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The Distribution and Impact of South/North American Stipoid

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The Distribution and Impact of South/North American Stipoid 62 Plant Protection Quarterly Vol.13(2) 1998 But through the greater part of Victoria these conditions do not apply, and dense The distribution and impact of South/North American growths of plants formerly unknown or uncommon in an area are cause for con- stipoid grasses (Poaceae: Stipeae) in Australia cern. While there are several introduced D.A. McLarenA, V. StajsicB and M.R. GardenerC, Co-operative Research grass species that form extensive single- Centre for Weed Management Systems species swards, most of these are A Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Keith Turnbull rhizomatous, such as Pennisetum clandestinum (kikuyu) and Cynodon Research Institute, PO Box 48, Frankston, Victoria 3199, Australia. B dactylon (couch), or annuals such as Briza National Herbarium of Victoria, Birdwood Avenue, South Yarra, Victoria species (blowfly grasses), Vulpia species 3141, Australia. (squirrel-tail fescues or silver grasses), C University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia. Avena species (oat-grasses) and Schismus barbatus (Arabian grass). Abstract these grasses could have on both agricul- Tussock-forming perennials that occur The current and potential distribution of ture and the environment. in dense, uniform stands, readily displac- ten introduced South/North American The Stipeae (Family: Poaceae) is a cos- ing the ‘resident’ species or communities, stipoid grass weeds is documented. The mopolitan tribe of approximately 450 spe- include Phalaris aquatica (canary grass) known ecology and the impacts on agri- cies in 14 genera (Barkworth 1993, Reyna and Lophopyrum elongatum (tall wheat- culture and the indigenous vegetation and Barkworth 1994, Jacobs and Everett grass). Both of these deep-rooted species are presented. Nassella trichotoma has 1996). Including the indigenous genus have been extensively grown in areas significant impacts on both agriculture Austrostipa, there are six stipoid genera in prone to salination. They are both now and the environment. N. neesiana is Australia, five of which are of exotic ori- proving to be a severe threat to native among the most serious environmental gin. These are Achnatherum, Jarava, grassland communities. Both have flattish weeds of grassland and grassy- Nassella, Piptochaetium and Piptatherum. leaf-blades, the former to 20 mm wide, the woodland communities in southeast Achnatherum is the largest and most wide- latter to approximately 6 mm wide. Both Australia. N. leucotricha and especially spread genus. It occurs in Africa, Eurasia, are readily distinguished from stipoid N. hyalina are serious environmental New Zealand and North and South grasses by the absence of awns on the lem- weeds of grassland communities, par- America (Barkworth 1993) but is prima- mas, and by the narrow, more or less cy- ticularly on the Victorian Volcanic rily of Eurasian/North American origin. lindrical inflorescences. Plains. Achnatherum caudatum and A. Jarava, a recently resurrected genus Should Table 1 not provide a satisfac- brachychaetum have the potential to be- (Jacobs and Everett 1997), is endemic to tory identification of a grass believed to be come very serious agricultural and envi- South American. Nassella is essentially a member of the Stipeae, or if other ronmental weeds, as they possess abun- from South America while Piptochaetium is grasses, unknown to local agriculture of- dant cleistogenes that promote dispersal from both North and (mainly) South ficers, are proving cause for concern, a and survival under cultivation. A. American. Piptatherum is (mainly) Eura- flowering or seeding specimen should be brachychaetum remains poorly known sian but is also represented in North forwarded to an appropriate agency for due to its similarity and confusion with America and is represented by only one expert identification (usually the State A. caudatum. N. charruana poses a sig- species in Australia, P. miliaceum (L.) Coss. Herbarium, situated in each of the nificant weed threat due to its invasive- As this species appears to be confined to Australian capital cities). The specimen ness and unpalatibilty. N. megapotamia urban settlements (Walsh and Entwisle may represent the first wave of the inva- and Piptochaetium montevidense are 1994) it will not be considered. Species of sion of a potentially troublesome or dev- poorly known species with little to no in- the other genera are cause for serious astating weed and its early detection and formation available on their ecology and alarm from both an environmental and eradication could save untold expense weed status in Australia. Attempts to agricultural perspective. and hours of labour. eradicate Jarava plumosa in South Aus- In Australia 11 species of exotic stip- tralia have proved difficult. Ten recom- oid species are naturalized. They are: References mendations are made. Achnatherum brachychaetum (Godron) Jacobs, S.W.L. and Everett, J. (1996). Barkworth, A. caudatum (Trin.) S.W.L. Austrostipa, a new genus, and new Introduction Jacobs & J. Everett, Jarava plumosa names for Australasian species for- Many potential weeds are regarded as (Sprengel) S.W.L. Jacobs & J. Everett, merly included in Stipa (Gramineae). ‘sleepers’ whose populations may slowly Nassella charruana (Arech.) Barkworth, N. Telopea 6, 579-95. increase (lag phase) but not be noticed for hyalina (Nees) Barkworth, N. leucotricha Jacobs, S.W.L. and Everett, J. (1997). Jarava many years, before they increase dramati- (Trin. & Rupr.) Pohl., N. megapotamia plumosa (Gramineae), a new combina- cally making eradication almost impossi- (Spreng. ex Trin.) Barkworth, N. neesiana tion for the species formerly known as ble. Groves (1986) divided this weed inva- (Trin. & Rupr.) Barkworth, N. trichotoma Stipa papposa. Telopea 7, 301-2. sion process into three phases. An intro- (Nees) Hack. ex Arechav., Piptatherum Ross, J.H. (1996). ‘Census of vascular duction phase (the process of invading a miliaceum and Piptochaetium montevidense plants in Victoria’, Fifth edition. (Royal previously unoccupied region), a colo- (Spreng.) Parodi. Due to the resemblance Botanic Gardens, Melbourne). nization phase (the process of being able of these South/North American stipoid Vickery, J.W., Jacobs, S.W.L. and Everett, to survive and reproduce, producing species with indigenous Austrostipa spe- J. (1986). Taxonomic studies in Stipa a self-perpetuating population) and a cies, they can be easily overlooked as (Poaceae) in Australia. Telopea 3, 1-132. naturalization phase (the weed dis- weeds, increasing their likelihood of suc- Walsh, N.G. (1994). Poaceae. In ‘Flora of perses widely and creates further self- cessful naturalization. Victoria’, eds. N.G. Walsh and T.J. perpetuating populations which become The ability of a weed to invade, repro- Entwisle, Volume 2, pp. 356-627. incorporated into the resident flora). The duce and increase is largely dependent (Inkata Press, Melbourne). introduction of several South and North upon habitat and its adaptive characteris- American stipoid species into Australia tics (i.e. dispersal adaptations, seed pro- has raised concerns about the impacts duction etc.). Habitat has been defined as Plant Protection Quarterly Vol.13(2) 1998 63 ‘the sum of the factors at a point in space A climate analysis was used to deter- In 1988, N. trichotoma was estimated to that may affect a plant’s ability to survive mine the potential distributions of each cost the Australian Wool Industry ap- and to contribute to the next generation’ species. Latitude, longitude and altitude proximately $12.9 million annually (Cousens and Mortimer 1995). These may data were obtained from a representative (Sloane et al. 1988). A recent report pro- include abiotic factors such as climate sample of sites for each species in Aus- duced (Aberdeen 1995) stated that Victo- (temperature, rainfall, humidity), soil tralia. They were analysed by the ria could save approximately $35 million type, day length, and biotic factors such as BIOCLIM program (Nix 1986) using the per year if it restricted the distribution of competition from neighbouring plants, CLIMATE system to predict areas in Aus- N. trichotoma to 200 000 ha. A conservative predators and diseases. tralia that possess similar climatic profiles. figure for the cost of N. trichotoma in Victo- Since the factors defining the suitability ria is $5 million per year (Nicholson et al. of a habitat to a particular weed may be Results and discussion 1997) and for New South Wales $40 mil- unknown, computer models which create lion per year (Jones and Vere 1998). an empirical set of parameters based on Serrated tussock, Nassella trichotoma In contrast to the vast literature on the current distribution can be used to de- Nassella trichotoma is a perennial, drought impacts of N. trichotoma on agricultural scribe areas for weed survival. These pa- resistant species that is native to the pam- productivity, there is little on its environ- rameters can then be used to predict the pas grasslands of Argentina, Uruguay, mental impacts. Carr et al. (1992) classified potential spread of weed species by ana- Chile and Peru (Parodi 1930, Rosengurtt et N. trichotoma as a very serious environ- lysing the climatic variables where the al. 1970) and has been reported from Bo- mental weed that invades dry coastal veg- species is naturalized (Pheloung and Scott livia (Walsh and Entwisle 1994). etation, lowland grassland, grassy wood- 1996, Cousens and Pheloung 1996). A cli- Nassella trichotoma is a proclaimed nox- land, sclerophyll forest and woodland and mate matching
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