As Pinturas Do Templo De Juno E O Ciclo Troiano: Imagem E Memória

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As Pinturas Do Templo De Juno E O Ciclo Troiano: Imagem E Memória UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DEPARTAMENTO DE LETRAS CLÁSSICAS E VERNÁCULAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM LETRAS CLÁSSICAS As pinturas do templo de Juno e o Ciclo Troiano – imagem e memória épica na arquitetura da Eneida – Francisco Edi de Oliveira Sousa Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras Clássicas, do Departamento de Letras Clássicas e Vernáculas da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo, em co-tutela com a Université de Paris- Sorbonne (Paris IV). Orientador na USP: Profa. Dra. Zélia Ladeira Veras de Almeida Cardoso Orientador na Sorbonne: Prof. Dr. Carlos Lévy São Paulo 2008 2 ÍNDICE Introdução 05 Capítulo I: Os poemas perdidos do ciclo troiano 11 O ciclo troiano 12 Cantos Cíprios 16 Etíope 31 Pequena Ilíada 38 Saque de Ílion 45 Retornos 52 Telegonia 57 Conclusão do capítulo 60 Capítulo II: As pinturas do templo de Juno e as epopéias do ciclo troiano 66 II.1 – Alusão das imagens a épicos do ciclo troiano 73 II.1.1 – Imagem I (v. 458 e 461) 73 II.1.2 – Imagens II e III (v. 466-468) 78 II.1.3 – Imagem IV (v. 469-473) 79 II.1.4 – Imagem V (v. 474-478) 81 II.1.5 – Imagem VI (v. 479-482) 85 II.1.6 – Imagem VII (v. 483-487) 87 II.1.7 – Imagens VIII (v. 488), IX (v. 489) e X (v. 490-493) 92 II.2 – Disposição das imagens 99 II.2.1 – Parte prima 102 II.2.2 – Parte alia 103 II.3 – A arte da memória no episódio das pinturas do templo de Juno 112 Conclusão do capítulo 118 Capítulo III: A arquitetura dos seis cantos iniciais da Eneida e o ciclo troiano 119 III.1 – A instituição de uma arquitetura fundada no ciclo troiano 129 III.2 – A queda de Tróia 131 III.2.1 – A deliberação e a entrada do cavalo em Tróia 134 3 III.2.2 – Sínon 135 III.2.3 – Laocoonte e a permanência de Enéias em Tróia durante o saque 136 III.2.4 – Enéias 137 III.3 – O no/stoj de Enéias 140 III.3.1 – Canto III 140 III.3.1.1 – O destino distinto dos ramos de Dárdano e a fuga para o monte Ida 142 III.3.1.2 – Delos, a instituição do no/stoj de Enéias 143 III.3.1.3 – Em Creta, a Eneida encontra os Retornos 144 III.3.1.4 – Mergulho em águas da Odisséia 145 III.3.1.5 – As harpias 145 III.3.1.6 – Em Butroto, a Eneida reencontra os Retornos 146 III.3.1.7 – Morte de Anquises 147 III.3.2 – Canto IV 147 III.3.3 – O canto V 148 III.3.4 – O canto VI 151 Conclusão do capítulo 152 Conclusão 154 Bibliografia 158 4 Resumo Intitulada “As Pinturas do Templo de Juno e o Ciclo Troiano: imagem e memória épica na arquitetura da Eneida ”, esta tese aborda relações entre essa obra e o ciclo troiano a partir do episódio das pinturas do templo de Juno (I, v. 450-493). Na vastíssima bibliografia de estudos virgilianos, tal questão ocupa ainda pouco espaço. A fim de fundamentar a investigação dessas relações, efetua-se no capítulo inicial uma análise e uma reconstituição dos poemas perdidos desse ciclo ( Cantos Cíprios , Etíope , Pequena Ilíada , Saque de Ílion , Retornos e Telegonia ). Recorrendo-se ao capitulo I, demonstram-se quatro proposições nos capítulos II e III: as imagens desse templo evocam em especial epopéias do ciclo troiano (cap. II.1); as imagens encontram-se ordenadas conforme essa evocação (cap. II.2); na composição desse episódio, emprega-se e encena-se a teoria retórica da arte da memória (cap. II.3); a seqüência de épicos cíclicos evocados tem continuidade nos seis cantos iniciais e desse modo participa da arquitetura da Eneida (cap. III). As investigações realizadas para demonstrar essas proposições revelam um diálogo conscientemente urdido com poemas desse ciclo e assim propiciam a concretização de novos sentidos na leitura da Eneida . Com tal procedimento, Virgílio não apenas reaviva a memória da saga de Tróia, na qual insere sua epopéia, mas também “reedita” o ciclo troiano em função de Enéias. Palavras-chave : Eneida , ciclo troiano, imagem, arquitetura, arte da memória . Abstract Entitled “The Pictures of Juno’s Temple and the Trojan Cycle: image and epic memory in the architecture of the Aeneid ”, this dissertation focus on the relations between this literary piece of work and the Trojan cycle inspired in the episode of the paintings of Juno’s temple (I, v. 450-493). Despite the extensive bibliography about the Virgilian studies, this issue has not been given appropriate attention throughout the years. In order to lay the foundations of these relations, the first chapter of this study presents an analysis and a reconstitution of the Trojan cycle lost poems ( Cypria , Aethiopis , Little Iliad , Sack of Ilion , Returns and Telegony ). The second and third chapters deal with four propositions: the pictures of Juno’s temple specially evoke some poems from the Trojan cycle (cap. II.1); the images are disposed in conformity with this evocation (chapter II.2); in the composition of this episode, rhetoric theory of the art of memory is used and illustrated (chapter II.3); the sequence of evoked cyclic poems is continued in the first six books and being so plays some important role in the architecture of the Aeneid (chapter III). The investigations developed to demonstrate these propositions have revealed a dialogue consciously woven with the poems of this cycle and, therefore, propitiate the conveyance of new meanings in the reading of the Aeneid . With such proceeding Virgil not only revive the memory of the saga of Troy, in which his epic is contextualized, but he also “reedit” the Trojan cycle, this time, revolving around Aeneas. keywords : Aeneid , Trojan cycle, image, architecture, art of memory . E-mail: [email protected] 5 i n t r o d u ç ã o Sic ait et animum pictura pascit inani (En , I, v. 464) Virgílio sempre nos abre a porta de sua casa, mas o interior, assim como Enéias entrando em Cartago, permanece envolto em névoa, através da qual há muito e a custo se tenta discernir a forma e a disposição dos móveis, objetos mais caros ao poeta... Outra vez penetramos nessa casa, intentamos agora compreender certas pinturas nas paredes de seu recinto épico. Tais pinturas ornamentam o templo dedicado à deusa Juno em Cartago (I, v. 450-493) e constituem o ponto a partir do qual esta tese irradia-se; ao observá-las, percebemos alusões a épicos gregos, um princípio de organização e reflexos sobre a arquitetura do poema . Percorramos um breve caminho até a definição dos contornos precisos desta investigação. Seguindo a lição do in medias res , o canto inicial da Eneida nos arrebata ao centro dos acontecimentos. A epopéia começa com uma frota em alto mar, vinte barcos transportando troianos que deixaram para trás sua cidade em chamas, destruída por gregos após dez anos de batalhas, e seguem em busca de uma região onde possam reerguê-la. Uma tempestade os castiga próximo aos litorais da Líbia, norte da África; o mais seguro é aportar em praias próximas, desconhecidas. Os navios se espalham; sete descobrem uma baía, onde podem se refugiar... Enéias está em um deles. Esse guerreiro, agora responsável pelos sobreviventes, na manhã seguinte decide explorar a região, acompanhado do amigo Acates. No percurso se deparam com a deusa Vênus, disfarçada de caçadora, que lhes explica estarem em reinos púnicos, onde uma rainha tíria, Dido, erige uma cidade, Cartago. Depois desse encontro, prosseguem protegidos pela divindade, envoltos em uma névoa; invisíveis, percorrem a cidade e penetram em um bosque, no qual se ergue um templo à deusa Juno. Entram... e se surpreendem: nas paredes do templo, pinturas da guerra de Tróia, cuja fama chegou até ali e instigou artistas a tornar tal tema o objeto de sua arte. Uma a uma, Enéias as contempla e muito se emociona. Em seguida aparecem a rainha e os troianos dos outros barcos, que Enéias 6 julgava perdidos. A rainha os acolhe e, na noite desse dia, oferece um banquete a seus caros hóspedes. Manjares e vinho, Juno e Baco, e uma canção entoada pelo aedo Iopas, ao som de uma cítara. Bebendo vinho e amor, Dido alonga a noite inquirindo Enéias sobre heróis e fatos da guerra e, ao fim do canto, pede-lhe que a todos relate as insídias dos dânaos, a queda dos seres caros a ele e o errar que há sete anos empreende por terra e mar... até chegar a Cartago. As idéias geradoras deste estudo brotaram em meio a esse banquete, nos sulcos dos últimos versos desse canto, nos quais a rainha demonstra grande interesse pelas lembranças do herói troiano (v. 748-756). Examinando a transição entre os cantos da Eneida , Harrison (1980) apresenta uma interessante análise desses versos. Inicialmente, destaca o vocábulo sermone (I, v. 748), considerando-o “the key term” (p. 360), indício de que Dido e Enéias mantêm uma conversa em particular a respeito de pontos diversos ( uario , v. 748) da guerra de Tróia; as perguntas que lança ao troiano seriam indicadas “de forma breve e indireta” (p. 360-361) nos versos 750, 751 e 752; as respostas dele, entretanto, ficariam inteiramente a cargo da imaginação do receptor. De repente, o texto nos faz ouvir a voz da rainha; a partir desse momento, não mais estaria falando apenas para Enéias, mas em voz alta, para toda a audiência, solicitando que a todos ( nobis , v.
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