, ensuring that the risk to owners and to poverty, and the events which actually trigger occupiers is reduced. their entry into poverty.

The economic stability of a household depends on the balance between the household’s needs (mainly a result of family composition) and the in- come required to meet those needs. Poverty is more commonly triggered by changes in income (mainly job loss, then a fall in wages) than by a change in household composition. The Economy

The relative importance of triggers varies by gender. Employment change is the dominant pov- erty trigger for men. For women both employment and family change are triggers, reflecting the fact that divorce and separation are more likely to trig- ger poverty for women than men. Retirement can represent a poverty trigger but its impact is de- pendent on an individual’s employment history.

At-risk groups

People who experience poverty once are more likely to experience poverty again. Poverty in child- hood increases the risk of poverty in adulthood. Adult poverty is associated with poverty in old age. Poverty in one generation of a family increas- es the chances of poverty in the next generation. Working-age disabled adults are especially at risk: the 30% poverty rate among disabled adults aged 25 to retirement is not only twice the non-disabled 77 78 Countywide Review 2009 Source: NowWe’re MovingMore Freely, SafelyandEfficiently, EssexCountyCouncil Index ofMultipleDeprivation,Essex,ID2004 now livefurtherapart.Analysisofincomedata of increasing polarisation,where richandpoor disproportionately wealthier. There isevidence and povertylastseenmore than40yearsago. moving backtowards levelsofinequalityinwealth in Britainhavechangedsignificantly. Britainis iour andenvironmental damage. to deprivation,suchasarson,anti-socialbehav- through thereduction offactorswhichcontribute tect andimprove thewell-beingofcommunities we dohaveadutyandmoralobligationtopro- Fire Service toreduce povertywithinsociety, but Fig 29 Already-wealthy areas havetendedtobecome Since 1970,area ratesofpovertyandwealth Itisneitherthedutynorresponsibility ofthe Fire ServiceRole

risk. will result inalargernumberofpersonsbeingat that thefailure toidentifyemergingclustergroups easier andmore effective butitmayalsomean make thetargetingofresources bythefire service groups oflowersocio-economicpersonsmay and 2000. to livenextdooroneanotherbetween1970 average householdsbecamelessandlikely ing income,increasing polerisation.Poor, richand areas withthelowestincomeexperienceddeclin- in bothabsoluteandrelative terms,whilesome average incomeexperiencethegreatest increase, 2003-2005, indicatesthatareas withthehighest Thistrend towards thecreation ofcluster

Hazards, Risks, Impact & Opportunities of The Economy

Hazards

Business processes and premises

Introduction of new and changes to existing legislation

Areas of deprivation

Risks

Fire and arson attacks

Non compliance by the business community

Increase in primary fires involving business premises

Increase in fire related injuries and deaths

Reduction in funding The Economy Regeneration programmes

Additional burdens on the Crime and Disorder Partnerships

Impact

Temporary loss of business

Permanent closure

Increase in costs to business community

Loss of local jobs

Loss of business revenue

Increased risk to employees’ from fire

Increase in the number of prosecution cases

79 80 Countywide Review 2009 continuity managementandprotect economicgrowth. Opportunities tofurtherdevelopare partnershipwith thebusinesscommunitytoimprove business Opportunities Poor performancefigures Expansion ofdeprivedareas/high riskgroups Poor relationship withthebusinesscommunity Increase insmallbusinessfailures Increase inthenumberoffire related injuriesintheworkplace Environmental damagethorough fire run-off andproducts ofcombustion Reduction inthelevelofavailablefundsgeneratedthrough businesstax Increase inthelevelsofunemployed Economic losstocommunity Consequences Increased environmental damage Negative effect onBVPI’s Increased costtofire serviceandeconomy Adverse impactonCDRPwork Adverse impactonregeneration programmes Increased workload/costsforWorkplace Fire Safetydepartment Operational Service threat to the ability of ECFRS to deliver its objec- Delivery tives. This is defined as corporate risk and is iden- tified within the corporate risk planning profiles.

Having effective emergency response arrange- The Civil Contingencies Act 2004 (CCA) requires ments in place is important for both public and local responder bodies to co-operate in prepar- fire-fighter safety in the County. The 2007 Oper- ing for and responding to emergencies through ational Assessment of Service Delivery (OASD), a Local Resilience Forum (LRF). The Essex Resil- conducted using a CFOA/Communities and ience Forum (ERF) sits at the apex of Essex’s local Local Government developed assessment toolkit, civil protection arrangements. Its overall purpose provides a benchmark for all Fire and Rescue is to ensure that there is an appropriate level of Authorities from which to move forward over the preparedness to enable an effective multi-agen- next three years. Essex has been identified as a cy response to emergencies which may have a Fire Service that is performing strongly in this area. significant impact on the communities of Essex. Operational Service Delivery

As a Fire and Rescue Service our primary pur- Chapter 4 Regulations 15 and 16 made un- pose is to save and protect lives, property and the der the CCA places a duty on all Category 126 environment through prevention against, protec- responders to undertake an assessment and tion from and response to; risk. The level of risk regular review of the risks within a local resilience is based upon an assessment of the current and area and, as agreed by the Local Resilience Fo- emerging risk at local, regional and national level rum, produce a Community Risk Register. and the type and disposition of ECFRS resources to mitigate these risks. The Act establishes a new statutory framework for emergency planning at local level. It ensures Risk, as a term, is not confined to that which that all organisations at the core of an emergency is present in the community, but also exists as a response work together to prepare for major 81 82 Countywide Review 2009 numbers ofpeople. demic orothertypesofdisasterthataffect large weather conditions,terrorist incidents,Flupan- severe disruptiontothecountysuchasabnormal sibility toprovide afire serviceduringperiodsof responsibilities; ECRFShasastatutoryrespon- working groups tofulfilstatutoryandtask-based appropriate resources are madeavailableto ment isbased. upon whichtheriskassess- able worst-caseassumptions risk scenariosare reason- would beonthatscale.The or thatifitwere todoso,it lieves theriskwillmaterialise, Resilience Forum(LRF)be- does notmeanthattheLocal (i.e. theoutcomedescription) nario withintheCommunityRiskRegister(CRR) with leadresponsibility. occurring andidentifiesthecategory1responder tively assessestheriskofaparticularemergency multi-agency, panEssexapproach, whichcollec- responders e.g.utilitiesandtransportcompanies. It alsoincludesrepresentatives from Category2 other localagencies,andhealthprofessionals. 1 responders includingtheemergencyservices, planners andrelevant officers from allCategory sex Fire &RescueService.Itinvolvesemergency Category 1responder agency, inourcaseEs- between theresponding organisations. ess atalocallevelandbybuildingstronger links jor emergencybyimproving theplanningproc- ability todealwiththeconsequencesofama- emergencies withinEssex.Thiswillimprove our 26 co-operate withCategory 1Respondersand sharingrelevant information. Responders have lesserdutiesundertheActandare merely required to ties asdetermined undertheCivilContingenciesAct (2004).Category2 Acategory1responder isanybodyin theUKthathasspecificdu- The LRFmustensure that The inclusionofanyhazards oraparticularsce- In Essextheriskassessmentprocess usesa The Forumischaired byaleadofficer from a his employees.” and welfareatworkofall ticable, thehealth,safety far asisreasonablyprac- employer toensure,so shall bethedutyofevery 1974, statesthat:“It and SafetyatWork Act Section 2 of the Health Section 2oftheHealth 26

changes andananalysis ofanyperceived gap. quired, theimpactofanyfuture developmentsor to breakdown eachpartandestablishwhatisre- the risk.To makeanassessmentitisnecessary deliver therightpersonconceptinresponse to have ontheabilityofServicetosuccessfully the affects suchdevelopmentsandchangeswill pressures,and external itisnecessarytolookat consequently itsriskprofile, inadditiontointernal increase boththecommunityandcorporaterisk. lations, tonamebutafewhaveallcombined Regulations andWorking OnorNearWater Regu- Working atHeightRegulations,ConfinedSpace ices Act2004,TheCivilContingencies changes inlegislation,particular;TheFire Serv- the riskinoneformoranother. Atanationallevel the world’s economies’haveallservedtoincrease and theenvironment, terrorism andglobalisationof macro-level, globalfactorssuchasclimatechange grown considerablyoverthelasttwentyyears.At Region. Kent andthecountieswithinEastern London, andtheotherneighbouringauthoritiesin siders theimplicationsofCounty’s proximity to Authorities ofSouthendandThurrock. Italsocon- whole CountyofEssexincludingthetwoUnitary The overviewriskassessmentprocess coversthe in theCRRwill,asaresult, beregularly updated. subject toconstantreview. Informationcontained A safeperson isanindividualwho hasthenec- ‘The RightPerson…’ – IsaSafePerson The rangeanddiversityofriskfacingEssexhas Risk assessmentisnotastaticprocess andis that willaffect Essexand and longtermdevelopment with therightequipment.’ right place,atthetime, based ontheconceptof: perceived riskwithinEssexis response totheknownand In examiningthemedium ‘The rightperson,inthe The Serviceoperational essary skills and experience and in some cases neering and physical controls, whereas safe per- the specialist knowledge and training e.g. Hazmat son relies upon human factors. However, to say Officer, Fire Safety Officer27, considered neces- that greater emphasis is placed upon the safe sary for the role combined with the ability to apply person strategy in a dynamic incident does not these qualities on the incident ground and at their merely place the emphasis upon the individuals place of work. They are competent to perform the concerned. The organisation has to ensure; the tasks assigned to them. They operate as an ef- correct selection of individuals, the provision of fective member of a team and are self-disciplined adequate information, the provision of any neces- and capable of working within accepted systems sary personal protective equipment, the supply of of work. They are adaptable to changing circum- necessary equipment, the provision of safe sys- stances, vigilant when considering the safety of tems of work to be followed, the provision of nec- themselves and others and able to recognise their essary instruction and training and effective levels own abilities and limitations. of supervision.

Section 2 of the Health and Safety at Work Act The correct selection of individuals is therefore 1974, states that: “It shall be the duty of every key to the safe person requirement and can be employer to ensure, so far as is reasonably prac- seen to augment the concept of the right person. ticable, the health, safety and welfare at work of In meeting the needs of the right person we will all his employees,” and in particular that such fulfil our legislative requirements and reduce the a duty extends to their place of work. This in- risk to our employees’ engaged in operational ac- cludes provision and maintenance of a working tivity to its lowest practicable level. environment for their employees that is, so far as is reasonably practicable; safe, without risks We know the right person must be able to work to health, and adequate as regards facilities and as an effective member of a team. How then does arrangements for their welfare at work. the Service ensure that we have the right team for the task? Before teams can be deployed man- The overriding premise in safety management is agers need to know their capability or else risk to ensure that collective control measures are put wasting highly experienced and equipped teams into effect, because this safeguards everyone. on basic tasks or deploying a team to a task that Operational Service Delivery they have neither the personnel skills nor equip- An operational incident however, can be an ment to be able to cope with. inherently dangerous environment, where imple- menting collective controls may not be possible It is to prevent this very situation that the con- due to the dynamic nature of the hazard environ- cept of ‘Team Typing’ has been developed. Team ment. As the incident develops additional factors Typing sets out criteria that rescue teams need may arise which either require the original decision to meet so that when an officer needs to call in to be changed or at least modified. Decision mak- additional resources they can be task focused ing may become reactive as the incident develops and select a team with the capability, personnel rather than pro-active in the initial stages. Fire and and equipment to undertake the task and know rescue services must, therefore, ensure that the that the responding team will be able to deliver. firefighter is safe when the workplace environment Team Typing allows rescue resources to be cat- is not. This approach is known as the ‘Safe Per- egorised by the outcome they are safely able to son Concept’. achieve, rather than a generic description of who they are or the equipment they carry. Safe places are achieved through design, engi-

27Operational officer who has specialist knowledge through attending specific training courses to respond to hazardous material incidents.

83 84 Countywide Review 2009 have gained through theapplication ofknowl- der-go andthe amountofexperience they cal knowledge,thehours oftrainingtheyun- be basedinthemain ontheirleveloftechni- respond tothatriskinabroadly similarfashion. the expectationasanemployeristhatthey will equately andsafelyrespond tothesameriskand is afirefighter’ acceptsthatallfirefighters mayad- ‘a firefighter isafirefighter isafirefighter’ expressed andsomeCFO as bytheGovernment as regards theirskillsandknowledge.Thisis time) andfull-timefirefighters exactlythesame system treats allfirefighters, bothretained (part- Personal DevelopmentSystem(IPDS).Thisnew abolished.They were replaced byan‘Intergrated elements ofcompetencebecomesmuchclearer. puts andtrainingrequired tomaintainindividual outcomes required ofateam,thetacticalin- deliver anumberofpositivebenefits: How firefighters respond to thatriskwill The suggestionthat‘afirefighter isafirefighter In July2006statutorypromotion examswere aclearunderstandingoftheoperational With t t t t t t The teamtypingapproach hasthepotentialto at alocal,regional andnationallevel. Deliver amechanismforeffective mutualaid key agenciesandvoluntarybodies. bilities, bothwithintheFRSandother Make bestuseofexistingskillsandcapa- dents. and multi-jurisdictionalapproach toinci- Support amulti-agency, multi-disciplinary tem. standards andanationalaccreditation sys- Enhance responder safetythrough national Enhance publicsafetyandconfidence. reduce costs. Maximise efficiency andeffectiveness, and

eight hours training everyweekthis wouldindicate conditioned tothewholetimeduty systemreceive required totrainfor, besupported. Iffirefighters range anddiversityof risksfirefighters are now competencies required tomeet theincreased quired atallincidentsinEssex, inadditiontothe can thecompetencesforoffensive operationsre- the twodutysystems. the amountoftrainingreceived whencomparing week. Clearlythere isevidenceofadifference in tem willreceive onaveragetwohourstraininga firefighter conditionedtotheretained dutysys- average ofeighthourstrainingeveryweek.A system workinga42hourweekwillreceive an experiencewillovercomelearning thisdeficiency. attitude orunderstandingitisconsidered thata whether measured intermsofknowledge,skills, not meetthestandard identifiedforhisorherrole, duty systems. technical knowledgerequired betweenthetwo evidence toidentifyanydifference inthelevelof which allfirefighters are measured, there isno ment ofNationalOccupationalStandards, against theintroduction ofIPDSandtheestablish- With duty systemfirefighters topasspromotion exams. clearly definedbytherequirement ofwholetime ticular role betweenthetwodutysystems,was the levelofknowledgerequired toperformapar- exams inJuly2006,determininganydifference in three areas: to compare thetwodutysystemsineachof system inresponding toanincidentitisnecessary and firefighters conditionedtothewholetimeduty fighters conditionedtotheretained dutysystem In determiningifthere isadifference betweenfire- andskillsgainedthroughedge learnt training. The questionisontwohourstrainingaweek A firefighter conditionedtothewholetimeduty When theperformanceofanindividualdoes 2. Hoursoftrainingundertaken. Before theabolitionofstatutorypromotion 1. Knowledgerequired toperformrole. New Recruits at the Training Centre

a disparity in levels of training between firefighters on the two different duty systems. Operational Service Delivery 3. Experienced gained thorough application.

To asses the level of experience gained through the application of knowledge and skills gained at operational incidents it is necessary to look at the number of incidents attended by crews operating within both duty systems.

85 86 Countywide Review 2009 fire servicenow attendshasincreased the over- atoperationalincidents (applicationstage). available toapplytheacquired knowledgeandskills skills (acquisitionstage) andtheopportunities ing periodsprovided toacquire knowledgeand in termsofthelengthandregularity oftrain- person’ canbefrom eitherdutysystem. be thesametoo.Ifthisisacceptedthen‘theright pectations placedonbothdutysystemsought to sidered tobethesamethenoperationalex- follows thatifthelevelsofcompetenceare con- the present firefighter developmentprogramme. It must decideifa‘firefighter isafirefighter’ within dents whencomparingthetwodutysystems. level ofexperiencedgainedatoperationalinci- gests thatasignificantdifference mayexistinthe retained dutysystem.Theevidencewouldsug- tions crewed byfirefighters conditionedtothe duty systemattendmore incidentsthanfire sta- crewed byfirefighters conditionedtothewholetime Fig 30 The rangeand diversityofincidents whichthe It ismatteroffactthatthere existsadifference To selecttherightperson required, theService Evidence showsthatingeneral,fire stations

tional incidents system carryoutabroadly similarrole atopera- peal tribunalthatfirefighters workingeitherduty diverse incidentstheServiceattends. knowledge andskillstodealwiththefullrangeof fully acquiringandmaintainingthenecessary therefore require afirefighter capableofsuccess- mand of,anemergencyincidentare genericand required tosafelyoperatewithin,andtakecom- firefighter. Thetechnicalknowledgeandskills and legislativepressures placedonthemodern risen asadirect result ofadditionaloperational ensure asafeandcompetentresponse hasalso of technicalknowledgerequired offirefighters to all complexityofthefirefighter role. Thedegree acquisition andapplication environment. ed canbesuccessfully metwithinthepresent whether alltheoperationalrequirements demand- knowledge willallowtheServicetoascertain on allfirefighters andincidentcommanders.This clearly establishtheoperationaldemandsplaced 28 See Section‘Future Constraints’ It hasbeenestablishedatanemploymentap- 28 . TheServicemustnowgoonto

‘The Right Place’ assessments and maintain them in a published Community Risk Register. Risks in this context The right place is the point from which adequate are those that could result in a major emergency. and sufficient resources can be mobilised in the Examples include those occurring on designated shortest time, travel to the incident using the fast- high risk sites (The Control of Major Accident Haz- est available method, along the quickest routes ard Regulations 1999-COMAH). The Community and arrive within a time period suitable for the risk. Risk Register is the first step in the emergency planning process and is the method used to iden- The risks to the community at this time are re- tify and record the level of risk. It also ensures that corded in the Community Risk Register. The CCA developed plans are proportionate to the risk. places a legal duty on those organisations that are (see figure 31) involved in emergency preparations and response at the local level (responders), to undertake risk Operational Service Delivery

87 88 Countywide Review 2009 The Control ofMajorAccidentHazard Regulations1999(COMAH)Sites ered bytheHSE andoftenhavehighly specialised this legislation. Thesepremises used to becov- cautions onthesesites andthosethatfallunder some circumstances. at leasteverythree yearsandmore frequently in tions thatallplansare reviewed revised andtested tablishments. There isarequirement intheregula- prepare anoff-site emergencyplanfortoptieres- gency plans.TheCountyCouncilisrequired to the CountyCouncilwhenpreparing on-siteemer- tiers, upper(top)andlowertier. within thescopeofregulations there are two establishment. Forthoseestablishmentsthatfall termines theapplicationofregulations tothe type andquantityofdangerous substancesde- where dangerous substancesare present. The The Fire Servicenowenforces generalfire pre- Top tierestablishmentsare required toconsult The COMAHregulations applytoestablishments

local communities solving whilstworkingwiththesiteoccupiersand approaches tofindingsolutionsandtheproblem ditional trainingandresources toallowdifferent processes. Thisnewchallengewillrequire ad- ) NuStarTerminals Ltd g) f) Esso Petroleum CalorGasLtd, e) OikosStorageLtd,CanveyIsland d) BPCorytonRefinery c) ShellUKLtd,Coryton b) CalorGasLtd,Coryton a) Top TierCOMAHSites Fig 31 h) Vopak Terminal The Service has specified three different time periods in which it is necessary for personnel and i) Proctor & Gamble equipment to reach a particular risk. The time period specified is dependant on the type and j) Industrial Chemicals nature of the risk. These time periods are known as Operational Performance Standards. k) Qinetiq Environment Test Centre, Foulness Island Operational Performance Standards are based on where our resources are at present, that is l) Exchem Organics, Harwich to say the address of the fire stations and not a mobile position. Present performance standards m) Carless Refining, Harwich require the Service to attend an emergency within 8 minutes on 80% of occasions, 10 minutes on 90% of occasions and 20 minutes on 100% of Lower Tier COMAH Sites occasions. 1) Serco Gulf Engineering, Historically, it has been accepted at both local and national level that attendance times in rural 2) Stansted Fuelling areas will be longer than those for urban and city areas because the life risk is greater in urban ar- 3) Flo Gas, eas. This three-tier response standard is accept- ed on the basis that risk, and therefore reported 4) Dynamic Fireworks, Colchester injuries and loss of life, in rural areas has always been significantly lower than that found in densely 5) Mistley Quay and Forwarding populated urban areas with significant industrial and commercial developments. 6) Langford Water Works, Essex & Suffolk Water It is necessary therefore as part of the county wide review to assess whether this difference in 7) Hanningfield Water Works, Essex & Suffolk Operational Service Delivery reported injuries and loss of life, and subsequently Water the perception of risk, between rural and urban areas remains the same. Of the wide range and 8) Transco Gas Holder, Eastwood diversity of incidents that the Service attends his- torically, evidence shows that the two types of 9) Transco Gas Holder, Shoeburyness incident in which the most significant reportable injuries and deaths occur are fires in homes and 10) Coryton Energy Centre road traffic collisions.

11) Transco Gas Holder Grays

12) Transco Gas Holder, Harlow

13) Synthomer Ltd

14) Robert Stuart PLC

89 90 Countywide Review 2009 would appeartosupportthetheorythatpersons conditioned tothewholetimedutysystem. This as covered byfire stationscrewed byfirefighters injuries anddeathshaveoccurred inurbanare- the retained dutysystem,butthevastmajorityof fire stationscrewed byfirefighters conditionedto fires is more ofaconcentrationmultipledwellingfires. Yellow markersrepresent fire injuriesandred markersrepresent fatal The bluecircles represent areas where asmallnumberofdwelling fires haveoccurred. Areas oflightblueshowwhere there All DwellingFires 2005–2008 Fatal fires haveoccurred inareas covered by across thecountymaybeseentojustified. el ofriskinrelation tofires indomesticdwellings minimise therisktolife.Thedifference inthelev- therefore require quickerresponse standards to ries resulting from fires indomesticdwellingsand in urbanareas are athigherriskofdeathorinju- Fig 32 Fig 33

RTC’s in 2006 – 2008

Road Traffic Collisions (RTCs) Operational Service Delivery The key attached to fig 33 indicates the extent of our RTC activity relating to the area concerned. A significant number of RTC incidents occur along routes which pass through a number of fire sta- tions’ crewed by firefighters conditioned to the retained duty system, particularly along the M11 and A12.

91 92 Countywide Review 2009 Station Turn-out area basedon8-10minutesTravel Time recovery. the injured personthebest possiblechanceof a lifecriticalincidentwithin aperiodthatwillgive is operationallyavailable. and urbanareas, andsecondlythattheappliance that theattendancetimeisbroadly similarforrural ice response across toRTCs thecounty. Firstly, relies ontwofactorsinorder toensure equalServ- appliances withcuttingequipment.Thisresponse incidentsbyprovidingtime toRTC allfront line The Servicehassoughttoreduce itsresponse in thelevelofriskacross thecountynotjustified. dents andtherefore theperception ofadifference spread across thecountyinrelation inci- toRTC The righttimemeans getting anapplianceto ‘The RightTime’ The risktolifemaybeseenmore evenly

levels. safety andworkplacefire safetytoreduce risk ter-balanced bydelivering pro-active community to Essexandishistoricallyaccepted,coun- standard ofattendancetime.Thisisnotunique the retained dutysystemwhentaskedwiththis for stationscrewed byfirefighters conditionedto of thecountyare outsidethescopeofattendance ing twodifferent dutysystems.Significantareas areabased ona10minuteturn-out whenoperat- ly possibletoprovide anequalServiceresponse, The mapclearlyshowsthatitisnotoperational- Fig 34

Fig 35

8,10 and 20 minute Turn-out areas for all stations.

The blue areas show those parts of Essex that The second criteria for ensuring equal Service Operational Service Delivery receive the fastest response generally. Most, but response is that the appliance is operationally not all of the north of the county is covered within available. The Service cannot respond even with the 20 minute response.(yellow) The white areas the right person in the right place in the right time are outside the 20 minutes response area of any with the right equipment if the appliance is not station, but are predominantly remote rural areas available. Therefore, as part of the county wide with no property or road network. It should be review it is necessary to review the availability of noted that the map above is based on the best appliances. case scenario, that is, that all appliances are op- erationally available and not unavailable or attend- ing other incidents. Due to the distance between stations and the size of the station ground, par- ticularly in areas covered by firefighters condi- tioned to the retained duty system, any reduction in the availability of appliances will have a signifi- cant affect on the time taken for the next avail- able appliance to attend, which may not always be from the next nearest station. (see figure 35)

93 94 Countywide Review 2009 crewed byfirefighters conditioned totheretained period January07toMarch 08,three appliances stations. Onaverage, duringthefifteenmonth The averagesare foroneand twofire appliance 360:00 336:00 312:00 288:00 264:00 240:00 216:00 192:00 168:00 144:00 120:00 6000:00 4800:00 3600:00 2400:00 1200:00 Fig 36 24:00 48:00 72:00 96:00 Fig 37 0:00 0:00 Average month per hours stations conditioned to the retained duty system Jan-

W85 07 W68 Total time appliances unavailable are month per at stations conditioned to the Feb-

W84 07 E48

E19 Mar- 07 E20

W78 Apr- 07 W69

E47 May- E24 07

E18 Jun- E46 07 E42 Jul- E23 07 retained duty system

W86 notare available Aug-

E21 07 W67 Sep-

W81 07 E22

W88 Oct- E44 07

E45 Nov- W87 07 riod. Duringthesummer periodthisrose tofive. to ashortageofriders every twenty-fourhourpe- duty systemwere notoperationally availabledue

W89 Dec- W82 07 E43 Jan- W71 08 E49 Feb-

E17 08 W80 Mar-

W83 08 W66 E25 W79 Average (two pump) Average (one pump) run the off Hours pump) pump) Average (two Average (one Retained Fig 38

Total time appliances are unavailable per month at stations conditioned to the wholetime duty system

1080:00

960:00

840:00

720:00

600:00 Wholetime Average 480:00

360:00

240:00

120:00

0:00 Jan- Feb- Mar- Apr- May- Jun- Jul- Aug- Sep- Oct- Nov- Dec- Jan- Feb- Mar- 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 08 08 08

Fig 39

Average hours per month stations conditioned to the wholetime duty system are not available

48:00:00

42:00:00

36:00:00 Operational Service Delivery

30:00:00 or o ther 24:00:00 Average 18:00:00

12:00:00

6:00:00

0:00:00 1 2 0 4 72 70 31 10 12 34 3 30

Even during the month of August the time spent half that of the average retained one pump station unavailable by appliances crewed by firefighters in any month. conditioned to the wholetime duty system was still

95 96 Countywide Review 2009 Total MonthlyHoursUnavailable Total MonthlyHoursUnavailableDayCrewing Stations 360:00 336:00 312:00 288:00 264:00 240:00 216:00 192:00 168:00 144:00 120:00 6000:00 Fig 41 Fig 40 4800:00 3600:00 2400:00 1200:00 24:00 48:00 72:00 96:00 0:00 0:00 Average month per hours stations conditioned to the retained duty system Jan-

8 07 68 Total time appliances unavailable are month per at stations conditioned to the Feb-

84 07 48

19 Mar- 07 20

78 Apr- 07 69

47 May- 24 07

18 Jun- 46 07 42 Jul- 23 07 retained duty system

86 notare available Aug-

21 07 67 Sep-

81 07 22

88 Oct- 44 07

4 Nov- 87 07

89 Dec- 82 07 43 Jan- 71 08 49 Feb-

17 08 80 Mar-

83 08 66 2 79 vrg m o m t Average e o Average rother o or vrg o t Average e o Average tie etai m m The evidence shows a significant gap between difference in response levels would be in the time the two duty systems in relation to how many ap- taken for an attendance by the Service due mainly pliances are unavailable and for how long. This to the distance to travel, traffic congestion, avail- ultimately results in a reduction in the level of fire ability of appliances and to a degree the opera- cover, particularly in the north of the county. tional experience of the crews.

This document has shown that significant de- ‘The Right Equipment’ velopment is occurring in Essex that will have an impact of the Service’s risk profile. Future devel- The right equipment is that which will safely and opments may widen the gap in the level of service effectively carry out a particular task or tasks for delivery, particularly in areas in which reported in- which it is specifically designed at the relevant in- juries and fatalities are known to occur and are of cident under all conditions. concern to the Service, namely fires in homes and RTC’s. The predicted rise in congestion levels, as Historically, the fire service has used the equip- shown in Fig 19, will have an affect on the ability of ment with which the appliance was provided to the Service to maintain the present performance deal with whatever type of incident the service was

New Recruits using BA at the Witham Training Centre Operational Service Delivery

standards due to slower movement through traffic called to. If a task required a specialized piece of of crews responding to alerters’ and appliances equipment to be used, in order to ensure that the proceeding to incidents. The ability to respond operation could be safely and effectively carried will be further compounded by the reduction in out, and that item of equipment was not carried fire cover due to appliances that are unavailable, then firefighters using a combination of ingenuity particularly in areas covered by firefighters con- and initiative would adapt the equipment they had ditioned to the retained duty system where the in order to complete the required task. distance to travel is greater and the turnout time longer. New legislation, improvements to H&S and the greater availability of new items of equipment The evidence would therefore suggest a two- designed specifically for the FRS market have tier level of operational response dependant on made this practice virtually obsolete. The range which part of the county the RTC occurred in. The of equipment carried on modern fire appliances 97 98 Countywide Review 2009 a significantdegree. Thefirstisthefinancialcost. on anappliancetwofactorsaffect theServiceto of newlegislation. are‘line harnesses’ asaresult oftheintroduction of advancesintechnology. Otheritems,suchas such asthermalimagecamerasare asaresult is fargreater thantwentyyearsago.Someitems, Each timeanewitemofequipmentisplaced whole Service. if theincidents attendedwere spread across the item operationallywillbe significantlyhigherthan follows thenthenumber oftimestheywillusethat personnel are usingaspecific itemofequipmentit the Serviceexposesto risk.Ifasmallernumberof costs andalsothenumberofpersonnelwhich within therighttime. smaller groups capableofreaching theriskareas erational usebypersonnelshouldberestricted to or whethertheequipmentandtherefore itsop- vided withtheequipmentandnecessarytraining whether alloperationalpersonnelshouldbepro- right placetoprovide it. who istherightpersontouseitandwhere isthe new itemsofequipmentitisnecessarytodecide in onaweeklybasis.Therefore, whenassessing the numberofhourstrainingtheycanparticipate exposure tooperationalriskandare restricted in conditioned totheretained dutysystemmaylack ments alsohavesignificantcostimplications. their competencies.TheServicetrainingrequire- difficult togainandwillgiverisequestionsover operational useoftheitemequipmentwillbe erational incidentsaccumulatingexperienceinthe ate anissue.Forthosecrews attendingfewop- ing theequipmentoperationallythiswillnotcre- maintain competencies.Forcrews frequently us- hours willberequired. Thecrews willthenneedto to theretained dutysystemadditionaltraining be awayfrom station.Forfirefighters conditioned ried outduringdutyhours,insomecasesthismay the wholetimedutysystemstationsthiswillbecar- quire initialtraining,forfirefighters conditionedto Every operationalmemberoftheServicewillre- and replacement costs. ated runningcostsfueletc,theservicing,repairs ances withadditionalitemsasspare, theassoci- item foreachofthe94Serviceorspecialappli- The costofpurchasing sufficient numbersofthe This optionwillsignificantlyreduce financial The decisionshouldincludeanassessmentof Previous evidencehasshownthatfirefighters The secondfactoristhetrainingimplication. Future the Government must not exceed our capability Constraints to deliver.

Comprehensive Spending Reviews Introduction The Comprehensive Spending Review in 2007 Representatives of the Chief Fire Officers’ As- was a zero-based review. It established Govern- sociation (CFOA) and the LGA, have raised con- ment spending priorities and expected efficien- cerns to the Government that the three major cies and savings over the three years, 2008/09, resilience projects (FireLink, FireControl and New 2009/10 and 20010/11. In his April 2009 Budget Dimension), together with other initiatives such as statement the Chancellor confirmed that the gov- electronic incident reporting, Equality & Diversity ernment grants for 2010/11 would remain un- programmes and the responsibilities placed on changed but a further 1% in efficiency savings authorities following the changes brought about was required. by the Civil Contingencies Act (CCA) in 2004 are stretching the capacity of FRSs to deliver. We must The next spending review period, from 2011/12 acknowledge that few parts of the public sector to 2013/14 is likely to be more challenging regard- have undergone the scale and speed of change less of which political party is in power. Financial being experienced by the FRS. The challenge this planning is based on a “worst case scenario” of poses for the management team of ECFRS can- cuts in government funding to match efficiency

Total e penditure per 1 000 population 2006 07

70 000

60 000 Future Constraints 0 000 pop 40 000 ot om i e 30 000 etro olita

p per 1 000 20 000

10 000

0 not be underestimated, particularly in terms of the targets and restrictions in council tax increases. financial cost of initiating and then supporting that Under this scenario budget savings of some £5m change programme and how this continued pro- per annum will be needed from 2011/12 onwards. gramme of change will be funded in the future. Rising to the Challenge The FRS is now a key player in local Sustain- able Communities programmes; it has a reputa- In December 2008 the Audit Commission pub- tion for delivering and for acting as a catalyst for lished a report on the scope for further efficiency action. However, the collective weight of national savings in fire and rescue services. In summary expectations placed on the FRS by the public and they found: 99 100 Countywide Review 2009 savings overthethree yearperiod2008/09to firefighter shiftpatterns. fire andrescue authoritiesisfrom changesto est singlesource ofefficiency savingsforEnglish by theAuditCommissionhasfoundthatlarg- the activitiesfundedthrough thebudget.Work reductions intheoverallbudget,butchangesto 1% in2010/11.Theseefficiency savingsare not penditure figures for2007/08,withanadditional 2011, equivalentto5percentofprovisional ex- annual cash-releasing savingsof£110millionby Essex nowhasatargetof£4.2mefficiency The fire serviceisalsorequired tofindfurther t t t t changing circumstances Fire services needtocontinueadapt laboration effective ifitimproved regional andlocalcol- The fire servicecouldbemore efficient and services ance todatehavebeenmadebyafewfire Most ofthegainsinefficiency andperform- can beachieved efficiency savingsworthupto£200million The bestfire serviceshaveshownhow 20m 40m 60m 80m 0m

evised shi t systems rewing 4 arrangements mltv ahbeeiciency savi umulative cashablee M

Other M 18 savings

educed ill- 11 health retirements 7

Other savings ngland to2006-07 2004-0 Ss ngs by F Commission’s report include: Other efficiency optionsrevealed intheAudit safety activityandfrom procurement savings. the reallocation ofpoststosupportcommunity totalling £4.7m: to 2007/08Essexdelivered thefollowingsavings the Chancellor’s budgetinApril2009. 2010/11, includingtheextra£0.7mannouncedin 5JHIUFSNBOBHFNFOUDPOUSPM t 3FEVDFETUBGGJOHBOEQVNQJOHBQQMJBODFT t $IBOHFTJOXPSLJOHQSBDUJDFT t These savingswere largelyachievedthrough 2007/08 £2,252k 2006/07 £1,707k 2005/06 £307k 2004/05 £452k In theprevious efficiency periodfrom 2004/05 Efficiency Savings

orporate 7 services

etter 7 procurement 4 Other 1 ollaboration t (SFBUFSDPMMBCPSBUJPOXJUIPUIFSBHFODJFT decided to end primary crewing of these appliances with dedicated crews. t $IBOHFTJOQSPDVSFNFOUQSPDFTTFT In addition to the centrally negotiated salary The fire service as a whole has reported £185 costs, payments are made to firefighters in the million of cumulative, annually recurring, cashable form of overtime payments. In 2008/09 these- efficiency savings. This equates to 9 per cent of payments were some £775k, around 2% of the total expenditure in 2007/08, and is much higher total pay bill for wholetime firefighters. These than the original target of £105 million annually re- payments are incurred when a firefighter works curring savings from 2005/06 to 2007/08. Almost outside of the designated duty period due to half of these savings has been made from revising fire calls, but more often than not when they re- shift patterns and crewing arrangements. main on duty after the designated duty period in order to ensure an appliance remains operational Looking Ahead whilst the station awaits the arrival of an out-duty firefighter. The annual cost of a station crewed A station crewed by firefighters conditioned by firefighters conditioned to the wholetime to the retained duty system costs financially, on duty system is largely predictable because the average, ten times less to operate than a sta- largest payment i.e. salary is known at the beginning tion crewed by firefighters conditioned to the of the financial year. wholetime duty system . This highlights the valu- able contribution the retained duty system pro- An increase in operational response will only vides towards delivering a cost effective service cause a minor increase in the end salary figure to the people of Essex. The most significant cost due to overtime incurred through fire calls. On incurred in providing an operational fire station is fire stations crewed by firefighters conditioned the salary payments. to the retained duty system the most significant cost is also salary payments. However, due to the The higher cost of crewing special appliances, fact that the end salary figure consists largely of such as aerial ladder platforms was addressed payments accrued by these firefighters through Future Constraints as part of the 2008/11 Integrated Risk manage- their attendance at fire calls the figure is subject to ment Plan, and in December 2008 the Authority variations in operational response.

101 102 Countywide Review 2009 the administrator ofthePensionScheme) butis then theOffice of theDeputyPrimeMinister (as - throughout theUnitedKingdom andwhatwas retained dutysystem–who where FBUmembers ice ditioned tothewholetimedutysystem. additional responsibilities astheircolleaguescon- Pension Scheme,sickpay;andadditionalpay for entitlements tomembershipoftheFirefighters 2000 claimingthattheyshouldreceive thesame The FBUlodgedEmploymentTribunal claimsin against inrelation totheirwhole-timecolleagues. as “part-time”workers,are beingdiscriminated fighters conditionedtotheretained dutysystem, Treatment) Regulations2000toarguethatfire- Workers (PreventionTime ofLessFavourable are regarded aspart-timeworkers. fighters conditionedtotheretained dutysystem duty systemare regarded asfull-timeandfire- service, firefighters conditionedtothewholetime and practiceoftheemployer. Inrelation tothefire part-time workerisdeterminedbythecustom worked. Whoisafull-timeworkerandwho part timeworkerintermsofthenumbershours tain pro-rata termsandconditions workers whobecomepart-time,are entitledtore- treatment canbeobjectivelyjustified.Full-time or broadly similarwork,unlessanydifference in workers, withasimilarcontract,doingthesame non-contractual) onapro-rata basisasfulltime and conditionsofemployment(contractual time workersarighttothesamepayandterms against part-timeworkers.TheRegsgivepart- ment) Regulations2000 Workers (Prevention ofLessFavourableTreat- The caseswere brought against allFire Serv- The Fire BrigadesUnion(FBU)usedthePart- Background There isnogeneraldefinitionofafulltimeor These Regulationsdealwithdiscrimination Introduction Retained Firefighters andthePart-Time employers offirefighters conditioned tothe

were deniedaccess toapensionand thesame tem dutywere discriminated against when they firefighters conditionedto the retained dutysys- the lightofHouse Lords’ judgment. to theEmploymentTribunal forre-consideration in similar”. Thispartofthecasewasreferred back both dutysystemswasnot“thesameorbroadly law indeterminingthattheworkoffirefighters of original EmploymentTribunal hadmisappliedthe from oneanother”.TheHouseofLords ruledthe and whole-timefirefighters were indistinguishable all attendingiseffectively thesame’.Theretained of thefire theactualjobfunctioncarriedoutby noted that“theTribunal foundthat‘atthescene ed overallasthesameorbroadly similar. importance astoprevent theirworkbeingregard- question iswhetheranydifferences are ofsuch component oftheirworkisexactlythesame, that worktotheenterpriseasawhole.Iflarge work isexactlythesameandtoimportanceof weight shouldbegiventotheextentwhichtheir the twotypesofcontractanddefeatclaim. Employers couldnotdrawadistinctionbetween were employedunderthe“sametypeofcontract”. ruled that‘retained andwhole-timefire-fighters’ and theCourtofAppeal.ButHouseLords ployment Tribunal, theEmploymentAppealTribunal duty system.Theclaimswere rejected attheEm- lar worktofirefighters conditionedtothewholetime duty systemcarriedoutthesameorbroadly simi- whether afirefighter conditionedtotheretained retained dutyacross theUK. proximately 18,000firefighters conditionedtothe 12,000 employmentcaseslodged.There are ap- Medway Fire Authoritiesoutofatotal selected from theRoyalBerkshire andKent (DCLG).TwelveGovernment “lead”caseswere now theDepartmentforCommunitiesandLocal The Croydon Employment Tribunal foundthat In theleadingjudgmentLawLord Baroness Hale The HouseofLords statedthatparticular The keyquestionfortheTribunal todecidewas Tribunal Outcome sick pay (pro-rata) as firefighters conditioned to ful, in addition to sick pay and pensions it poten- the the wholetime duty system. The judgment, tially includes training and all other work-related based on the principles set out by the House of payments, including expenses. Regulation 5 of Lords earlier in the case, establishes the right to the PTW Regs states that: equal treatment between part-time and full time workers across a whole range of employment is- (1) A part time worker has the right not to be sues. treated by his employer less favourably than the employer treats a comparable full time worker – The Employment Tribunal found for the firefight- ers conditioned to the retained duty system. That The future implications for an employer are that basically means that other fire authorities would providing the same benefits to those who are in fail if they tried to argue a different decision would law part time as those who are in law full time have been reached in their cases. It was agreed will incur financial costs which may not all be im- with the Fire Brigades Union that the decision in mediately obvious and arise during the financial the Kent and Berkshire cases would be applied year when budgets have been allocated following across the service. The cases looked at the situa- future rulings. The Tribunal’s decision will have an tion in December 2000 when the FBU cases were impact on terms and conditions before and after lodged. the 2003 pay settlement. The financial implica- tions could be greater if they are made retrospec- The Tribunal has currently only decided that the tive. exclusion of firefighters conditioned to the retained duty system from the Fireman’s Pension Scheme If, as the House of Lords states, all firefighters (FPS) and their sick pay arrangements are unlaw- are operating in broadly similar roles operationally ful. A separate hearing will probably be needed to and thus exposed to the same risks operation- decide if they can also claim for different treatment ally, what of the control measures that we employ around payments for additional responsibilities. as employers to mitigate that risk? If you suggest that ‘a firefighter is a firefighter is a firefighter’ then The decision does not require Authorities to you accept that all firefighters may adequately and Future Constraints change the way they test candidates for either safely be asked to face the same risk and the ex- duty systems. Nor does it mean that firefight- pectation as an employer is that they will respond ers are automatically entitled to transfer to the to that risk in a broadly similar fashion. wholetime duty system. Authorities are entitled to require firefighters to apply in the normal way for The question of whether ‘a firefighter is a those roles. firefighter is a firefighter’ is examined in this docu- ment under Operational Service Delivery. The Authorities are entitled to continue to apply the findings indicate a difference exists between national and local standards used in assessing the two duty systems concerning the quantity candidates for promotion in both duty systems. of training regularly undertaken and the require- The Tribunal’s decision will have an impact on ment for an assessment of the implications of that terms and conditions before and after the 2003 deficit operationally. The findings of the Employment pay settlement. Tribunal could potentially impact on this difference in the quantity of training undertaken by crews in Future Implications order to safely and effectively deal with all the risks to which they are exposed. The Tribunal focussed on the rights’ of the fire- fighters conditioned to the retained duty system to the same access to pensions and sickness ben- efits rights and in this the claimants were success- 103 104 Countywide Review 2009 by 2031.48,200 peopleare ofworking age(16- could seeHarlow approximately doubling insize rise to84,100by2011. TheEastofEnglandPlan London Stanstedapproximately 12milesaway. the Londoncommuterbelt.Thenearest airportis from theCityofLondon,enablingittobepart minutes from theM25andis25minutesbytrain The towniseasilyaccessibleviatheM11, ten lands tothesouthandCambridgenorth. nental ports.ItismidwaybetweenLondonDock- route from thecapitaltoEastAngliaandconti- bourhood containingitsownemploymentarea. tance. Anotherkeyprinciplewaseachneigh- primary schoolsandleisure allwithinwalkingdis- amenities suchascommunitycentres, shopping, neighbourhoods were designedwithaccessto ing oftenexperimentallydesignedhousing.The tial areas tobebuiltatahigherdensitycontain- people. Thesegreen spacesenabledtheresiden- by green wedges,whichare highlyvaluedbylocal based onaseriesofneighbourhoodsseparated designer SirFredrick Gibberd plannedthetown as oneofthepost-warnewtowns.Thetown’s in West Essexthatwasbuiltinthe1950sonwards Harlow hasapopulation of78,768,forecast to Harlow issituatedjustwestoftheM11,amajor Harlow isacompactstrategicallylocatedtown Harlow District Harlow andEpping above. erbated by the highhousingdensity ratioscited holds, or1.12carsper householdwhichisexac- had aratioof37,023 vehicles to33,183house- criminal damagetovehicles. Asof2001,Harlow dential parkingaffect thelevel ofvehiclecrimeand road’ asaresult andlowerlevelsofsecure resi- dential areas andmanycarsare parked‘onthe resulted insevere parkingproblems forsomeresi- low levelsofvehicleownershipforhouseholds has land), at14%. pared toregionally (11.4%),andnationally, (Eng- tion ofhousinginHarlowisflatted(22%)com- 3.77 forEngland).Resultantly, afairlyhighpropor- (compared to2.82fortheEastofEnglandand population densityof25.79personsperhectare, Resultantly, Harlowisrelatively compactwitha which issituatedwithinanarea of3,054hectares. 1950 -1980.There are 34,799dwellingsinHarlow by theDevelopmentCorporationoverperiod ten more prevalent intheseareas. acquisitive crimeandanti-socialbehaviourare of- hood deprivationandcrime,issuessuchas There isastrong correlation betweenneighbour- part ofthetown,andaround thetown’s centre. ent across Harlow, especiallywithinthesouthern prived inEssex.Pocketsofdeprivationare appar- East ofEnglandregion andthethird mostde- Republic, Ghana,Bangladesh,andSouthAfrica. been madebypersonsfrom Poland,India,Slovak lation). Thehighestvolumesofregistrations have rate inEssex,(33.4per1,000workingagepopu- UK nationalslivinginHarlow, whichisthehighest 1,650 nationalinsuranceregistrations from non- tion. Between2005and2007there havebeen counting foranestimated12.0%ofthepopula- and ethnicminoritypersons(non-whiteUK)ac- by 13%duringtheperiod2004-2017. towns 75andoverpopulationisprojected torise 64) andaccountfor62%ofthepopulation.The The factthatHarlowwasbuiltonthenotion of Harlow’s housingstock was mainlyconstructed Harlow istheninthmostdeprivedtownin Harlow isamulti-culturalcommunity, withblack As of March 2008, the unemployment rate in . Over 40% of the population live Harlow was at 5.4%, compared to the regional av- in , and Chigwell. There is erage of 4.2%. Harlow has a very strong research a small ethnic minority population of approx 5%; employment emphasis, second only to Cam- Epping Forest has the largest traveller population bridge, with major employers including Raythe- in Essex. on Systems, Nortel and GlaxoSmithKline having large premises within the town. On the whole, the Of the 121,000 population for the district, almost balance of industrial groups in Harlow is indica- 77,000 are of working age which equates to 63% tive of the picture both regionally and nationally. of the population. The East of England plan pre- The town’s business birth rate, i.e. number of new dicts that housing in Epping Forest will increase in businesses per 1,000 economically active per- line with other Essex districts such as Brentwood sons, at 5.20 is lower than the regional level of and Castle Point, however the planned expansion 6.48 and national average of 6.36. in the Harlow District by urban extensions into the area will impact in the area. Over eight and a half thousand Harlow families are in receipt of child tax credits, which equates Whilst Epping Forest is a prosperous district, to the highest ratio per working age population in there are areas of relative depravation, mostly at Essex. Coupled with high Job Seekers Allowance the southern end of the district and within the M25 (JSA) claimant rates, high numbers of lone par- ring. The high cost of living can lead to some peo- ents claiming benefits and low average resident ple being marginalised. Further, the close proxim- earnings; this is an indication of low-income fami- ity of Epping Forest to London, whilst providing lies and childhood poverty. an attractive area in which to live, also makes the district vulnerable to transient criminals. Epping Forest District The housing stock in Epping Forest District is The Epping Forest District covers an urban and made up of 51,000 occupied premises and 1,000 rural area of 131 square miles, including around unoccupied. For a relatively prosperous area, twelve towns and larger , ranging in popu- 17% of these are flats (compared to regionally lation size of between 2,000 and 30,000, totalling 11.4%, and 14% nationally). Semi detached and Community Commands 121,000 people. detached house make up 55% of the housing stock. Owner/occupiers make up the vast major- At the heart of the Epping Forest District is the ity of the housing stock at 73%, whilst rented ac- Epping Forest, which is the largest public open commodation accounts for 23%. space in the London area. Beginning just north of Epping and stretching 12 miles into Manor Park in Vehicle ownership for these households shows East London, with a total area of 6000 acres. The that 41% have one vehicle, 41% have 2 or more Forest is a conservation area, and a designated vehicles and 16% no vehicles. Site of Specific Scientific Interest (SSSI). As at the current time approx 2,300 people Epping Forest transport links to the capital are unemployed in the Epping Forest District, of are unique, in the fact that it has 8 London this number 28% are temporarily unemployed, Underground Stations. 25% are aged 16-24, 23% aged 50+, and 6% have never worked. How the current downturn in It is a popular area with commuters and visiting the economic prosperity of UK Plc will affect this day trippers alike. The southern parts of the dis- number is unclear. trict are on the boarders of Greater London and are more populous and urbanised; these areas The main industrial sites are in Loughton, include Loughton, Buckhurst Hill, Chigwell and Waltham Abbey and Ongar, where engineering, 105 106 Countywide Review 2009 should determine theappropriate distribution ments drawn upbythethree district councils, on asmallerscalethesouth andwest. through urbanextensionsto thenorth,east,and provided withintheexistingarea ofthetownand fordshire districts.Additionalhousingshouldbe Epping Forest (3,500newhomes)andEastHert- 2001 and2021,includingurbanextensions in for atotalof16,000additionaldwellingsbetween this strategy. and conservationofgreen infrastructure tofulfill bined withtransportmeasures andenhancement existing townandurbanextensionswillbecom- yond. Regenerationandredevelopment ofthe strategic employmentlocationto2021andbe- housing growth point,majortowncentre and through developingitsrole asamajorregional areas. standing urbanareas –Harlowbeingoneofthose and change.Eightare focusedonrelatively freely how predicted growth inthearea willoccur. row. foraircraftLambourne, waitingtolandatHeath- also occurs.TheDistricthasaholdingstackover at NorthWeald glidingandhistoricaircraft flying botts. Theybothhostgenerallightaviation,and ping Forest, atNorthWeald andStapleford Ab- Forest PrimaryTrust andtheHigginsGroup. est DistrictCouncil,theBankofEngland,Epping clude Sainsbury’s DistributionCentre, EppingFor- industries. ThemainemployersintheDistrictin- chemicals andprintingare themostsignificant Joint orcoordinated Development PlanDocu- Development PlanDocumentsshouldprovide To promote therenaissance ofthe newtown The strategyforHarlowis: Ten keycentres are mentionedfor development The EastofEnglandPlan(May2008)shows Future Developments Other considerationsincludetwoairfieldsinEp-

such asincreased housing,transportand traffic the information already widelyinthepublic domain district ishard tospecificallyexpand uponotherthan Ruskin UniversityintheTown. ment hasbeensecured forthepresence ofAnglia and educationitsinhabitantswillrequire. Invest- ployment intheTown aswellthelevelofskills these factorswillinfluencetheleveloffuture em- an expandedStanstedAirport.Theoutcome of development aswellthepotentialimpact of as apotentialhubforbusiness,research and leisure. with mixeduseforbusiness,retail, housingand in 2009.Theaimistocreate avibrantTown centre Town Centre Northwithplanning approval sought locally. and housingbusinessgrowth isakeyissue low couldapproximately doubleinsizeby2031 Harlow willbepotentialgrowth andhousingHar- longer term,themostprominent issueaffecting Development andChange,inthemediumto sustainable development. more –ofalargeenoughscaletobemodel at least10,000dwellingsandpossiblysignificantly low shouldprovide foraneventualdevelopmentof from smallersettlementstothewestandnorth. the physicalandvisualseparationoftown its purposesandlandscapesettingofHarlow belt boundarieswillbedrawnsoastomaintain accommodate theurbanextensions.Newgreen the Green Belt,thegreen beltwillbereviewed to between theurbanextensions. The impact of the 2012 Olympic Games on the The impactofthe2012 OlympicGamesonthe Epping Forest tothisisHarlow’sTied geographicalposition There are welladvancedplanstoregenerate Harlow hasbeenidentifiedasaKeyCentre for Harlow The review totheGreen BeltinthenorthofHar- regardsWith totheexpansionofHarlowand Any expansion of Harlow will impact on the Ep- low Partnership, and Epping Forest District Coun- ping Forest District Council area as indicated in cil Local Strategic Partnership. Through engage- the East of England Plan; the transport links to ment with these groups community command London are predominantly through the district, staff have enhanced, and continue to enhance the and increases in population and traffic in the Har- commands capacity through partnership working low area will increase the same in the EFDC area. to deliver in the community safety arena. It is clear that some parts of the urban fringe will be used to accommodate urban extensions of Harlow. Priorities for Harlow LSP

Summary of Impacts t Alcohol-related crime and disorder (principally Town Centre) It is clear that in common with the rest of Essex t Domestic Violence and the south east of the United Kingdom, there is central government pressure to put more dwell- t Children and Young People as Victims ings, people and associated risk into an area that t Fear and perceptions of crime is already very heavily populated. t Anti-social behaviour It is apparent that any proposed increase in the t Business related crime population of the south east requires support in the form of all type of infrastructure from schools t Offender management to roads to hospitals et al. Increases in popula- t Drugs and alcohol (substance misuse) tion increase the need for emergency service re- sponse, and how ECFRS can resolve these con- t Vehicle crime flicts and issues is clearly a county wide problem t Dwelling burglaries not unique to the Harlow and Epping Community Command. t Speeding in residential areas

The M11/M25 transport links and surrounding Community Commands roads infrastructure are heavily used at the present time; the proposed expansion of the districts will Priorities for Epping Forest SCP potentially increase the operational response re- quirement by the fire services in the area; including t Violent crime – robbery, domestic Essex, Herts and London. Increased HGV move- t violence, hate crime, assaults ments from expansion along the Thames Gate- way cannot be viewed in isolation and will impact t Domestic burglaries on the district. t Anti-social behaviour, including The Command is covered by two whole time t vehicles used in an anti-social way stations, one day crewed and three with person- t Drugs and alcohol (substance misuse) nel conditioned to part time contracts (retained or part time). t Prolific offenders t Fear and perceptions of crime Local Area Agreement / Local Strategic Partnerships & Crime and Disorder Reduction Partnerships

The Service is fully engaged with the Safer Har- 107 108 Countywide Review 2009 Community Commands

109 110 Countywide Review 2009 Community Commands

111 112 Countywide Review 2009 Community Commands

113 114 Countywide Review 2009 There are approximately 3,800businessesin the a quarterof themanufacturingoutput forEssex. ness hubofSouthEssex, accountingforalmost the District’s workforce commutestoLondon. was 79%compared to75%forBritain.28%of Basildon asaproportion ofthoseworkingage period, thenumberofpeopleinemployment in lighted bytheageprofile earlier, overthesame which istheaverageforBritain.However, ashigh- 75% duringtheSummerof2004(JunetoAugust), 16 to59forwomen)theemploymentrate was working age(i.e.thoseaged16to64formen or Burstead. OfthepeopleinBasildonwhowere of wards whilstthelowestare inBillericayWest and unemployment are intheVange andStMartin’s nificantly across theDistrict.Thehighestratesof don districthasayoungageprofile. overall. Compared nationallyandregionally Basil- 380 peoplepersquare kilometre forEngland pared withanaverageof284fortheregion and eraged 1,512peoplepersquare kilometre, com- The populationdensityofthedistrictin2002av- of 11%fortheEastEnglandregion asawhole. district grew by8%,compared withanincrease account for3.1%ofthepopulation. district southoftheA127.Ethnicminoritygroups tially BasildonFire Stationcoverseverythinginthe final twobeingonaretained dutysystem.Essen- ford, eachofwhichhasitsownfire station,the cludes thetownsofBasildon,BillericayandWick- Covering some42.5square miles,theDistrictin- at 168,000,inapproximately 73,000households. regionin theEastern withapopulationestimated the RiverThames.BasildonislargestDistrict Basildon DistrictCouncilisset4milesnorthof Basildon Districtisthe commercial andbusi- Unemployment standsat3.1%andvariessig- From 1982to2002thepopulationofBasildon Situated some30milesSouthEastofLondon Basildon District Basildon and Castle Point

people persquare kilometre for Englandoverall. with anaverageof284 fortheregion and380 1,935 peoplepersquare kilometre, compared with thepopulationdensity in2002averaged an estimated36,000householdsinCastlePoint ably consistentoverthepast20years.There are lation of87,000residents whichhasbeenreason- Southend toFenchurch Street Railwayline. rect linkstoLondonviatheA127,A13and Mountain Bikingevent.TheBorough alsohasdi- Country ParkwhichistohosttheOlympics2012 areas ofBelfairsWood andtheHadleighCastle are largelyseparatedfrom Southendbytheopen ary ofCastlePointBorough runsalongtheA127. bound- Canvey Islandtothesouth.Thenorthern dersley andNewThundersleyare locatedand jor settlementsofHadleigh,SouthBenfleet,Thun- eas, theMainlandtonorth,onwhichma- Essex). in eachdistrictare 18%forBasildon(highestin in England.Percentages ofareas ofdeprivation was rankedat132outof354localauthorities lated. IntheIndicesofDeprivation2004,Basildon andPitseaNorthEastareerns, themostpopu- duction of31%inGreat Britainoverall. creased by69%inBasildon,compared toare- years whowere claimingworkrelated benefitsin- 2004 thenumberofyoungpeopleaged18to24 643 warehouses. were also727office premises, 971factoriesand 2004 Basildonhad1,113retail premises. There gion, apriorityarea forregeneration. On1stApril trict isamajorplayerintheThamesGatewayre- district employing68,369people.BasildonDis- Of the87,000 peopleresiding inCastle Point, The hasgrown toanestimatedpopu- To theeast,urban areas ofCastlePoint Castle Pointisuniqueinhavingtwodistinctar- Castle Point The wards ofBillericayWest, LeeChapel,Fry- Between September1999and

5% were children under five and 21% were of 1. Developing a Prosperous Economy. retirement age (65 and over for males or 60 and 2. Promoting Community Safety. over for females). The equivalent figures for Eng- land and Wales were 6% under five and 19% of 3. Providing Homes for the Future. retirement age. 4. Maintaining a Clean and Sustainable Envi- ronment. There are five main shopping areas; these are located at the Rayleigh Weir Trading Estate and 5. Improving Heath and Wellbeing. within the town centres of Canvey Island, South 6. Raising Educational Achievement. Benfleet, Hadleigh and Tarpots. There are also major employment areas at Rayleigh Weir, Manor 7. Promoting Inclusive Communities. Trading Estate and Charfleets Industrial Estate. 8. Developing an Effective Transport System. On 1st April 2004 Castle Point had 701 retail premises (including shops, financial and profes- The Basildon objectives will be delivered with sional services and food and drink outlets, but the assistance of the LSP thematic group partner- excluding public houses and hotels.) There were ships and agencies that are working and report- also 237 office premises, 430 factories and 204 ing the progress to the Basildon LSP executive warehouses. board. In order to assist with this Basildon and Castle Point Community Command (B&CPCC) Of the people in Castle Point who were of work- are members of the Crime and Disorder Reduc- ing age (i.e. those aged 16 to 64 for men or 16 tion Partnership (CDRP) which is split into the four to 59 for women) the employment rate was 78% groups listed below: - during the Summer of 2004 (June to August), compared with an average for Great Britain of t Basildon Prolific and Priority Offenders 75%. Over the same three months in 1999, the (catch and convict, prevent and deter). number of people in employment in Castle Point t Making Communities’ Safer Group. as a proportion of those of working age was 79% and the rate for Great Britain was 75%. t Community Safety Action Zone. Community Commands t The Anti Social Behaviour / Youth Task Team In Castle Point there were a total of 35,991 Group. dwellings in April 2004 of which 789 (2.2%) were vacant. This compares with ‘unfitness’ levels of The Castle Point District Council (CPDC) LSP 3.1% in the East of England region and 4.8% in believes that the best way to achieve their targets England as a whole. In the Indices of Deprivation is by focusing on the following list which will en- 2004, Castle Point was ranked at 245 out of 354 sure the best progress can be made in achiev- local authorities in England. Castle Point has fallen ing the strategic objectives set by Essex County considerably in the national rankings on overall Council for the CPDC. deprivation (down 35).

Local Area Agreement / Local Strategic 1. Healthier Communities and Older People. Partnerships & Crime and Disorder Reduction 2. Employment Skills and Business. Partnerships 3. Children and Young People. The Basildon Local Strategic Partnership (LSP) 4. Safer and Stronger Communities (safer). seeks to achieve the following strategic objectives for the district: - 5. Safer and Stronger Communities (stronger).

115 116 Countywide Review 2009 which includes: the area are outlinedinadevelopmentframework quality vocationallearning. vestments, suchasnewcampussupportinghigh transport interchanges andfurthereducationin- The regeneration alsoincludesprovision ofbetter es and11,000newemploymentopportunities. through theprovision ofover10,700newhous- and Laindontowncentres. Thiswillbedelivered billion regeneration project forBasildon, Southend-on-Sea andThurrock. There isa£1.4 authorities of,Basildon,CastlePoint,Rochford, South Essexsub-region, whichcomprisesthefive don andtheSouth-east,withaThamesGateway/ Thames Gatewayproject. ThisextendsintoLon- and CastlePointarea rests withtheGovernment’s fitting withSt.GeorgesCommunityHousing. high profile beingFire Watch andsmokedetector entered intoanumberofpartnerships,themost thisinmindtheServicehas other partners.With achieve thetargetssetouttheyneedtoworkwith LSP’s isthattheyhavebothidentifiedto the LocalArea Agreement (LAA).Theseare: partnerships whichmirror thethematicGroups of Executive Group, supportedbyfourthematic t t t Further examplesoffuture developmentsfor Much ofthefuture investmentintheBasildon Future Developments The commondenominatorwithregards tothe t t t t The partnershipismadeupoftheCPDCLSP links togreen areas; and creating alandscaped environment with al homes; providing 500newjobsand 1,500addition- access andreducing traffic dominance; Updating transport,improving pedestrian Employment, SkillsandBusiness. Healthier CommunitiesandOlderPeople. Children andYoung People. Safer andStronger Communities. vey Seafront have beencommissioned and1,000 resources. Publicspace improvements forCan- Canvey Islandtoshowcase itsrichenvironmental ment ofanumber environmental projects on new jobsprojected. There will alsobedevelop- trial estateswillseenew investmentwith1,700 nomic landscapeoftheBorough. Existingindus- and thetowncentres byimproving theeco- able energy. factory intoaheritagecentre powered byrenew- fromea whichisbeingturned aformerexplosives the regeneration ofWat Tyler CountryParkinPits- 2012 Games.Otherinitiativestakingplaceinclude nity andwillbeapotentialtrainingcampforthe gymnastics andathleticsfacilitiesforthecommu- 2010, whichwillprovide worldclassswimming, forcompletionin include anewSportingVillage don NewTown area. Quality oflifeimprovements tion ofanumberhousingestatesintheBasil- mercial floorspace.There isalsotheregenera- by providing anadditional135,000sqmofcom- ed byanimproved transportnetworkisplanned. South West Canveyandthetowncentre support- of employmentopportunitiesandrevitalisation of Basildon. Also,onCanveyIsland,adevelopment conservation siteatNevendonNature reserve in gramme fundhasbeenallocatedfora74hectare facilities and£2mfrom theThamesGatewaypro- homesandnewcommunity new ormodernised lands estate,whichwillprovide around 1,300 access totheA127andpassengertransport. over 7,000jobs,publicopenspaceandimproved 400 mixedtenure homes,abusinesshubwith diner’s Lanesitewhichhasthecapacityforover who are supportingthedevelopmentofGar- English PartnershipsandtheHousingCorporation opments tothetowncentre. Anexampleofthisis attract newretail, commercial andhousingdevel- For CastlePointthefocusisonemployment Basildon businesseconomywillbeenhanced Also plannedistheregeneration oftheCray- Further initiativesintheplanincludehelpingto t nity andleisure facilities. bringing more lifetothecentre withcommu- new homes are planned along with proposals to overall impact on the Community Command with improve transport links to the Island. the main games close by in Stratford, East Lon- don. Further considerations include: - Traffic links are also to be improved to the Is- land, with the Sadlers Farm roundabout being im- t Participating in planning, training & exercises proved to provide better vehicle movement. Other t The potential of facilitating athlete training advances to the transport structure by 2011 in- and accommodation venues clude: - t Safety procedures of additional events t upgrades to the M25, A127 and A13 t Significant impact on localised transport t extending the A13 Passenger Transport links Corridor from Southend to Basildon and t Increased security issues and terrorism Canvey Island threat t delivery of an inter-urban express bus t Siting of temporary accommodation for network spectators t increased use of the for t Increased need to liaise with other agencies water based transport and enhance partnership working t completion of the A127 and A13 route man- t Plan to ensure Service core business agement improvement remains unaffected; Business Continuity Management Also by 2021:

t creating the Benfleet- passenger The Olympics highlights a number of obligations link due to the Civil Contingencies Act (CCA) (2004). t creating new or improved access to Canvey This reinforces the need for cooperation between Island emergency services, local authorities and other frontline responders at the local level. Community Commands t design and preparation work for a South Essex rapid transit system (light rail) Olympic Staduim

In addition to a total of 10,700 additional dwell- ings planned for in the Basildon district (by 2021), and 4,000 in the Castle Point borough, the need is highlighted to address areas such as, undis- tinguished urban areas, poor quality landscapes. Emphasis is being placed upon consideration of the environmental implications for water supply, flood risk and flood defences in our changing cli- mate. Whilst these CCA issues are not exclusive to One of the most significant events to happen them, the two COMAH sites situated in Canvey in the Command in the coming years is the use represent the locations with the most prominent of Hadleigh Castle Country Park for the Olympics risk in the public’s eye. The Service continues to 2012 mountain biking event. This will generate work to enhance its already extensive working significant interest in the area, but is only part of relationship in these areas. the impact of the Olympics when considering the 117 118 Countywide Review 2009 Community Commands

119 120 Countywide Review 2009 Community Commands

121 122 Countywide Review 2009 Community Commands

123 124 Countywide Review 2009 there are alsoa ally inthenational“top ten”forGCSEresults and allied studies.Chelmsford has stateschoolsannu- recognised centre forhorticulture, agricultural and the Borough isWrittle College - aninternationally nationally acclaimedBusinessSchool.Alsowithin the QueeninMay1995andnowboastsaninter- whose newcampuswasopenedbyHerMajesty The townisthehomeofAngliaRuskinUniversity, and in2007thecentenaryWorld ScoutJamboree. the European ScoutJamboree (EuroJam) in2005, host toover10,000scoutsfrom 60countriesfor music festivalbehindGlastonbury. Theparkwas to grow eachyearandisnowthesecondlargest each yearsince1996.TheVFestivalcontinues and popmusicliveoveroneweekendinAugust certs haveprovided thebestofcontemporaryrock and entertainmentfestivals.Therenowned ‘V’con- venue fornational,award winningopen-airmusic 509 acre HylandsPark.Parkisalsothe beautiful GradeIIlistedneo-classicalvilla,setinthe tions totheM25andEastCoastports. growing airport.TheA12provides rapidconnec- a 30minutedrivefrom Stansted,London’s fastest is only35minutesawayfrom Londonbytrainor leisure. RightintheheartofEssex,Chelmsford many thousandstravelintothetownforworkor villages. areas, includingsomeofEssex’s mostpicturesque andthesurrounding rural County Town withthemuchnewercommunityof Chelmsfordmodern Borough joinstheancient one thatisseeingcontinualdevelopment.The not onlyoneofthelargesttownsinEssexbutalso Educational facilitiesinChelmsford are excellent. Just outsideChelmsford isHylandsHouse,a Thepopulationisapproximately 159,800and Chelmsford istheCountytownofEssexand Chelmsford District and Maldon Chelmsford number ofpri vate schools.

housing and nursinghomesinthe District. Trust) andthere are alsoanumberof sheltered Geriatric wards andishome tothePrimaryCare St Peter’s HospitalisbasedinMaldon(Maternity, currently undergoingadecommissioning process. site, andBradwellnuclearpowerstationwhich is linked toruralisolation,isalsoafactor. ward intheDistrict.Accesstopublictransport, there isevidenceofsocialexclusionineveryrural living belowthenationalpovertythreshold, and sion. InColdNortonnearly8%ofhouseholds are taken intoaccount,especiallyruralsocialexclu- the Districtscore highlywhenallthedomainsare ever, intermsofdeprivationanumberwards in 10% safestdistrictsinEnglandandWales. How- Safety Partnershipareas placedMaldoninthetop 2004 anationalassessmentofthe376Community safest andleastdeprivedareas inthecountry. In with thehighestthree wards standingat0.9%. tate. Unemploymentisbelowthenationalaverage ers are inmanufacturing,wholesaleandreal es- number oftravelers’percapitainEssex. is 1.39%andMaldonDistricthasthehighest -50%. Thenon-whiteminorityethnicbreakdown and themale/femalebreakdown isroughly 50% ets ofdeprivation.Thetotalpopulationis60,400 that theDistrictisgenerallyaffluent, withpock- the District.The2001NationalCensusindicates on-Crouch isasmallermarkettowninthesouthof coastline. MaldonisthemaintownandBurnham- don tothewest. service withtheEssexcoasttoeastandLon- esque RiverCrouch. Itislinkedbyafrequent rail surrounded byopenfarmlandclosetothepictur- paratively newtownofaround 16,000people early 1980s,SouthWoodham Ferrers isacom- The Districthas1topandlowertierCOMAH Maldon Districtisconsidered tobeoneofthe The Districthas31wards andthemainemploy- The MaldonDistrictisruralinnature withalong To thesouth-eastofChelmsford andbuiltinthe Local Area Agreement / Local Strategic t Protect and safeguard young people in the Partnerships & Crime and Disorder Reduction community and foster mutual respect with Partnerships other groups, particularly the elderly.

t Reduce anti-social behaviour in the The Chelmsford Local Strategic Partnership community. (LSP) seeks to achieve the following strategic ob- jectives for the district: t Reduce reported crime by 5%. t Reduce crime The Service chairs the Maldon District Com- t Reduce fear of crime munity Safety Partnership Steering Group which co-ordinates the work of the various sub groups t Reduce anti-social behaviour detailed as follows: t Reduce illegal substance misuse t Neighbourhood action panels & joint action The Chelmsford objectives will be delivered with groups the assistance of the LSP thematic group partner- t Anti social behaviour sub group ships and agencies that are working and report- ing the progress to the Chelmsford LSP execu- t Drug and alcohol reference group tive board. In order to assist with this, Chelmsford t Domestic violence forum and Maldon Community Command (C&MCC) are members of the Crime and Disorder Reduc- t Tackling crime tion Partnership (CDRP). The various sub groups which support these objectives are: The Spatial Strategy identifies the urban areas of Chelmsford and South Woodham Ferrers as t Quality of Life Group the main focus for new development supported by appropriate development within key defined t Road Safety Task Group settlements. The remaining housing requirement t Drug & Alcohol Reference Group will take the form of new neighbourhoods to the North of Chelmsford’s Urban Area which will be Community Commands t Young people Task Group proposed in the North Chelmsford Area Action t Violent and Hate Crime Group Plan. Provision is made for a minimum increase of 14,000 dwellings in the Borough in the period t Acquisitive Crime Task Group 2001-2021 to meet the full range of housing need and lifestyle choices for our communities and the The Maldon District Council (MDC) LSP believes provision of a proportion of 9,600 new jobs. that the best way to achieve their targets is by fo- cusing on the following list: The Spatial Strategy also makes provision for:

t Decrease substance misuse through t Existing Commitments across the Borough enforcement, awareness and treatment. 3,833 Dwellings

t Manage perception of local crime levels, t Future housing developments within alleviating concerns to ensure people feel Chelmsford, South Woodham Ferrers and safe. key defined settlements 4,239 Dwellings.

t Meeting community needs by increased t New neighborhoods to the North of Chelms- partnership engagement. ford 4,000 Dwellings

t Promote all aspects of road, fire, and marine t Total 16,170 Dwellings safety to reduce accidents. 125 126 Countywide Review 2009 spatial planfocusonthefollowingareas: Maldon DistrictCouncil’s localdevelopmentand t Maldon t t t t Other developmentincludes: the area andofthose349familiesare living cent surveyfound1159travellerfamiliesin ofthehousingmarket.Are-the downturn despite thedifficult economicclimateand date therisingpopulationwithinarea new housingwillbeneededtoaccommo- that theMaldonarea isoneofgrowth and 604 newhomes,howeveritisrecognised eller needs.Planningcurrently existsfor Housing NeedsAssessmentincludingtrav- Meadows shoppingcentre ornewcollege. velopment includinganextensiontothe Outline planningforthetowncentre rede- staff. OpeningSeptember09. unit accommodating300patientsand200 Runwell Hospital.Newsecure mentalhealth of flats,offices, shops,restaurants andbars. commodate 3highrise(13storeys) blocks Redevelopment oftheMarconi sitetoac- shops, restaurants, andbars Ground toaccommodatelowriseflats, Redevelopment oftheCountyCricket until 2013attheearliest. approved. Buildingonthenewsitewillnotbegin energy policyitisanticipatedthattheplanswillbe therecent publicationoftheGovernment’sWith reactor tobebuiltadjacenttheexistingsite. and planningpermissionisbeingsoughtforanew ing nuclearreactors havebeendecommissioned Bradwell powerstationreplacement. Theexist- Other development: t t t Open SpaceandLeisure Audit t t Landscape CharacterAssessment Nature ConservationStudy Transport DevelopmentOptions a pedestrianzoneandestablishthemarket. develop MaldonHighStreet,itinto turning is beingdevelopedwithconsultantstore- identify riskpremises.Retail Study. Aplan at theexistingandnewflooddefenses and atriskofflooding.Theplanwilllook peninsulaisadesignatedfloodplain Strategic FloodRiskAssessment.The Economic DevelopmentStudy. fore being sought. to accommodatethesefamiliesare there- on unauthorisedsites.Newauthorisedsites Maldon, Essex

Community Commands

127 128 Countywide Review 2009 Community Commands

129 130 Countywide Review 2009 Community Commands

131 132 Countywide Review 2009 Borough had: ranked 89outof354localauthoritiesinEngland. of Deprivation2004theBorough ofSouthendwas have registered ontheElectoralRoll.InIndices may nothavebeenidentifiedintheCensus or particularly thosewhofallintohighriskgroups the area. Alsomanypeople,forwhateverreason, plex incentralSouthendwhomayberesiding in dents attendingthenewUniversityofEssexCom- in May. tors attendingtheannualAirShowovertwodays trippers visitthetowneachyearwith500,000visi- sonal workers.Approximately three millionday months withaninfluxofholidaymakersandsea- this figure wouldincrease duringthesummer very nature ofSouthendbeinga“seaside”town 6% under5yrsand16%over65yrs. figures forEnglandandWales atthistimewere and 19%were agedover65yrs.Theequivalent Borough hadapopulationofover160,000. and tothewestbyCastlePoint. London. Itisbordered tothenorthbyRochford the Thamesestuary40miles(65m)eastofcentral ceremonial countyofEssexonthenorthside on-Sea, whichhasBorough status,ispartofthe authority area intheEastofEngland.Southend- t t The 2001censusreported thatSouthend Further tothesefigures are thenumbersofstu- It mustbetakenintoconsiderationthatbythe Of this160,000,6%were children under5yrs, The 2001Censusrevealed thatSouthend Southend-on-Sea isaseasideresort andunitary Southend-on-Sea UnitaryAuthority 70,978 households. 160,257 residents. Southend and Rochford

are arangeofcommercial andlightindustrial units metre from theA127 andA13trunkroads. There totalling 88hectares. Most are lessthanonekilo- in sevenmainindustrial sitesandsmallerestates ing SAVs building. enterprises, extendingandredeveloping theexist- rooms, retail unitsand15office unitsforsocial project willincludefourtrainingandconference to create aResource OpportunitiesCentre. The Southend AssociationofVoluntary Services,(SAVs) sector, fundinghasrecently beensecured bythe and youngcompanies.IntheSocialEnterprise tre), providingoffice modern spacetostart-ups incorporates theBIC(BusinessIncubationCen- Campus housestheinnovativeBusinessHub.This site fortenants. services andconference facilitiesare availableon be rented onashort-termbasisandsecretarial to smallercompaniesandstart-ups.Theunitscan tre offers workshopandoffice spaceideallysuited commodation. on-Sea alsooffer avarietyofcompactoffice ac- Road andSouthchurch Road.Westcliff andLeigh- smaller unitsindistrictcentres alongtheLondon tre Avenue along Victoria andtheHighStreet with accommodation isconcentratedintheTown Cen- of developmentandbusinessopportunities.Office ment, withawiderangeofpremises andavariety Manufacturing intheBorough isconcentrated The brandnewUniversityofEssexSouthend To theeast,inShoeburyness,SeedbedCen- Southend-on-Sea hasavariedbusinessenviron- t t t t Southend. injured inroad accidentsintheBorough of total of39peoplewere killedorseriously Between April2005andMarch 2006a economically activepeopleaged16-74yrs. An unemploymentrateof3.75all qualifications. 30% of16-74yearoldshavingno good. 78% ofresidents describingtheirhealthas

available and a number of new purpose built units , nightclubs, small hotels and B&B/ to house modern business activity. guest houses, restaurants and “fast food” outlets on the “Sea Front”. This area also An expanding aviation based business cluster includes the worlds longest pleasure pier has grown up around London Southend Airport, which stretches over a mile into the Thames providing maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) Estuary, the pier’s history of fires and other operations to the world’s airlines. World leaders, calamities are well known. The whole sea- specialising in manufacturing, engineering and front area has been subject to the Central electronic services to the airline industry can be area master plan found at the airport. The recent planning approv- t To the north of the “Front” is an area of main- al granted for the new railway station, hotel and ly converted Victorian and early 20th century terminal at the airport will ensure that Southend properties. These “bed sits” and flats com- Airport will be well placed to take advantage of prise some of the poorest accommodation the opportunities presented by London 2012. The in the county and represent a major life risk. planned extension to the runway will also mean that larger, fully loaded jets will be able to use t Roots hall Stadium, the home of League one Southend, so attracting more operators to the side Southend United F.C. the main East airport. In December 2008, Southend Airport was stand of which is of timber construction. The bought by The Stobart Group. “all seated” stadium has a capacity of over 12,000 and at present attracts crowds in ex- Town Centre retailing is focused on the pedes- cess of 10,000. Plans have been approved trianised High Street between Victoria Avenue and for a new stadium for the “Shrimpers” in the seafront. The High Street itself stretches down the “Fossett’s Farm” area in the north of the to the seafront and the shops include a good mix town adjacent to the fire station. of well known multiples and independent stores. t 5 main line railway stations, Victoria the ter- Future plans for the Alexandra and Clarence minus of the Liverpool Street line, Road area include specialist retail shops and on the same line and Central, East and boutique area which has been enabled through

Westcliff on the Fenchurch Street line. Community Commands a partnership between English Partnerships, East of England Development Agency, Southend t 11 high rise residential tower blocks, mainly Council and Renaissance Southend Ltd. Council owned. These blocks house some of the more vulnerable at risk sections of The recent £25 million redevelopment of The the community, as does the “” or Victoria, a shopping centre at the northern end of “Woodgrange” Estate as it is now known. the High Street provides modern retail space and t Southend University Hospital which pro- an improved link between Southend Victoria rail- vides healthcare for around 330,000 people way station and the Town Centre. through a comprehensive range of acute services found at the main Prittlewell Chase The town centre offers a range of leisure and site and at outlying satellite clinics across the entertainment activities. These are supported by region. a range of hotels and bed & breakfast accommo- dation to meet the range of leisure and business Rochford requirements, with further developments offering high quality hotel accommodation currently in the The District of Rochford is situated within a planning stage. peninsula between the Rivers Thames and In addition to the above other items of note are: Crouch, and is bounded to the east by the North Sea. The District has land boundaries with t The “Golden Mile” of amusement arcades, 133 134 Countywide Review 2009 65- 84ispredicted toincrease by53% (25%).The percentage ofolder peopleagedover Wheatley (27%),Hawkwell South(26%)andTrinity are inWhitehouse(30%),Hockley Central(27%), the districtorwithinwards. Highestproportions older populationisnotevenlyspread throughout ginally more olderadultsaged80andover. The 52 to69thanintheEastofEnglandwithmar- land average.Overallthere are more adultsaged er youngchildren (0-4yrs)thantheEastofEng- than theEastofEnglandaverage.Italsohas few- cess toservices. of thepopulation,educationalattainmentandac- inter aliasignificantdifferences intheaverageage few issuesaffecting it.However, inareas there are ent andhas,relative tootherareas intheCounty, sands. acres) and14,165hectares (35,000acres) oftidal has alandmasscovering3,025hectares (7,500 Foulness are managedbyQuinetiq.TheFacility of identitywiththeirownsettlement. town andcountry. Residentshaveastrong sense sense ofplaceandaddingtothequalityoflifein make asignificantcontributiontoproviding a form ofgroups ofbuildings,streets andspaces tory, locationandsize.Thecharacter, layoutand villages are diverseincharacterreflecting theirhis- of smallersettlements.TheDistrict’s townsand rural withthree largerurbanareas andanumber percentage ofolderresidents. Itispredominantly ple. TheDistrictisonewithanever-increasing square milesandishometoaround 79,000peo- Airport lieswithintheDistrict. links toLondon.ThemajorityofLondonSouthend the M25viaA127andA13direct rail It islocatedwithinsouthEssex,withlinkagesto boundaries withMaldonandChelmsford Districts. on–Sea Borough Councils.Italsohasmarine Basildon District,CastlePointandSouthend– Rochford hasfeweryoungadultsaged19-31 The Districtisconsidered tobereasonably afflu- The MinistryofDefenceRangeslocatedon The Rochford Districtcoversanarea of65

the Borough are: ment (LAA). egy 2007-2017(SCS)andtheLocalArea Agree- development oftheSustainableCommunityStrat- targets are met.Two current mainprojects are the ordinates thework,agrees prioritiesandensures local agenciesandthecommunity. TheBoard co- were created toaidpartnershipworkingbetween gic Partnership(LSP)forSouthendonSea.LSP’s Partnerships Partnerships &CrimeandDisorder Reduction England average. pared withtherest ofEssexbutlowerthanthe does averageamountsofexercise whencom- admission thantheEssexaverage.Thepopulation ancy, althoughitdoeshavehigherratesofcancer is poorcompared withotherdistrictsinEssex. Essex. TheeconomicperformanceoftheDistrict tion towork,althoughmostpeopleworkwithin no orlowskills.There isalargeamountofmigra- qualified withbelowEssexaverageofpeople low. Theworkforce ofthedistrictisrelatively well compared tootherdistrictsthisisstillrelatively and thehighestunemploymentareas. However, within theDistrict,withmostincomedeprived less accesstoservices. shops etc);thoseintheeastofDistricthavefar cessibility toessentialservices(GPs,PostOffices, athome. Most accesstheinternet accessandusage. connection, PCandinternet communication withveryhighlevelsoftelephone t t Southend’s LAA2008–StrategicObjectivesfor ‘Southend Together Board’ is theLocalStrate- Local Area Agreement /LocalStrategic The Districtisfairlyhealthywithhighlifeexpect- Rochford containsthemostdeprivedareas Wards inandaround Rayleighhavehighac- The District’s residents havegoodaccessto Raising aspirations andachievement. Strengthening the localeconomy. t Making Southend a safer place to live. t Promoting sustainability across the District. t Leading a cohesive community. falls within the Essex LAA t Tackling health inequalities. which has 10 priorities. Six thematic partnerships have responsibility for achieving these priorities, t Safeguarding a high quality, sustainable working closely with the 12 district LSP’s. environment.

t Revitalising Southend’s image. 1. CWOP (Community Wellbeing and Older Peoples Partnership) Southend’s LAA is essentially the delivery plan 2. 2012 for the SCS and comprises headline outcomes across 4 themed blocks: 3. CYPSP (Children and Young People Strategic Partnership) 1. Healthier communities and older people 4. GEPF (Greater Essex Prosperity Forum) 2. Children and young people 5. Safer Essex 3. Economic development and enterprise 6. Sustainable Essex

4. Safer and stronger communities. S&RCC actively engage within the Safer & Stronger Communities and Children & Young Southend and Rochford Community Com- People themed blocks through CDRP and CYP- mand (S&RCC) actively engage within the Safer & SP. There are cross-overs with other blocks and Stronger Communities and Children & Young Peo- S&RCC staff seek to engage where appropriate ple themed blocks through Crime & Disorder Re- and necessary in order to achieve strategic aims duction Partnership (CDRP) and Children & Young and objectives. For example, CWOP in order to People Strategic Partnership (CYPSP). There are progress work aimed at reaching older people and cross-over’s with other blocks and S&RCC staff those with vulnerability. seek to engage where appropriate and necessary in order to achieve strategic aims and objectives. Community Commands Future Developments For example, healthier communities and older people block in order to progress work aimed at It is proposed that Southend and Rochford reaching older people and those with vulnerability. develop as a cultural and intellectual higher edu- cation centre of excellence. Within Rochford there In Rochford the SCS 2009 - 2021 has been pro- is potential to create 3,000 additional jobs princi- duced by the LSP to influence the Essex wide LAA pally based on London Southend Airport and the and the Local Development Framework for the Dis- adjacent Rochford Business Park. trict. The Rochford LSP will be focusing on the fol- lowing seven key areas over the next three years: The recent planning approval granted for the t Supporting the ageing population. new railway station, hotel and terminal at the air- port will ensure that Southend Airport will be well t Fostering greater community cohesion. placed to take advantage of the opportunities pre- t Strengthening the third sector. sented by London 2012. t Increasing accessibility to services. Additional housing development would come t Keeping Rochford safe. from sites within existing urban areas. There will be a focus on Southend Town Centre by regen- t Encouraging economic development: skills, erating the existing town centre / seafront, led employment and enterprise. 135 136 Countywide Review 2009 Shoeburyness NewRanges(74hectares) sur- Ministry ofDefencehasalsodeclared landat 7 hectares ofemploymentland.Inaddition,the This willprovide forsome500housingunitsand scheme withassociatedservicedevelopment. scale mixedhousing,commercial andleisure ness OldRangesisbeingdevelopedasalarge as strategictransportinterchanges. stations Southend CentralandVictoria port accessibility. Thisincludesdevelopmentof upgrading ofstrategicandlocalpassengertrans- new jobsand2,000additionalhomes,with be provided inthecentre toaccommodate6,500 of qualitysubregional servicesandfacilitieswill which iscurrently underconstruction.Afullrange by thedevelopmentofanewuniversitycampus Former MinistryofDefencelandatShoebury- provide forsome2,500jobs. existing employmentsiteswhichintotalwill sion atFossettsFarm(29hectares) andwithin in thenorthoftownadjacenttofire station. for SouthendUnitedinthe“Fossett’s Farm”area 1,000 additionalhouses. ment strengths onahightechbusinessparkand 2,000 jobsconsolidatingResearch andDevelop- ments, thissiteoffers thepotentialtocreate some plus torequirements. Subjecttoaccessimprove- There are alsoproposals forbusinessexpan- Plans havebeenapproved foranewstadium New RayleighWeir Fire Station ,Essex

Community Commands

137 138 Countywide Review 2009 Community Commands

139 140 Countywide Review 2009 Community Commands

141 142 Countywide Review 2009 Thurrock and more jobs and new public infrastructure to meet Brentwood the needs of an increasingly diverse community. The north is rural with several villages and ham- Thurrock lets, whereas the south is more urban and indus- trialized. There are 63,000 households concen- The Place trated in the main population centres of Grays, Stanford / Corringham, , Tilbury, Thurrock District is a unitary local authority along and . the East Thames Corridor in the southeast of Eng- land. Thurrock has borders with Greater London Thurrock has a very high industrial and com- to the west, the to the south, and mercial profile particularly along the riverfront, a the county of Essex to the north and east. Be- portfolio which currently incorporates eight top ing both on the river and right next to London, tier COMAH sites including the oil refinery at Cory- Thurrock is served with excellent communication ton, and Thurrock also boasts the regional shop- links. The M25 London Orbital Motorway, the high ping centre of Lakeside. speed rail links leading to the Channel Tunnel; the local railway line providing direct access to Central The People London, the Port of Tilbury and the City of London Airport make Thurrock an important national and The current population of Thurrock is estimated international centre. at 148,900 (2006 estimate) – males 72,000 (49%), females 76,300 (51%). This represents a popula- Thurrock covers an area of 165 km² and is a tion growth of over 16% since 1991. central part of the Thames Gateway regeneration area – the largest brown field development site in The Office for National Statistics has released Europe. In the coming years this will mean signifi- population projections for Thurrock that look at cant change to the area, including more homes, how the population is forecast to change over the Community Commands

143 144 Countywide Review 2009 nationals ofSlovakia. Europe including800Polish nationalsand390 and 2007,withthemajority comingfrom Eastern for anationalinsurance numberbetween2005 2006, nearly3000non-UKnationalsregistered migrants entered Thurrock between2004and migrants,over1,100international ternational schools from 5%in2003to14%2007. 2003 to20%in2007andethnicitysecondary nicity inprimaryschoolshasrisenfrom 8%in grown from 7.1%in2001to7.8%2003.Eth- proportion ofnon–whiteBritishpopulationhas idly andgetmucholderoverthenext25years. Thurrock’s populationisforecast toincrease rap- next 25yearsto2031.Theprojections showthat Thurrock hasa youngpopulationby interna- Thurrock isalsoseeingrisingnumbersofin- Thurrock isalsobecomingmore diverse.The t t t t cial care provision. place significantdemandonhealthandso- facilities. Theageingpopulationwillalso such asroads, schooling,healthandleisure for servicesandpressure oninfrastructure More peoplewillmeangreater demand same period. crease by3,900(a21%increase) overthe and peopleaged15-24isforecast toin- crease by15%between2006and2031 young peopleaged0-14isforecast toin- is predicted tobesmaller. Thenumberof Growth amongtheyoungerpopulation creasing by3,100people(a141%increase). over 85isforecast tomore thandouble,in- 13,800 (a71%increase) andpeopleaged ple agedover65isforecast toincrease by population by2031.Thenumberofpeo- Thurrock willseeasignificantageingofits current populationof148,900(2006). crease of23%or34,300peoplefrom the 183,200 by2031.Thisrepresents abigin- by 23%overthenext25years,reaching Thurrock’s populationisforecast toincrease London and EastAnglia. roads withintheBorough and raillinkswith to atotalofwellunder 2%, around 500persons. Numbers havedeclinedprogressively sincethen tional economy, experiencedintheearly1990’s. unemployment levelswas,inparallelwiththe na- second lowestinEssex.Themostrecent peakin (2001Census). ment. Thenumberofpersonsperhectare is4.47 which reduces theimpactofurbanenviron- Brentwood itselfhasawelllandscapedcharacter, total area ofaround 15,315hectares. work, particularlyintoLondon.TheBorough hasa dent workforce commutesoutoftheBorough to ough. Notwithstandingthis,over50%oftheresi- smaller enterprisesscattered throughout theBor- ever, sevenindustrialestatesandnumerous other Station andWarley BusinessPark.There are how- located inBrentwood Town Centre, Brentwood centrated intheservicesector, whichismainly ployment withintheBorough isverymuchcon- and employmentratesfor2004to2005. based onlifeexpectancyfigures for2002to2004 8th bestareain, inthecountrywhichtobeborn southwest ofEssexandhasbeenrankedasthe and lifeexpectancy. trend willcontinuewithimprovements inhealth ing proportion ofpeopleare agedover65.This 24. Thepopulationisageinghoweverandagrow- lower thanaverageproportion ofpeopleaged15- towards the0-14and25-44agegroups, witha tional standards. Theageprofile isheavilyskewed Brentwood hastheM25,A12 andA127trunk Brentwood’s unemploymentisconsistentlythe Less than20%oftheBorough isbuiltup. Brentwood isamainlyaffluent borough andem- The Borough ofBrentwood issituatedinthe The Place Brentwood

The includes the - Local Area Agreement / Local Strategic es of and , , Partnerships & Crime and Disorder Reduction , , Hook End and Wyatts Partnerships Green, , Hatch and . These vary in size and comprise The Thurrock Community Safety Partnership a number of villages with many important and (TCSP) is a program board of Thurrock’s Lo- historic buildings. Within the Borough as a whole cal Strategic Partnership (Shaping Thurrock) there are 510 buildings listed for their historical and exists to bring co-ordination and focus to and architectural importance. The Borough has a the work of the Local Authority. total area of around 15,315 hectares. The TCSP has recently published its 2008 – 2011 3 year strategic plan which is based upon The People four strategic aims which were identified by the Partnerships strategic assessment and Commu- The current population of Brentwood is estimat- nity consultation. ed at around 72,000. Approximately 20% of that population is 60 years of age and more and this The overall vision is to make Thurrock a safer is the single biggest demographic group, closely place to live, work in and visit. followed by the 0-16 age group (19%). 45% of people are aged 45 or above. The long-term strategic priorities of the TCSP are to; There are 28,767 dwellings (2001 census) of which 76% are owner occupied, 10% council 1. Reduce the number of incidents of crime, rental, 9% private rental and 2% housing associa- anti-social behaviour and disorder; tion. There are 4.47 persons per hectare and 2.4 persons per household. 2. To bring extra support and protection to the vulnerable; 23% of people in Brentwood have no qualifica-

tions compared to 29% nationally. Unemployment Community Commands 3. To reduce death and serious injury through in Brentwood is lower than the national average at accidents and fires just 1.9%.

4. To create a safe community by promoting The East of England plan following an Exami- tolerance and good citizenship nation in Public by an independent board recom- mends that, Brentwood’s housing allocation for the period 2001 to 2021 be increased from 2,900 The Fire and Rescue Service are inherent as dwellings in the Draft Plan to 3,500 dwellings (net). statutory within the LSP / CDRP structure and are This will obviously result in an increase to the over- represented on many groups and are the Chairs all population of the borough. for two of the key groups, namely Fire and Road Safety and the Promotion of Tolerance groups.

The vision for the future is that Thurrock will be the location of choice - a place where people thrive and prosper; where you can access serv- ices that will make a difference; and where devel- opment is sustainable and supports our new and existing communities as they grow.

145 146 Countywide Review 2009 derstand theneedsof your users? fund risingdemand,how willwecontinuetoun- it, willweneedmore staff/resources, how willwe impact beonourservice:howwillweplan for project isunderstood. course, oncethefullextentofsuchanenormous Rescue Servicewhichwillneedansweringin due portant questionsthatariseforEssexFire and have beenhighlightedasthere are someveryim- of theprojects. Below, someofthelargerprojects rock, itisimpossibletogointogreat detailforall programs currently goingonthroughout Thur- of 4830fortheyearJanuary–December2007.” by March 31st2011by5%onthebaselinefigure lished draftPartnershipPlan2008-11: adopted thefollowingaimforitsrecently pub- tions” relax forthebenefitofcurrent andfuture genera- ing itisapleasantplaceinwhichtolive,workand ment, namely: wood LocalStrategicPartnership’s missionstate- Someofthesequestionsinclude:Whatwillthe Due tothehugeregeneration anddevelopment Future Developments “To reduce allcrimeintheBrentwood borough The Brentwood CDRPStrategyGroup has “To enhancequalityoflifeinBrentwood ensur- The Brentwood CDRPhasadoptedtheBrent- above are, ment Corporationinaddition totheonedescribed the Thurrock andThames GatewayDevelop- jobs. project itisestimatedwillcreate around 10,000 of handlingshipscarryingupto15,000TEU’s. The claimed, with6/7automatedberths,eachcapable once thatpartoftheriverThameshasbeen re- have tohandletheremaining 70%oftransport. does howevermeanthatthelocalroad networkwill containers enteringandleavingtheportviarail.This teen trainsperday, whichwouldresult in30%of rail lineswillbeconstructedwithproposals forsix- equivalent units(TEU)containersayear. Two new with thecapabilityofhandling3.5milliontransport park inEurope ataround 9millionsquare feet, PetroPlus oilrefinery inCoryton. on thevacated1850acre Shellsiteadjacentto tion project inthecountry. Itwillbeaccommodated UK andwillbecomethelargestemploymentcrea- rently thelargestcapitalinvestmentinitiativein over thenexttentofifteenyears.Theproject iscur- the fourthlargestglobalmarineterminalcompany, invested byLondonGateway’s owners,DPWorld, Thurrock isthatofDubaiPortWorld. The othereconomichubs whichcomefrom The quaysideitselfwillbe2.7kilometersinlength The project willincorporatethelargestlogistics More than£1.5billion(US$3b)isbeingprivately The most significant development within The mostsignificantdevelopmentwithin Dubai PortWorld

Purfleet t Tilbury dock expansion (in excess of 1000 ships 2009) t Housing: 2,500 new homes t Proctor & Gamble High Bay warehouse t Commercial Development expansion by 100%

t Creative Industries t Royal Opera House Purfleet

t Environment and Leisure This is not an exhaustive list and due to the cur- rent economic climate some of the projects may t Lakeside & be delayed or even shelved. However many of these are underway already with funding sources t Arena Essex Regional Leisure Development as yet untouched by the global economic state and therefore in our planning assumptions we t Expansion of the Lakeside Retail area still need to take these proposals into account when making decisions around resources and t Housing 4000 new homes response.

Grays Town Centre

t Riverside Development (Marina)

t Office Development

t University College Campus

t New Generation Community Hospital Community Commands

t Housing: 4,000 new homes

Some of the larger projects that are already being worked and consulted on include:

t The proposed expansion of Lakeside Grays Beach regional shopping centre, the current plans are for a further 1 million sq feet. A major new childrens playspace and water- park will be created on the riverfront. Themed t New 6th form college £48m around water and boats, it will have many of the best loved features of the existing beach park, t New Community Hospital Grays £53m including a large sand pit and wet play area. There will be a cafe, plenty of parking spaces t New University and a secluded sandy beach on the waters edge, recreating the towns historic beach. t New Tilbury power station

t New Green power station Tilbury Freeport

147 148 Countywide Review 2009 Community Commands

149 150 Countywide Review 2009 Community Commands

151 152 Countywide Review 2009 Community Commands

153 154 Countywide Review 2009 made upof 77,123malesand78,673 females. the RiverStour. ary atthenorthof Borough withSuffolk runs coastal floodingprotection. Formingthebound- istheColneFloodBarrier,Wivenhoe providing Strood” issubmerged.LocatedclosetoLower land athightidewhentheaccesscauseway“The 9 milesandcannotbereached from themain- south ofColchester. Ithasacircumference of ter (NorthandCentralStations)MarksTey. Main linerailwaystationsare locatedinColches- much oftheBorough isreliant onsingleBroads. major roads oftheA12,A120,A134,however, Army. Garrison isoneofthemajorbasesBritish its longmilitaryassociationsandtheColchester national visitors.Colchesterisalsoinfluencedby and links makethetownpopularwithinternational and theEnglishStudyCentre. Excellenttransport all overtheworldstudyatUniversityofEssex with acosmopolitanatmosphere. Studentsfrom Ministry ofDefence(MOD). and rebuilding programme undertakenbythe the UK.Itisundergoinglargestreinvestment to enrichthediversityofarea. contrast, ruralvillagesandsmalltownscombine cial, culturalandciviccentre oftheDistrict.In Britain’s oldestrecorded town–isthecommer- of Colchester–whichboaststhetitlebeing boundary withSuffolk CountyCouncil.Thetown River StourtotheNorthandtherefore shares it’s Colchester has apopulationof155,796 thatis Mersea Islandislocatedaboutfifteenmiles Transport linkswithintheBorough includethe Colchester townhasalivelyshoppingcentre Colchester isalsothelargestGarrisonTown in The Borough ofColchesterisbordered bythe Colchester and Tendring Colchester

lion offunding intotheJaywickproject. Andthis land Development Agency(EEDA) toput£5mil- has alsobeenacommitment bytheEastofEng- shown bytheCountyas yettothisproblem. There programme. Thisisthestrongest commitment they willgive,have committedtoa15year have notasyetplacedafigure onthefundingthat regeneration projects inthearea. AlthoughECC lion from assetsalestoactasseedfundingfor Tendring DistrictCouncil(TDC)committed£1mil- County Council(ECC).Intheirbudgetfor2008/09 both bythelocaldistrictcouncilaswellEssex emphasis placedontheproblem ofJaywick, per month. that hasapprox 240-260shippingmovements it isamulti-purposefreight andpassengerport single road. Osyth andBrightlingseaare dependantupona important Broads. Someareas, particularlyinSt the A12,A120andA133butthere are alsomany summer months.Themajorroads inTendring are that attractlargenumbersofholidaymakersinthe on-Sea andHarwichare allthrivingseasidetowns 1.3% S.Asian;1.1%Blackand1.0%Mixedrace. The populationhasanethnicityof96.0%White; comprised of66,265malesand72,274females. Hectares andhasapopulationof138,539thatis and .Itcoversanarea of33,773 Harwich (amajorpassengerport) ton; Frinton;Walton (majorseasideholidayareas) structure. Themajorareas ofpopulationare Clac- on coastaldefencestoprotect property andinfra- the coastline.Manyoftheseareas are dependant ban areas have,ingeneral,developedadjacentto of coastaltownsandinlandvillages.Themainur- The districtcoversanarea of32910Hectares Within thelastyearthere hasbeenagreaterWithin Jaywick RegenerationMasterPlan Harwich portisofgreat importancetothearea; Clacton-on-Sea, Walton ontheNaze,Frinton- The DistrictofTendring ismadeupofamixture Tendring years LSP has budgeted £100,000 directly to a and the desire for action with a wish to develop Jaywick scheme as well as other monies that will genuine ownership of Colchester’s vision. indirectly have an effect on the area. The LSP vision is for Colchester to develop as a The Fire Service has developed its own ‘Jay- prestigious regional centre. Colchester is going to wick Action Plan’, it’s a key part of our focus in be a centre of excellence and innovation for cul- identifying and delivering strategies alongside oth- ture, education and learning, recognised region- er partners to help in providing solutions to the ally, nationally and internationally. third most socially deprived area in the Country. Colchester will become a preferred destination Local Area Agreement / Local Strategic for visitors, for business location and for invest- Partnerships & Crime and Disorder Reduction ment and create a sustainable environment in Partnerships which people will continue to enjoy high levels of health and well-being, but with modern health and The partnership is made up of the Crime and social care services for those who need them. Disorder Reduction Partnership CDRP, Local Strategic Partnership (LSP) Executive Group, sup- Tendring ported by four thematic partnerships which mirror the thematic Groups of the Local Area Agreement The Responsible Authorities Group (RAG) (LAA). These are: agreed the following priorities for the CDRP to focus on in 2008-09: t Safer and Stronger Communities. t Reducing Anti Social Behaviour and t Children and Young People. Increasing Public Reassurance t Healthier Communities and Older People. t Reducing Volume Crime t Employment, Skills and Business. t Reducing Alcohol and Drug Misuse

The common denominator with regards to the Community Commands Respondents to the CDRP Community Safety Colchester and Tendring LSP and the CPDC LSP Survey 2008 stated that the top 3 priorities for is that they have both identified that to achieve the making Tendring a safer place to live should be: targets set out they need to work with other part- ners to realistically achieve the targets set. t Reducing Anti social behaviour,

COLCHESTER 2020 - Local Strategic t Reducing Alcohol related crime/ nuisance, Partnership (LSP) and

t Reducing the fear of crime The Colchester2020 (LSP) was formed in 2002, made up of a group of high profile community Respondents to the CDRP Stakeholder event leaders from the public, private and community 2008 stated that the top 3 priorities for making sectors who have joined forces to spearhead this Tendring a safer place to live should be: vision for Colchester.

t Reducing Anti social behaviour, The Strategy together with a shorter-term action plan and targets is based on local people’s t Reducing Volume Crime including Arson views, local needs and Colchester’s unique op- and portunities. The partnership consulted widely and listened, trying to balance the need for leadership t Reducing Drug Misuse.

155 156 Countywide Review 2009 made 10Commitments ture. To supportthisvision, Colchester 2020has and workintheborough, planfortomorrow’s fu- today, havearesponsibility tothepeoplewholive munity Strategy. Thiswillensure thatthosewho work onregeneration. bring farcloserlinksbetweenthetwoCouncil’s 4 keyregeneration projects inColchesterandwill £1.5 billionofnewprivatesectordevelopmentin as ColchesterRenaissance,itwillsupportover mally launchedon30September2004.Known ough CouncilandEssexCountywasfor- increase) baseline, withatargetfor2008/09as25(a5% es anditisrecommended thatthisissetasthe Community -Lastyear’s targetwas24offenc- targets. Theseare: t t t t t t By 2020Colchesterwillhave: Colchester2020(LSP)hasdevelopedaCom- A newpartnershipbetweenColchesterBor- Future Developments Reducing Alcohol&DrugMisusewithinthe Reducingthelevelofvolumecrimeby5% 2. ReducingtheIncidenceofAntiSocialBe- 1. The RAGagreed 3yearandannualhighlevel Enhanced educational reputation through A newgarrison A contemporaryartsfacility A universityresearch park communitystadium A modern accessible primarycare facilities by auniversitymedicalschoolandnew A newdistrictgeneralhospital,supported from 2007/08baseline 58%. during theday90%andfeelingsafeatnight Increasing PublicReassurance,Feelingsafe haviour by5%from 2007/08baselineand

on landclose toDovercourt, off theA120 (East of for additionalassociated servicesandindustry. facility. Theproposal willalsogenerate theneed container handling,arail terminalandalogistics of approximately 72hectares ofinter-tidal landfor between ParkestonandHarwich,thereclamation The schemeincludesfurtherdeepwaterquayside ty fortheDistrictandwiderHavenGatewayarea. significant economicandregeneration opportuni- PortatBathsideBayprovideswich International a way totheEastofEngland. to secure future prosperity withinthismajorgate- framework forpromoting economicopportunities Gateway Partnership,setupin2001toprovide a The CouncilisalsoakeymemberoftheHaven hi-technology corridorandbusinessclusters. with theHavenPortsanddevelopmentofa this potentialisconnectedtogrowth associated and regeneration potential.IntheGatewayarea land), ashavingsignificanteconomicgrowth RPG14 (RegionalGuidancefortheEastofEng- Haven GatewaySub-Region,recognised inDraft liver thevision. terest intheborough theopportunitytohelpde- July eachyear. Thisgivesanyonewhohasanin- Assembly MeetingsthattakeplaceinJanuaryand Afurtherstrategic developmentsite isidentified TendringWithin theproposed expansionofHar- Tendring Districtoccupies alargepartofthe The workofColchester2020istrackedthrough t t t t people totrainforthejobskillsneeded New employersandopportunitiesforlocal More ‘affordable’ housing buildings complemented thesewithstrikingnew of ouroutstandinghistoricattractionsand A heritageinwhichwehavemadethemost An integratedtransportsystem ages adequate provision ofschoolplacesforall excellent schoolsandcollegesbyensuring Pond Hall Farm). The site is well located in relation to Harwich International Port and the Bathside Colchester Regeneration Bay Container Port site. Development in this loca- tion provides a further opportunity to secure a high quality business park with significant employment generating development including hi-technology industry which is within the A120 corridor and the wider Haven Gateway area. The development of this site is also likely to generate the need for as- sociated services which may locate in other parts of the District and will therefore, be likely to secure further economic spin-off benefits.

All images copyright Colchester Borough Council

Colchester Regeneration Colchester Regeneration Community Commands

Colchester Regeneration Colchester Regeneration

157 158 Countywide Review 2009 Community Commands

159 160 Countywide Review 2009 Community Commands

161 162 Countywide Review 2009 Community Commands

163 164 Countywide Review 2009 den andLittle EastonManornearGreat Dunmow, Audley End House&Gardens nearSaffron Wal- the summer, thetwomainoutdoor venuesbeing and over216,000aircraft movements peryear. port, handlinginexcessof34millionpassengers Kingdom andthefastestgrowing European air- area; itisthefourthlargestairportinUnited Cam. trict; theCamorGranta,Chelmer, Pant,Stortand are 5mainriversthatpassthrough Uttlesford dis- main townsandcommunicationsarteries.There linking themanyoutlyingcommunitieswith M11 butthere are alsomanyimportantBroads tive centre forthedistrict. trict. Saffron Walden isalsothemainadministra- and formthemaincommercial centres ofthedis- Stansted Mountfitchetare allthrivingcommunities and thefastestgrowing airportinEurope. the fourthlargestairportinUnitedKingdom ofthedistrictisLondonStanstedAirport, corner over toagriculturalland,whileinthesouth-west in thedistrict.Themajorityofdistrictisgiven industry, isconcentrateduponthemaintowns The majorityofindustry, whichinthemainislight ket townsandsmallruralvillagesHamlets. hectares. and 34,602femalescoversanarea of64,118 population of68,946comprising34,344males risk withinthearea. TheUttlesford districthasa 12 retained fire stationswithvaryingdegrees of ering awideanddiversearea. Itiscovered by Most eventsthatoccur inthedistricthappen Stansted Airportisofgreat importancetothe The majorroads inUttlesford are theA120and Saffron Walden, , Thaxtedand Uttlesford consistsofamixture ofancientmar- The commandismadeupoftwodistrictscov- Uttlesford District and Braintree Uttlesford east, coast ports. Witham is thesecondlargest east, coast ports.Witham sted Airport andtheM11inwest andtothe cently beenupgradedto improve accesstoStan- town ontheA131and A120. Bothroads havere- est crimeratesinthecounty. a quietpleasantenvironment andoneofthelow- district, whichcombinesproximity toLondonwith are attractedtothearea bythequalityoflifein more than10%between1991and2001.People fast growing andhasincreased inpopulationby andHalstead. main townsofBraintree, Witham over halfofthepopulationlivesinonethree Chelmer Valley andChelmsford inthesouth.Just the StourValley, Suffolk border inthenorth, tothe Essex. Largelyruralincharacter, itstretches from schools (2) primary (34),secondary(4)andindependent after-care services. pital inSaffron Walden providing Outpatientand ices. However, there isasmallCommunityHos- ant uponHarlowandCambridgefortheseserv- area hasnomajorhospitalsofitsown,beingreli- district atStanstedFuellingLtd., whole being1.7%. 0.8%, theunemploymentrateforcountyasa has thelowestunemploymentrateinEssexat as dormitoriesforLondoncommuters.Uttlesford sideofthedistrictareern growing inimportance throughout theyear. to anumberofgarden, antiqueandcraftfairs concerts. InadditionAudleyEndalsoplayshost both ofwhichhostanumberoutdoormusic The administrativecentre is Braintree, amarket asuccessfullocaleconomy,With theDistrictis The Braintree districtisthesecondlargestin Braintree District Uttlesford districtcontainsatotalof40schools: Stansted AirportandSaffron Walden PSD.The There are twolowertierCOMAHsiteswithinthe The townsandvillages,particularlyonthewest- town, located in the south of the District on the tions; 43% of people of working age travel outside main line from Liverpool Street to . the district to work (2001) and 82% of residents own at least 1 car (2001) Halstead is a small market town serving the northern half of the District. The growth of Stanst- London is only 45 minutes away by road or rail ed Airport, in tandem with the road improvements so there is a significant “London effect”. This loca- is likely to lead to an increase in demand for hous- tion, with its attractive countryside, character his- ing in the District. toric towns and villages has made the Braintree

Rural Uttlesford and Braintree Community Commands

The Braintree District covers an area of 612 District a popular place to live. The Braintree dis- square kilometres, It is the second largest district trict has a main shopping outlet located (by area) in Essex. It has the fourth highest popu- just outside of Braintree town. Freeport Designer lation of districts in Essex. The mid-year estimate Village is an open air shopping complex, situated for 2007 was 140,900. adjacent to a bowling alley, cinema and retail out- let. Community hospitals are based at Braintree, The population of the Braintree District is set to Halstead and Witham. increase over the next 5 years. The percentage of persons in the 65 and over age group is predicted Local Area Agreement / Local Strategic to increase by 14% Partnerships & Crime and Disorder Reduction Partnerships Nearly half the population live in the rural are- as and just under half in the three main towns of Uttlesford and Braintree Community Command Braintree, Witham and Halstead. There are over are represented at all levels in both districts from 3,000 listed buildings and 39 conservation areas. the 5 Joint Action Groups (JAG) through to the The unemployment rate in the District was 1.9% Local Strategic Partnerships (LSP) (Named ‘Fu- in 2006/07 - well below the national average. 28% tures’ in the Uttlesford district). of the working age population have no qualifica- 165 166 Countywide Review 2009 ture generations’ special environmental qualities–now andforfu- balanced againstourduty toprotect theDistrict’s trict –ensuringthatlocal needsare metandare of peopleandcommunities intheBraintree Dis- years isto: the safestplaceinBritain. result. OurultimateobjectiveistomakeUttlesford and willlivemore secure andhealthylivesasa know whyandhowthishasbeenaccomplished misuse havebeenreduced substantially. Theywill will knowthatratesofcrime,disorder anddrug and socialcostsofcrime.Ourlocalcommunity der, andaddressing therelated health,economic grow andprosper, byreducing crimeanddisor- and more pleasantenvironment inwhichtolive, ‘Improve, promote andsupport thewell-being fortheBraintreeA Vision Districtforthenext20 Braintree District t t t t t t t t The LSPaimsto: To taketheleadinmakingUttlesford asafer Uttlesford LSPvision Reduce thefearofcrime Reduce substancemisuse violence) Reduce violentcrime(includingdomestic inal damageandtheftsfrom vehicles) Reduce core crime(includingburglary, crim- Reduce anti-socialbehavior crime offend andthosewhobecomevictimsof Reduce thenumberofyoungpeoplewho Reduce crimeanddisorder and inthePolice Increase publicconfidenceintacklingcrime We shouldcontinue topursueanddevelop our tively respond to andmanagethese incidents. additional resources maybe required toeffec- the threat ofterrorism atthese targets andmeans oftheday.Government the publicinquiryin1984andconfirmedby the in accordance withrecommendations madeby throughput of25millionpassengersperannum The airportcapacityislimitedtoamaximum couldincreasejourneys from 12,600to40,000. highlighted thattheaveragenumberofdaily rail to 195,000additionalmovementsperday. Italso and from Stanstedcouldincrease from 40,000 to runway isdeveloped,averagecarjourneys County Councilhasidentifiedthatifthesecond to andleavefrom theairport.Research byEssex transport networkaspassengerswillneedtoget ing itbusierthanHeathrow Airporttoday. numbers wouldrisetoover70millionayear, mak- world. Ifasecondrunwayisdevelopedpassenger making itthebusiestsinglerunwayairportin passenger movementsto35millionby2015, Plans are currently beingconsidered toincrease sources andthegrowth ofthearea generally. nificantly uponboththecapabilityofexistingre- cessful Communitysafetyinitiatives. oped tosupportouraimofconsistentandsuc- The expansionofthe airport potentiallyraises This growth willhaveadirect impactonthe The developmentoftheairportwillimpactsig- Stansted AirportDevelopment Future Developments Strong localpartnershiplinksare beingdevel- t t t The LSPAimsare: healthy lifestyle To enableeveryonetoenjoyasafeand To achieveaprosperous localeconomy To create acleanandgreen environment

CBRNE capability without over- reliance of other District Some 8000 homes are also proposed Services. for both the Dunmow area and Braintree.

On a strategic level, the airport has a category The proposed London / Cambridge housing 8 status and has approximately 216,000 air traffic developments along the M11 corridor will signifi- movements a year. It has the longest commercial cantly increase both populations and traffic move- runway in the country (3,500m) and incorporates ments both during construction and the resulting a ‘hijack’ facility on site. The buildings on the site legacy, the knock on effect of this will mean addi- include two terminals, an enclosed railway facility tion services and employment requirements. Community Commands

Thaxted Guildhall and a fuel farm. In addition there are over 200 Road Networks agents and support warehousing and hangars. The area contains significant road networks Towns Development including M11, A120 and the A12. These are likely to expand and develop to accommodate in- The population of the Braintree District is set to creased traffic movements in the future. increase over the next 5 years, and the percent- age of persons in the 65 and over age group is Science and Research Industry predicted to increase by 14%. In Essex 3,582 new houses were built in 2002, the most being built in Uttlesford district has a significant and growing Braintree science park on the Cambridge border.

167 168 Countywide Review 2009 Community Commands

169 170 Countywide Review 2009 Community Commands

171 172 Countywide Review 2009 Community Commands

173 174 Countywide Review 2009 joint focuson communityimprovement. priorities ofthosewho are contributing andwitha and lastingpartnerships whichrecognise the swiftly andeffectively whentheydooccur. down fires andotheremergencies,butresponding wide rangeofpartnersandstakeholderstodrive understands itsrole withinthecommunity terms ofanexcellentFire andRescueService. clear understandingofwhatweaspire tobein such itisimportantthatthere isanagreed and continue tomeetcommunityexpectations.As challenges ofthefuture isvitaliftheServiceto of Today andintotheFuture We aspire toachievethisbydeveloping close We aspire tobeaServicethatworkswith We aspire tobeaServicethatclearly Being prepared fortheopportunitiesand The EssexCountyFire andRescueService Conclusion

way. use ourresources inthemostflexibleandefficient legal andmoralresponsibility toidentifyways community focusedleadership.We recognise the informationtechnologyandstrongment, modern effective organisationalandworkforce develop- financial management,efficient useofresources, stances. and capableofadaptingtochangingcircum- sive, people, processes andsystemsthatare respon- locations neededtodeliverthebestservice. to theinformationandknowledgeinright appliances weare abletoprovide, withaccess valued personnelwiththebestequipmentand development andadaptability continues. in place,ourkeytosuccess istoensure their The foundationsforouraspirationswillbesound We aspire tobeaServicethatissupportedby We aspire tohavewelltrained,motivatedand Many elementsofthese aspirationsare already forward thinking,welltrainedanddeveloped Investing forthefuture in newequipment

http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/Product.a Sources sp?vlnk=8168&More=N UK Border Agency Accession Monitoring Report 2005 http://www.ukba.homeoffice.gov.uk/sitecontent/ Annex 1 documents/aboutus/reports/accession_monitori ng_report/ Climate Change in the East of England Department of Work & Pensions National Essex Resilience Forum Community Risk Insurance Number (NINo) Allocations to Register Overseas Nationals 2005 http://www.essexcc.gov.uk/microsites/essex_re http://www.dwp.gov.uk/mediacentre/pressrelea silience/crr.htm ses/2007/jul/ifd240707nino.pdf Essex Trends BBC Born Abroad Project http://www.essexcc.gov.uk/vip8/ecc/ECCWebsi http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/uk/05/bor te/dis/gui.jsp?channelOid=85856&guideOid=96 n_abroad/html/overview.stm 936 Office of National Statistics Environment Agency http://www.statistics.gov.uk/ http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/ Older People in Essex Effects of Climate Change on Fire & Rescue Services in the UK Essex Trends http://www.yhub.org.uk/resources/Climate%20 http://www.essexcc.gov.uk/vip8/ecc/ECCWebsi Change%20Micro%20Site/FireandRescueServi te/dis/gui.jsp?channelOid=85856&guideOid=96 cesintheUK.pdf 936 Essex Resilience Forum Community Risk Register Flooding http://www.essexcc.gov.uk/microsites/essex_re http://www.defra.gov.uk/news/2008/080625a. silience/crr.htm htm Office of National Statistics Demographics of Essex http://www.statistics.gov.uk/ Transport Research Laboratory Cohort Study County Development & transport Infrastructure http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/roadsafety/research/r Department for Transport Conclusion elated/novicedriverssafetyno02?page=7 http://www.dft.gov.uk Community Wheels Project Essex Trends http;//www.drivingcasulatiesdown.org http://www.essexcc.gov.uk/vip8/ecc/ECCWebsi DVLA te/dis/gui.jsp?channelOid=85856&guideOid=96 http://www.dvla.gov.uk/ 936 Fire Advice centre Essex Resilience Forum Community Risk Register http://www.firesafe.org.uk/html/premises/arsons http://www.essexcc.gov.uk/microsites/essex_re ch.htm silience/crr.htm Diversity Stansted Airport White Paper http://www.dft.gov.uk/consultations/aboutria/ria/ Essex Trends fullriaofstanstedairportatml5527 http://www.essexcc.gov.uk/vip8/ecc/ECCWebsi BAA Stansted Airport te/dis/gui.jsp?channelOid=85856&guideOid=96 http://www.stanstedairport.com/ 936 CLG Case Study London Southend Airport Essex Resilience Forum Community Risk Register http://www.communities.gov.uk/thamesgateway http://www.essexcc.gov.uk/microsites/essex_re /overview/southessex/southend/airport/ silience/crr.htm Southend Airport Rees & Parsons 2006 http://www.southendairport.com/92 http://www.ccsr.ac.uk/events/segint/workshops/ Essex County Council documents/PhilReesEthnicPopulationProjectio http://www.essex.gov.uk/ nsCCSRWorkshop.pdf Now were moving freely Essex County Council National Statistics 2001 Census http://www.essexcc.gov.uk/vip8/ecc/ECCWebsi http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/censu te/content/binaries/documents/EssexRoadPass s2001.asp engerTransportStrategyChapters1-2.pdf 2005 International Passager Survey 175 176 Countywide Review 2009 http://www.statistics.gov.uk/ Office ofNational Statistics Poverty, Wealth andPlaceinBritain 1968-2005 http://www.jrf.org.uk/ Joseph Rowntree Foundation The HorseTrust silience/crr.htm http://www.essexcc.gov.uk/microsites/essex_re Essex ResilienceForumCommunityRiskRegister 936 te/dis/gui.jsp?channelOid=85856&guideOid=96 http://www.essexcc.gov.uk/vip8/ecc/ECCWebsi Essex Trends The Economy http://www.mi5.gov.uk MI5 http://www.mi5.gov.uk/output/Page27.html Qaida June 2002articleSulaimanAbuGaithofAl cises/londoncasestudies/osiris.aspx http://www.ukresilience.info/preparedness/exer Exercise OsirisII(BankUnderground Station) sponse/newdimensionequipping/ http://www.communities.gov.uk/fire/resiliencere Fire &ResilienceNewDimensions 89110.stm http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/62 BBC Al-QuedacondemntheRushdieHonour Terrorism http://www.statistics.gov.uk/ Office ofNationalStatistics The ChangingFaceofTechnology Issues Strategic CountywideEconomic&Housing http://www.rospa.com/ EssexIssuesJan2009- Accidents The RoyalSocietyforthePrevention of http://www.brake.org.uk/ Brake RoadSafetyCharity sponse/newdimensionequipping/ http://www.communities.gov.uk/fire/resiliencere Fire & ResilienceNewDimensions London ResilienceTeam sponse/newdimensionequipping/ http://www.communities.gov.uk/fire/resiliencere Fire & ResilienceNewDimensions http://www.london2012.com/ London 2012Olympics http://www.eera.gov.uk/category.asp?cat=452 East ofEnglandspatialStrategy Fire andRescueServicesAct2004 silience/crr.htm http://www.essexcc.gov.uk/microsites/essex_re Essex ResilienceForumCommunityRiskRegister lenge_Full_Draft.pdf http://servicenet/Documents/Rising_to_the_chal- Efficiency AuditCommission–December2008 Rising tothechallenge-Improving Fire Service Operational ServiceDelivery Confederation ofBritishIndustries http://www.cbi.org.uk 7/vat-registration-statistics-2005.shtml http://www.bytestart.co.uk/content/taxlegal/9_1 Registered Businesses2005 Small BusinessStatistics,StockofVat 0040021_en_1 http://www.opsi.gov.uk/Acts/acts2004/ukpga_2 Fire and RescueServicesAct2004 =1057 http://www.neighbourhood.gov.uk/page.asp?id Indices ofMultipleDeprivation2004ODPM http://www.londonchamber.co.uk/ London ChambersofCommerce sponse/firecontrol/ http://www.communities.gov.uk/fire/resiliencere Regional Fire control sponse/newdimensionequipping/ http://www.communities.gov.uk/fire/resiliencere Fire &ResilienceNewDimensions 0040036_en_193 http://www.opsi.gov.uk/Acts/acts2004/ukpga_2 Civil ContingencesAct2004 http://www.assetco.com/default.aspx?CATID=9 AssetCo http://www.fbu.org.uk/ Fire BrigadesUnion Future Constraints http://www.ipds.co.uk/efdm/ IPDS http://www.hse.gov.uk/legislation/hswa.htm Health &SafetyAct1974 0040036_en_1 http://www.opsi.gov.uk/Acts/acts2004/ukpga_2 Civil ContingencesAct2004 http://www.ukresilience.info/ UK Resilience silience/ http://www.essexcc.gov.uk/microsites/essex_re Essex RésilienceForum 0040021_en_1 http://www.opsi.gov.uk/Acts/acts2004/ukpga_2 FireLink W52 Basildon http://www.frsonline.fire.gov.uk/resilience/listcat W54 Canvey Island /41 W55 Orsett The Part Time workers (Prevention of Less W66 Corringham Favourable Treatment) Regulations 2000 W67 Ingatestone http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2000/20001551.htm W68 Local Sustainable Community Programs W69 Wickford http://www.communities.gov.uk/communities/su W70 Harlow stainablecommunities/publicationsaboutsustain W71 Ongar able/keynoteaddresses/donaldjjohnsons/ W72 Loughton 2007 Comprehensive Spending Review W73 Waltham Abby http://www.hmtreasury. W78 Braintree gov.uk/spending_review/spend_csr07/ W79 Wethersfield spend_csr07_index.cfm W80 Sible Local Government Finance Settlement W81 Halstead 2008/2009 W82 http://www.local.communities.gov.uk/finance/08 W83 Stansted 09/grant.htm W84 Newport MI5 W85 Saffron Walden http://www.mi5.gov.uk/output/threat-levels.html W86 W87 Dunmow Annex 2 W88 Essex County Fire & Rescue Service W89 Epping Fire Stations Annex 3 E10 Colchester Essex Fire and Rescue Service E11 Workplace Fire Safety Departments E12 Clacton KP, B&CP, C&M, C&T, H&E, S&R, T&B, U&B.

E17 Manningtree Sources E18 Frinton E19 Weeley E20 Brightlingsea E21 Wivenhoe E22 E23 E24 E25 Witham E30 Southend E31 Leigh E32 South Woodham E33 Great Baddow E34 Chelmsford E35 Hadleigh E42 Shoeburyness E43 Burnham E44 E45 Tollesbury E46 Maldon E47 Hawkwell E48 Rayleigh E49 Rochford W50 Grays W51 Brentwood

177 Countywide Review 2009-2010

Essex County Fire & Rescue Service Our Values: Respect, Accountability, Openness and Involvement

178