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Order BATRACHOIDIFORMES - Toadfishes

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Order BATRACHOIDIFORMES - Toadfishes click for previous page 634 Bony Fishes Order BATRACHOIDIFORMES - Toadfishes 1st DORSAL FIN WITH 2-3 SPINES BATRACHOIDIDAE Vol. 2, p. 1026 HEAD LARGE 2 DORSAL FINS Toadfishes AND DEPRESSED To57 cm.Demersal, mostly coastal and some in brackish waters. Twenty-three species in the area. LARGE MOUTH USUALLY WITH FLESHY TENTACLES GILL OPENING SMALL, 1 TO SEVERAL LATERAL RESTRICTED TO SIDES LINESONBODY PELVIC FINS JUGULAR, WITH OF HEAD 1 SPINE AND 1-3 SOFT RAYS BODY COMPRESSED Order LOPHIIFORMES - Anglerfishes and allies st 1 SPINE OF DORSAL FIN ON HEAD head and anterior body LOPHIIDAE Vol. 2, p. 1043 AND USUALLY MODIFIED TO FORM A ‘FISHING POLE’ (ILLICIUM) WITH broadly depressed Anglerfishes, goosefishes BAIT (ESCA) AT ITS TIP long cephalic dorsal-fin To about 200 cm. Demersal on continental spines present skin naked slope, between depths of 200 and 1 000 m. Six species in the area. head with numerous sharp spines and ridges GILL OPENINGS SMALL AND CIRCULAR, USUALLY LOCATED BELOW OR BEHIND PECTORAL FINS BODY GLOBULOSE mouth very OR DEPRESSED large and wide numerous long, sharp, depressible teeth PELVIC FINS ABSENT OR IN FRONT OF PECTORAL FINS, WITH 1 SPINE AND USUALLY 4 SOFT RAYS ANTENNARIIDAE Vol. 2, p. 1050 Frogfishes body globose, slightly compressed To about 50 cm. Mostly demersal shallow wa- ters. Seven species in the area. numerous small villiform teeth gill opening pectoral-fin lobe elongate, very small leg-like Guide to Orders and Families 635 CHAUNACIDAE Vol. 2, p. 1052 mouth large, opening skin loose and flacid, densely covered with minute spine-like scales Sea toads dorsally or obliguely To 30 cm. Demersal on continental slope be- tween 90 and 2 600 m. Three species in the area. conspicuous network of sensory gill opening body globose canals on head and body very small OGCOCEPHALIDAE Vol. 2, p. 1054 head strongly depressed Batfishes into a circular or To 25 cm. Demersal, typically in less than triangular disc 200 m, some species to over 1 000 m. Four- teen species in the area. lure very short, hidden below the pectoral fins behind head pointed snout disc, elongate and leg-like gill opening small, facing dorsally dorsal view numerous branched filaments at tip of CAULOPHRYNIDAE Vol. 2, p. 1057 illicium Fanfin anglerfishes sensor cutaneous To 17 cm. Mesopelagic and bathypelagic. Two filaments species in the area. dorsal and anal fins extremely long males smaller than and parasitic on females pelvic fins absent NEOCERATIIDAE Vol. 2, p. 1058 “fishing pole” elongate compressed body Neoceratiid anglerfishes absent To 7.5 cm. Mesopelagic and bathypelagic. One species in the area. 2-3 series of mobile, hooked teeth on outer marginofjaws pelvic fins males smaller than and absent parasitic on females 636 Bony Fishes MELANOCETIDAE Vol. 2, p. 1059 body globose esca conspicuous, bulbous Black devils and bioluminescent To 12 cm. Mesopelagic and bathypelagic. Two species in the area. males free-living, smaller than but not parasitic on females skin smooth, appearing pelvic fins absent naked HIMANTOLOPHIDAE Vol. 2, p. 1060 esca conspicuous and bioluminescent Footballfishes widely spaced bony plates To 47 cm. Mesopelagic and bathypelagic. with a median spine Nine species in the area. body deep, globose males free-living, smaller than but not parasitic on females pelvic fins absent DICERATIIDAE Vol. 2, p. 1062 esca conspicuous and Diceratid anglerfishes bioluminescent To about 24 cm. Mesopelagic and bathypelagic. Two species in the area. males free-living, smaller than but not parasitic on females body deep, globose pelvic fins absent 1st dorsal-fin spine emerging well behind tip of snout, esca ONEIRODIDAE Vol. 2, p. 1063 conspicuous and bioluminescent Dreamers To 28 cm. Twenty species in the area. males free-living, smaller than but not parasitic on females pelvic fins absent Guide to Orders and Families 637 THAUMATICHTHYIDAE Vol. 2, p. 1065 Wonderfishes upper jaw extending far forward of lower jaw slender, elongate body To 30 cm. Mesopelagic and bathypelagic. Four species in the area. esca suspended from roof of mouth pelvic fins absent males free-living, smaller than but not parasitic on females CENTROPHRYNIDAE Vol. 2, p. 1066 esca conspicuous and Deepsea anglerfishes bioluminescent To23 cm.Mesopelagic and bathypelagic.One elongate compressed body species in the area. males free-living, smaller than but not parasitic on females pelvic fins absent CERATIIDAE Vol. 2, p. 1067 esca bioluminescent 2-3 modified dorsal-fin rays with bioluminescent gland just anterior Sea devils to soft dorsal-fin origin To 77 cm. Mesopelagic and bathypelagic. Three species in the area. skin with numerous close-set dermal spines males smaller than and elongate compressed body parasitic on females pelvic fins absent GIGANTACTINIDAE Vol. 2, p. 1068 1st dorsal-fin spine emerging esca bioluminescent from extreme tip of snout Whipnose anglerfishes To 40 cm. Mesopelagic and bathypelagic. skin with numerous Eight species in the area. close-set dermal spinules males free-living, smaller than but not parasitic on females elongate compressed body pelvic fins absent 638 Bony Fishes LINOPHRYNIDAE Vol. 2, p. 1069 esca conspicuous and Netdevils bioluminescent To 23 cm. Mesopelagic and bathypelagic. Eleven species in the area. skin naked short globose body males smaller than and pelvic fins absent parasitic on females elongate hyoid barbel with many small light organs Order MUGILIFORMES - Mullets 2 WIDELY SEPARATED DORSAL FINS, MUGILIDAE Vol. 2, p. 1071 LATERAL LINE THE 1st WITH 4 SPINY RAYS, THE 2nd ABSENT WITH SOFT RAYS; BOTH FINS WITH SHORT BASES Mullets PECTORAL FINS To 120 cm. Usually demersal in coastal wa- HIGH ON BODY ters, but also in brackish and fresh water. Nine species in the area. ADIPOSE EYELID PRESENT PELVIC FINS SUBABDOMINAL, WITH 1 SPINE AND 5 SOFT RAYS Order ATHERINIFORMES - Silversides SMALL FISHES 2 WELL-SEPARATED Vol. 2, p. 1086 st ATHERINIDAE DORSAL FINS, 1 WITH PECTORAL FINS FLEXIBLE SPINES premaxilla not HIGH ON BODY Silversides protractile To about 10 cm. Pelagic in coastal and brack- ish waters. Three species in the area. premaxilla distal end not expanded PELVIC FIN ABDOMINAL, SILVERY STRIPE WITH 1 SPINE AND 5 SOFT ON SIDES RAYS Guide to Orders and Families 639 ATHERINOPSIDAE Vol. 2, p. 1090 New World silversides To about 15 cm. Pelagic in coastal waters. Around premaxilla protractile 21 species. distal end of premaxilla expanded Order BELONIFORMES - Needlefishes, Flyingfishes, and allies SMALL TO MEDIUM-SIZED FISHES, EITHER WITH 1 OR BOTH JAWS EXTENDED INTO BELONIDAE Vol. 2, p. 1104 BEAK, OR WITH PECTORAL AND SOMETIMES NO SPINES PELVIC FINS VERY LARGE, WING-LIKE IN FINS Needlefishes nostrils in front of eyes To about 200 cm. Epipelagic in coastal and oceanic waters. Seven species in the area. both jaws extended into a beak, with PELVIC FINS LATERAL LINE NEAR ABDOMINAL sharp teeth VENTRAL PROFILE OF BODY SCOMBERESOCIDAE Vol. 2, p. 1114 5-6 dorsal and Sauries anal finlets To about 76 cm. Pelagic in oceanic surface waters. both jaws prolonged EXOCOETIDAE Vol. 2, p. 1116 pectoral fins high on Flyingfishes sides, greatly enlarged Toabout 45 cm.Epipelagic in coastal and oce- anic waters. Fourteen species in the area. HEMIRAMPHIDAE Vol. 2, p. 1135 Halfbeaks To 44 cm. Epipelagic in coastal and offshore waters. Ten species in the area. lower jaw usually extended into a beak 640 Bony Fishes Order CYPRINODONTIFORMES - Killifishes and allies FIN SPINES RARELY SINGLE DORSAL PRESENT FIN RIVULIDAE Vol. 2, p. 1145 dorsal-fin origin over last PROTRUSIBLE 2-3 anal-fin rays New World rivulines UPPER JAW To 10 cm. Most species found in fresh water but 2 species in the area found in mangrove swamps and salt marshes. teeth conical PELVIC FINS ABDOMINAL FUNDULIDAE Vol. 2, p. 1147 dorsal fin about at midbody, its origin in front of or slightly behind Fundulid killifishes anal-fin origin To 30 cm, typically smaller. Most species found in fresh water but 13 species in the area are found in estuaries, salt marshes, hypersaline waters, and coastal areas. conical teeth body elongate to moderately deep ANABLEPIDAE Vol. 2, p. 1152 eyes prominent, divided dorsal fin set far horizontally in 2 halves posteriorly Foureyed fishes To about 35 cm. Mostly fresh-water fishes but 2 species in the area also found in shallow coastal and estuarine waters. POECILIIDAE Vol. 2, p. 1154 Poeciliids To 20 cm length. Most species are found in fresh water but 24 species in the area are tol- erant to brackish or marine salinity and may occasionally be found in coastal waters. mouth small, terminal male males with elongate gonopodium (modified anal fin) female 3rd anal-fin ray unbranched in both males and females Guide to Orders and Families 641 CYPRINODONTIDAE Vol. 2, p. 1158 dorsal-fin origin anterior to anal-fin origin Pupfishes teeth usually To 8 cm. Most species restricted to fresh wa- tricuspid ter, but 8 species in the area enter and may be common in salt marshes, mangroves, estuar- ies, and coastal marine waters. mouth small, terminal, upward-directed stout body all anal-fin rays branched Order STEPHANOBERYCIFORMES - Whalefishes and allies MOSTLY MESO-, BATHY-, AND BENTHOPELAGIC BODY USUALLY FISHES: AN ILL-DEFINED ORDER CLOSELY RELATED ROUNDISH OR TO THE BERYCIFORMES, BASED CHIEFLY ON OBLONG MELAMPHAIDAE Vol. 2, p. 1162 OSTEOLOGICAL CHARACTERS Bigscales dorsal fin with 1-3 spines A SINGLE DORSAL FIN and 9-18 soft rays OFTEN SET FAR BACK To about 16 cm. Meso- and bathypelagic at depths of 200 to 2 000 m. Around 20 species in the area. large mucous cavities on head separated by thin ridges lateral line reduced to 1-2 pored scales behind upper edge of opeculum FIN SPINES OFTEN PRESENT PELVIC FINS ABSENT, JUGULAR WITH 4-10 RAYS, THORACIC WITH 1-3 RAYS OR 1 SPINE AND 6-8 RAYS, pelvic fins thoracic, with 1 OR ABDOMINAL WITH 5-6 RAYS spine and 6-8 rays GIBBERICHTHYIDAE Vol.
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