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Multinational Corporations and State Capture in Colombia

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Multinational Corporations and State Capture in Colombia DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Multinational Corporations Friends or foes of peace? Multinational Corporations and state capture in Colombia Espejo Fandino, Fabian Award date: 2020 Awarding institution: Queen's University Belfast Link to publication Terms of use All those accessing thesis content in Queen’s University Belfast Research Portal are subject to the following terms and conditions of use • Copyright is subject to the Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988, or as modified by any successor legislation • Copyright and moral rights for thesis content are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners • A copy of a thesis may be downloaded for personal non-commercial research/study without the need for permission or charge • Distribution or reproduction of thesis content in any format is not permitted without the permission of the copyright holder • When citing this work, full bibliographic details should be supplied, including the author, title, awarding institution and date of thesis Take down policy A thesis can be removed from the Research Portal if there has been a breach of copyright, or a similarly robust reason. If you believe this document breaches copyright, or there is sufficient cause to take down, please contact us, citing details. Email: [email protected] Supplementary materials Where possible, we endeavour to provide supplementary materials to theses. This may include video, audio and other types of files. We endeavour to capture all content and upload as part of the Pure record for each thesis. Note, it may not be possible in all instances to convert analogue formats to usable digital formats for some supplementary materials. We exercise best efforts on our behalf and, in such instances, encourage the individual to consult the physical thesis for further information. Download date: 25. Sep. 2021 Multinational Corporations: Friends or foes of peace? Multinational Corporations and state capture in Colombia FABIAN ORLANDO ESPEJO-FANDIÑO Bachelor in Law, LLM, and MBS. This thesis is submitted for the degree of Ph.D. in Politics In the School of History, Anthropology, Philosophy, and Politics Queen’s University Belfast August 2019. Table of contents Chapter 1: Introduction ........................................................................................................ 5 Summary and Scope .......................................................................................................... 9 Thesis structure ................................................................................................................ 12 Research design and methodology.................................................................................. 14 Literature review ............................................................................................................. 19 The business literature................................................................................................. 20 The literature on corruption. ...................................................................................... 27 The literature on conflict and violence. ...................................................................... 32 The Gap......................................................................................................................... 38 Chapter 2: Theoretical framework .................................................................................... 42 Section 1: Framing a sound concept of state capture ................................................... 43 Section 2: Key actors intervening in the process of Multinational Corporations playing the role of captors. .............................................................................................. 51 Multinational Corporations: ....................................................................................... 51 Alternative Power Centres (APCs) or enablers: ....................................................... 51 Formal State Institutions (FSIs): ................................................................................ 52 Section 3: Mechanisms through which MNCs play the role of the captor.................. 52 Aggressive Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Campaigns ........................................ 54 Socio-political corporate engagement. ....................................................................... 60 CSR Ventures ................................................................................................................. 61 Governance Ventures .................................................................................................. 65 Socio-political engagement in conflict alleviation and peace-related matters. ....... 66 Lobbying ....................................................................................................................... 67 Political contributions. ................................................................................................. 69 Section 4: Describing the process of MNCs playing the role of captors in countries emerging from conflict. ................................................................................................... 72 Figure 1: State capture process....................................................................................... 77 Section 5: Factors leading to state capture: ................................................................... 77 MNCs’ intrinsic features: ............................................................................................ 78 MNCs’ extrinsic features: ........................................................................................... 81 1 Context. ......................................................................................................................... 83 FIGURE 2: FACTORS LEADING TO STATE CAPTURE ........................................................ 87 Section 6: Impact of state capture on conflict ............................................................... 88 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 91 Chapter 3: The Colombian case study ............................................................................... 94 The early 20th century ...................................................................................................... 94 The Bananas Massacre .................................................................................................... 99 The late 20th century and the early 21st century. ......................................................... 104 Chapter 4: Chiquita Brands ............................................................................................. 115 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 115 Company Profile ............................................................................................................ 117 MNC’s extrinsic features ........................................................................................... 117 MNC’s intrinsic features ........................................................................................... 118 Mechanisms employed by the captor ........................................................................... 119 First level ..................................................................................................................... 119 Second level ................................................................................................................. 125 Third level ................................................................................................................... 126 Impact ............................................................................................................................. 135 State capture discouraged the government’s duty to protect human rights......... 135 State capture encouraged an irresponsible attitude of CB towards its responsibility to respect the human rights ....................................................................................... 140 State capture imposed obstacles to access to remedy when human rights were disrespected ................................................................................................................ 146 Analysis and conclusions ............................................................................................... 156 Figure 3: CB’s Event-history map ................................................................................ 160 Chapter 5: Pacific Rubiales Energy Corp. ...................................................................... 164 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 164 Company profile............................................................................................................. 165 Extrinsic features ....................................................................................................... 165 Intrinsic features ........................................................................................................ 166 Mechanisms and processes leading to state capture ................................................... 169 First level ..................................................................................................................... 170 2 Second level ................................................................................................................
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