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Introduction to Homer R. C. J EBB ass. /<? National Library of Scotland HIlllNlliW' B000194348* HOME R: AN INTRODUCTION TO THE ILIAD AND THE ODYSSEY. \ PUBLISHED BY JAMES MACLEHOSE AND SONS, GLASGOW, ^ufiligijers to tt* 2Hntfcn-sttg. MACMILLAN AND CO., LONDON. London, .... Hamilton, Adams and Co. Cambridge, . Macmillan and Bowes. Edinburgh, . Douglas and Foulis. MDCCCLXXXVIII. HOMER AN INTRODUCTION TO THE ILIAD AND THE ODYSSEY EY R. C. JEBB, LITT. D., CAMBRIDGE: HON. LL.D. EDINBURGH AND HARVARD, PROFESSOR OF GREEK IN THE UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW, FORMERLY FELLOW OF TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE. SEjbirt) CJfcttton. GLASGOW: JAMES MACLEHOSE AND SONS, Publishers to tije SEmbrrsitg. 1888 (EatnfirtSgc: PRINTED BY C. J. CLAY, M.A. AND SONS, AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. y23 SE- 9 75 '^1 O'* PREFACE. The purpose of this book is to furnish, in a compact form, a general introduction to the study of Homer. The four chapters into which it is divided deal respectively with four aspects of the subject:—(i) The general character of the Homeric poems, and their place in the history of literature: (2) their historical value, as illustrating an early period of Hellenic life: (3) their influence in the ancient world, and the criticism bestowed on them in antiquity: (4) the modern inquiry into their origin. So far as I am aware, there is no one book, English or foreign, which collects the principal results of modern study in each of these departments. Mr Monro, the Provost of Oriel, was kind enough to read a considerable part of these pages, while they were still in an unfinished state, and to give me the benefit of his opinion on several points. Professor J b VI PREFACE. Seymour, of Yale, during a visit to England last summer, gave me a signal proof of friendship in the care with which he went through the book,—then nearly completed,—and the kindness with which he permitted me to profit by some suggestions. My thanks are also due to Professor Butcher, the Rev. M. A. Bayfield, Mr Sidney Colvin, and Mr Walter Leaf, for various tokens of kind interest in this work. R. C. JEBB. The College, Glasgow, December, 1886. Note to the Second Edition. The first edition, published in January, 1887, was exhausted in February. The present edition is sub- stantially identical with the first, while on a few points of detail it has profited by some criticisms with which I have been favoured. R. C. J. March, 1SS7 CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. GENERAL LITERARY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE POEMS. PAGE 1. Homeric Poems—their twofold interest . r 2. Pre-Homeric poetry . • • • • ■ • 1 3. Epic poetry 3 4. Aristotle on Homer 4 5. Structure of the Iliad 5 6. Structure of the Odyssey ....... 8 7. Homeric poetry—its general stamp . .12 8. Relation to ballad poetry 12 9. Relation to the literary epic 16 10. Dryden and Addison on Homer.—The Wolfians . r8 11. Homer and Walter Scott ....... 19 12. The Homeric characters ....... 23 13. Their typical value 24 14. Their expression in speech, or in thought . .23 15. Divine and human action ....... 26 16. Homeric use of simile 26 17. Why simile is rarer in the Odyssey 29 18. Range of the similes 3° 19. Aggregation of similes—how used by Homer . .31 20. The twenty-second book of the Iliad 32 21. Concluding remarks ........ 36 Vlll CONTENTS. CHAPTER II. THE HOMERIC IVOR ID. PAGE 1. The Hellenic type already mature.—Unity of the picture . 38 2. Homeric geography,‘inner’and‘outer’ .... 39 3. Iliad. Inner geography. Outer geography ... 39 4. The ‘Catalogue’—a document apart 41 5. Traces of personal knowledge ...... 43 6, 7. Odyssey. Inner geography. Outer geography ... 44 8. Homeric polity 46 9- K>ng 47 10. Dike and themis. Council. Agora 48 11. Difference between Iliad and Odyssey as pictures of polity . 49 12. Homeric religion 50 13. P'ate. Erinyes 51 14. Difference between Iliad and Odyssey as to the supernatural 52 15. Homeric ethics. The family 53 16. Slavery -54 17. Limit to the sphere of themis.—Aidos. Nemesis . 54 18. The Homeric civilisation 55 19. Archaeological evidence 56 20. Use of stone ......... 56 21. The Homeric house. The court 57 22. The aethusa and prodomus . .57 23. The megaron ......... 59 24. Women’s apartments. Analogy to later Greek house . 60 25. Interior fittings and decoration, etc 61 26. Social manners 62 27. Homeric dress 64 28. Homeric armour 65 29. Homeric art 66 30. Shield of Achilles. Other works 67 31. Standards of value. Writing. Craftsmen. Merchants . 69 32. Life in the similes. Scenes on the Shield .... 70 33. Funeral rites . • 71 34. The state of the dead 71 CONTENTS. IX CHAPTER III. HOMER IN ANTIQUITY. PAGE 1. Influence of the Homeric poems 74 2. Minstrelsy in Homer. Iliad. Odyssey .... 75 3, 4. Post-Homeric recitation. Rhapsodes .... 76 5. Homeridae 78 6. The rhapsode in the fourth century b.c. .... 78 7. Was Homer ever sung? The rhapsode as commentator . 80 8, 9, to. Homer in education ....... 81 ii, 12. Homer’s influence on Greek religion . *83 13. Greek view of Homer as a historian ..... 84 14. Poems ascribed to Homer in antiquity . .85 15. Notices of Homer’s life. Earliest traces. A shadowy per- sonality ......... 87 16. Allegorizing interpretation ....... 89 17. Rhetorical treatment ........ 90 18. Rationalising criticism ....... 90 19. Alexandrian materials for Homeric criticism. The ancient vulgate 91 20. Zenodotus 92 21. Aristophanes 93 22. Aristarchus .......... 93 23. Characteristics of his work ....... 94 24. Didymus. Aristonicus. Herodian. Nicanor ... 96 25. The Epitome. Codex Venetus A 96 26. The division into books ....... 97 27. Crates and the Pergamene School 98 28. Demetrius. Eustathius 100 29. Scholia 100 30. Our text of Homer 101 CHAPTER IV. THE HOMERIC QUESTION. 1. The Chorizontes . 103 2. The modern Homeric question . 104 3, 4. Surmises before Wolf • 105 X CONTENTS. PAGE 5. Vico. Robert Wood 106 6. Wolf’s Prolegomena ........ 107 7, 8. Wolf recognised a personal Homer ..... 109 9. Objections to Wolf’s view of writing . .110 10. Summary . • 113 11. The story about Peisistratus 114 12. ‘Nature’and ‘art’ . .116 13. Elasticity of Wolf’s theory. Developments of it. 117 14. Lachmann . .118 15. Hermann . .119 16. Reaction. The epopee view. Nitzsch . .120 17. Grote’s ‘Achilleid’ . 122 18. 19. Estimate of Grote’s theory ...... 123 20. Geddes . 125 21, 22, 23. W. Christ 126 24, 25. Texture o( the Oilyssey. Kirchhoff .... 128 26—33. Analogy of other early epics ..... 131 34. Homeric language . .136 35. Traditional epic element 136 36. False archaisms . -137 37,38. Differences between Iliad and Odyssey . .138 39. Lost sounds. The digamma . -139 40. Inconstant use of the digamma in Homer . .141 41. Supposed errors of transliteration . .142 42. Pick’s theory ......... 143 43. 44, 45. Estimate of it . -144 46. The tale of Troy—how far historical . • 147 47, 48. Site of Homeric Troy ....... 148 49. Origin of the Homeric picture of Troy . .150 50. The Epic Cycle .151 51. Analysis of the Trojan Cycle 153 52. Summary .......... 154 53. General survey of results. Views which may be rejected . 153 54. Deceptive unity of the epic style . .156 55. Conservative tendency of recent studies . 13 7 56. The primary poem. Special advantages of the subject . 137 57. The poem was an‘Iliad’from the first .... 158 58. Enlargement of the primary Iliad. Books 2 to 7 . •159 59. Books 12 to 15 . 160 60. Books 8 and 9 161 61. Books 23 and 24 . 161 62. Book 10. The greater interpolations 1C2 CONTENTS. XI PAGE 63. Summary.—Age and origin of the primary Iliad . 164 64. Arguments for the European origin.—Two strata of tradition 164 65. Estimate of this argument . ^ . 165 66. The argument from Homeric silence . j 166 67. Inference—early fixity of form in the Iliad . 167 68. The primary Iliad—perhaps Thessalian. —The dialect afterwards lonicised ...... 168 69. Ancient belief in an Asiatic Homer . .168 70. The European claim can be reconciled with the Asiatic . 169 71. Authorship of the earlier enlargements . .169 72. Predominant significance of the first poet . 170 73. Origin of the Odyssey . .171 74. Ionian development of the poem . -if1 75. Authorship 172 76. Relations with the Iliad. Age 172 77. Conclusion 173 APPENDIX. Note 1, p. 61. The house at Tiryns (with plan) . 175 Note 2, p. 136. Differences between Homeric and later classical Greek 185 Note 3, p. 139. Differences of language between the Iliad and the Odyssey 187 Note 4, p. 140. Homeric words which show traces of the digamma . .188 Notes. Homeric versification 190 A list of books on Homer . • *97 HOMER. CHAPTER I. General Literary Characteristics of the Poems. 1. The literature of Greece, and of Europe, begins with Homeric Homer, whose name will be used here to denote ‘ the ?^[heir Iliad and the Odyssey' without implying that one man twofold composed the whole of both or of either. The interest of Homer is twofold, poetical and historical. He is the greatest epic poet of the world, and the only representative of the earliest artistic form which the Greek mind gave to its work. He is also the first author who presents any clear or vivid picture of Aryan civilisation. An entire period of early Hellenic life which, but for him, would be almost a blank, is seen to be connected by an unbroken course of development with the later Hellenic age. 2. The Homeric poems themselves attest a pre-Homeric Pre-Ho- poetry. They are the creations of a matured art. But j^ctry the earlier and ruder essays of that art have left few traces. The little that is known can be briefly summed up, so far as it directly concerns the study of Greek literature.
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