Recapturing a Homeric Legacy

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Recapturing a Homeric Legacy Hellenic Studies 35 Recapturing a Homeric Legacy Images and Insights From the Venetus A Manuscript of the Iliad Other Titles in the Hellenic Studies Series Plato’s Rhapsody and Homer’s Music The Poetics of the Panathenaic Festival in Classical Athens Labored in Papyrus Leaves Perspectives on an Epigram Collection Attributed to Posidippus (P.Mil.Vogl. VIII 309) Helots and Their Masters in Laconia and Messenia Histories, Ideologies, Structures Recapturing a Archilochos Heros The Cult of Poets in the Greek Polis Master of the Game Competition and Performance in Greek Poetry Homeric Legacy Greek Ritual Poetics edited by Casey Dué Black Doves Speak Herodotus and the Languages of Barbarians Pointing at the Past From Formula to Performance in Homeric Poetics Homeric Conversation The Life and Miracles of Thekla Victim of the Muses Poet as Scapegoat, Warrior and Hero in Greco-Roman and Indo-European Myth and History Amphoterōglossia A Poetics of the Twelfth Century Medieval Greek Novel Priene (second edition) Plato’s Symposium Issues in Interpretation and Reception Poetic and Performative Memory in Ancient Greece Heroic Reference and Ritual Gestures in Time and Space http://chs.harvard.edu/chs/publications Center for Hellenic Studies Trustees for Harvard University Washington, D.C. Distributed by Harvard University Press Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London, England 2009 Recapturing a Homeric Legacy : Images and Insights From the Venetus A Manuscript of the Iliad Edited by Casey Dué Copyright © 2009 Center for Hellenic Studies, Trustees for Harvard University All Rights Reserved. Published by Center for Hellenic Studies, Trustees for Harvard University, Washington, D.C. Distributed by Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England Printed in Ann Arbor, MI by Edwards Brothers, Inc. EDITORIAL TEAM Senior Advisers: W. Robert Connor, Gloria Ferrari Pinney, Albert Henrichs, James O’Donnell, Bernd Seidensticker Editorial Board: Gregory Nagy (Editor-in-Chief), Christopher Blackwell, Casey Dué (Executive Editor), Mary Ebbott (Executive Editor), Olga Levaniouk, Anne Mahoney, Leonard Muellner Production Manager for Publications: Jill Curry Robbins Editorial Assistant: Evan Hagemyer Web Producer: Mark Tomasko Cover design and illustration: Joni Godlove Production: Kristin Murphy Romano and Ivy Livingston LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Recapturing a Homeric Legacy : images and insights from the Venetus A manuscript of the Iliad / edited by Casey Dué. p. cm. -- (Hellenic studies ; 35) English and Greek, with preface also in Italian. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-674-03202-6 (alk. paper) 1. Homer. Iliad. 2. Homer. Iliad--Manuscripts. 3. Biblioteca nazionale marciana. Manuscript. Gr. 454 I. Dué, Casey, 1974- II. Title. III. Series. PA4037.A5R44 2009 883’.01--dc22 2009015259 Recapturing a Homeric Legacy: Images and Insights from the Venetus A Manuscript of the Iliad Foreword by Marino Zorzi (In Italian with English translation by Paolo Venerando) iii Introduction Homeri Ilias, in pergameno, pulchra vii by Susy Marcon (In Italian with English translation by Paolo Venerando) Chapters 1. Homer and History in the Venetus A 1 by Christopher W. Blackwell and Casey Dué 2. Epea Pteroenta: How We Came to Have our Iliad 19 by Casey Dué 3. Text and Technologies: the Iliad and the Venetus A 31 by Mary Ebbott 4. An Initial Codicological and Palaeographical Investigation 57 of the Venetus A Manuscript of the Iliad by Myriam Hecquet 5. Critical Signs—Drawing Attention to “Special” Lines of 89 Homer’s Iliad in the Manuscript Venetus A by Graeme Bird 6. The Twelfth-Century Illustrations in the Venetus A 117 by Ioli Kalavrezou 7. Traces of an Ancient System of Reading Homeric Verse in the Venetus A 133 by Gregory Nagy 8. Bibliography 159 9. Index 169 Introduzione MARINO ZORZI Il famoso manoscritto di cui si offre la riproduzione apparteneva al cardinale Bessarione. Esso proveniva da Costantinopoli, la capitale dell’Impero Romano d’Oriente, da secoli ormai greco. Benché ridotto a un territorio di modestissima estensione, interamente circondato dai Turchi, l’Impero greco era ancora lo scrigno meraviglioso di inestimabili tesori artistici e culturali. Foreword Bessarione fu una figura di straordinaria importanza nell’umanesimo italiano ed europeo. Egli consacrò grandi sforzi—coronati dal successo—a favorire la pene- trazione della cultura greca nella civiltà occidentale; e raccolse una grande biblioteca, con l’intento di creare un luogo, ideale ma anche materiale, dove i suoi connazionali potessero trovare intatti, una volta passata la tempesta dell’invasione turca, i capo- lavori della loro grande civiltà. Questo era il suo intento, ch’egli espresse in una commovente lettera indirizzata all’amico Michele Apostolis poco dopo la caduta di Costantinopoli, nel 1453: formare una biblioteca nazionale ellenica, per i Greci anzitutto, ma anche a beneficio dell’umanità. Nel 1468 egli donò la sua biblioteca alla Repubblica Veneta, certo che il governo veneziano, in cui egli nutriva una profonda fiducia, avrebbe conservato il suo dono per sempre. La sua aspirazione non fu delusa. La sua biblioteca ancora sussiste, conservata nella Libreria di San Marco, o Marciana. Omero non poteva mancare nella biblioteca del cardinale, ch’egli voleva contenesse tutte le opere rimaste dell’antica civiltà ellenica; e infatti vi sono presenti vari codici omerici, ma nes suno di un’importanza paragonabile all’Homerus Venetus A, qui riprodotto. Il testo dell’Iliade fu accuratamente e criticamente copiato da un dotto bizantino del X secolo; ma la massima importanza spetta alle glosse, nelle quali viene riassunta la secolare elaborazione critica dei grandi studiosi del Museion di Alessandria: un’intera biblioteca in un solo manoscritto! Senza i fogli pergamenacei di questo singolo codice noi ignoreremmo tesori di intelligenza e di cultura, dato che i mano- scritti da cui il dotto bizantino trae le sue note sono perduti. Nel Settecento Jean Baptiste d’Ansse de Villoison pubblicò un’edizione di queste glosse, l’unica uscita a stampa sino ad oggi. Ma non c’è confronto possibile con questa edizione in facsimile, che apre straordinarie possibilità agli studiosi. viii Foreword Sono certo che Bessarione ne sarebbe stato molto contento. Egli era un grande Foreword ix ammiratore del progresso tecnico, in tutti i campi, in particolare dell’arte della Foreword Marino Zorzi stampa, che protesse e finanziò. Il suo grande sogno era di dare la massima possibile diffusione ai capolavori dell’antica civiltà greca, e per questo appunto egli appr- The famous manuscript reproduced in this volume belonged to the collection of ezzava l’arte tipografica, che consentiva una circolazione di quelle opere prima Cardinal Bessarion. It came from Constantinople, the capital of the Roman Empire impensabile. Possiamo immaginare come sarebbe stato entusiasta se avesse saputo in the East, which had been Greek for many centuries. Although reduced to a terri- che il mondo intero potrebbe ora leggere il suo Omero a casa, con poca spesa, solo tory of very modest dimensions, entirely surrounded by the Turks, Constantinople mettendo in moto un nuovo strumento. was a marvelous container of inestimabile artistic and cultural treasures. Per queste ragioni sono orgoglioso di esser riuscito a raggiungere con il Centro di Cardinal Bessarion was a figure of the utmost importance in Italian and European Studi Greci di Harvard un accordo che ha permesso alla Marciana e a Harvard di humanism. He endeavored with great effort to successfully diffuse Greek culture collaborare al fine di ottenere questa straordinaria riproduzione. Questo accordo within Western civilization. He amassed a precious library for the purpose of è stato uno degli ultimi atti conclusi durante il periodo della mia direzione della creating an ideal place where, once the storm of the Turkish invasion was over, the Marciana, e sono felice di averlo compiuto. Sono quindi molto grato al professor remaining Greeks could find the masterpieces of their civilization preserved and Gregory Nagy e agli altri membri della sua organizzazione, in particolare ai suoi available. This was his intent, an intent he expressed in a moving letter addressed abilissimi tecnici, nonché naturalmente alla mia collega Susy Marcon e ai suoi to his friend Michael Apostolis, just after the fall of Constantinople in 1453: to collaboratori dell’Ufficio Manoscritti, che hanno reso possibile la realizzazione di create a national Greek library, for the Greeks above all, but also for the benefit of questa importante operazione culturale. humanity. In 1468 Bessarion donated his library to the Venetian Republic with the certainty that the government of the city, one he greatly trusted, would preserve it forever. His hope was not betrayed and his library still exists in Venice, in the Marciana, the Library of St Mark. Bessarion wanted the library to contain all the works of ancient Greek culture, and for this reason the work of Homer could not have been absent from his collec- tion. And, in fact, his library had many manuscripts of Homer, but by far the most important was the text of the Iliad known as the Venetus A, which is reproduced here. The text of the Iliad was accurately copied by a scholar of the 10th century; even more important are the glossae (marginal scholia), where the critical and cultural elaborations of the great scholars of the Museion of Alexandria are assembled: a whole library in a single manuscript! Without this single
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