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Consuming Narratives of Violent Fourth World Space and Inhabitants in Colombian Cultural Products 1990-2005

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Consuming Narratives of Violent Fourth World Space and Inhabitants in Colombian Cultural Products 1990-2005 Caution and Distortion: Consuming Narratives of Violent Fourth World Space and Inhabitants in Colombian Cultural Products 1990-2005 Sarah Parry Thesis submitted in accordance with the requirements of the University of Liverpool for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy (or other degree as appropriate) by Sarah Jane Parry 1 Dedicated to Beverley Ann Littler-Parry-Halleron 2 Acknowledgements The experience of writing this thesis cannot be put into words. It has been liberating, joyful even, to finally write on a topic that has driven my studies since undergraduate level. However, it has not been without its difficulties, and as such there are many thanks to be given. Apologies to anybody missed – it is not intentional and I am truly grateful for every inch of assistance and support. I was lucky enough to find an incredible supervisor as an undergraduate & we have subsequently been able to work together throughout my academic career to date. Therefore, special thanks must go to the wonderful Professor Claire Taylor. Claire’s enthusiasm for my work has been unwavering throughout this process, and her encouragement has driven me through the most challenging periods. Claire is a fantastic scholar, a great mother, and a role model for all young women. Such a short paragraph cannot convey my gratitude, but the most important lesson she has taught me is not to simply read, but to keep writing, and this has made the ‘writing up’ phase less of a burden than expected! I hope that although our supervisory relationship has come to an end, we’ll continue to keep in touch. Claire is of course part of larger family of academics in the University of Liverpool’s Department of Cultures, Languages, and Area Studies (CLAS), where I commenced undergraduate studies almost ten years ago. I thank all of the staff who have assisted me along the way. Special thanks go to Lisa Shaw for providing a fresh perspective on the thesis in the final months leading to submission. Also to Lyndy Stewart and Kate Marsh for their support of all PGRs throughout my four years of study. I’ve unpicked many ideas with help from the many excellent academics within the department, and so there are more thanks, in no particular order, for Chris Harris, Eve Rosenhaft, Andrew Plowman, Gorka Bilbao, Niamh Thornton, Şizen Yiacoup, Diana Cullell, Tiago de Luca, Tom Whittaker, Claire Williams, Andrew Redman, Marieke Riethof, Kirsty Hooper, Paul O’Neill, and many more for their role in this thesis. Of particular note is Dennis Hartley, our now retired technician, who gave this technologically challenged student invaluable assistance with audio-visual materials. My peers – the postgraduate students of CLAS – have provided an excellent sounding board and source of support. My partner in crime - Ben Inman - the wonderful Michelle Harrison, the exuberant Rachael Boothroyd, Jennifer Rodríguez, Lucia Brandi, Elizabeth Burgess, Ian Gwinn, and Helga Müllneritsch, I like to think we’ve all coached one another through the most joyful and most testing times! Special thanks also to my students that I had the pleasure of teaching right from the day I handed in my MA thesis. Our seminars were lively and full of debate, and I’m sure have contributed to the thesis. During the PhD I also had the honour of presidency for the society of Postgraduates in Latin American Studies (PiLAS), and I’d like to acknowledge the support of the SLAS committee, and in particular John Fisher and Lucy Taylor. There were many wonderful opportunities to take advantage of during this time, and in addition to the PiLAS Committee 2012/13 – Ben Inman, Rachael Boothroyd, and Jenny Wattrus – I must thank Dr Par Kumaraswami for providing me with the opportunity to work with Professor Walter Mignolo. I could not have completed this thesis without financial assistance, so again there are more thanks here! I thank the University of Liverpool for the bursary which covered my tuition fees. Veronika Koeper-Saul for providing the opportunity to work in the 3 CLAS Library, a place I came to love, and still miss now I am no longer there. To the Association of Hispanists of Great Britain and Ireland (AHGBI) and the Society of Latin American Studies (SLAS) for generously granting funding for my research trip to Colombia – a truly eye-opening experience I’d have otherwise been unable to afford. Special thanks there go to Hannah Mary Bradshaw for providing me with a place to stay, and to Edwin Moyano for your initial assistance in the first few days of a disorientating but fabulous trip to what felt like another world. Also to the School’s Postgraduate Award which each year has allowed me to travel to and present at a wide variety of conferences across the UK to gather feedback and continue to write. Special note goes to the trustees of the William Jackson Food Group Employee Benefit Trust who bent their rules to continue to support me through six years of studies, and providing me with vital funds which meant that I could spend a few more hours each week studying rather than having to work. The contributions the fund makes to students every year is invaluable, and there are not enough of these schemes available. And last, but certainly not least, are the thanks to my family. This thesis is dedicated to my long-suffering mother who has supported me through immense highs and crippling lows, always with sound advice and unwavering dedication. I’m just sorry it’s about violence! To my wonderful partner Del who has been my coach, and of course my taxi driver! How else would I carry all of these books around with me whilst travelling the world? To Ema for keeping my spirits high, and to my Dad for trying to stay interested in my baffling love of study. And to all other members of the family who have helped me along the way, it’s hugely appreciated! 4 Table of Contents Caution and Distortion: Consuming Narratives of Violent Fourth World Space and Inhabitants in Colombian Cultural Products 1990-2005 ...............................................................1 Introduction...........................................................................................................................................................6 Context: Violence in Colombia .........................................................................................................9 Representations of Violence...........................................................................................................16 Narratives of Violence: Noticia de un secuestro ..................................................................18 Myth.............................................................................................................................................................21 Methodology: paratextual analysis..............................................................................................25 Theoretical Discussion.......................................................................................................................30 Global Fourth World Spaces ..........................................................................................................35 Medellín: A History of Violence .....................................................................................................43 Articulating a divided city: Medellín.............................................................................................46 Sicarios ......................................................................................................................................................48 Representations of Fourth World Violent Actors: The Organisation of this Thesis ........................................................................................................................................................................53 Chapter One: Myths of Colombian Violence: From the Drug Baron to the Sicario in Leopardo al sol................................................................................................................................................58 Narrative Formation ............................................................................................................................59 Media Voice.............................................................................................................................................64 Myths of Violent Actors: hero drug barons and sicario ruptures..................................69 Paratexts...................................................................................................................................................79 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................................................81 Chapter Two: The Medellín Fourth World Space Travelogue: No nacimos pa’semilla .................................................................................................................................................................................83 Costumbrismo........................................................................................................................................94 Tropes of Travel Writing....................................................................................................................96 Salazar’s Introductions ......................................................................................................................98 Distancing and Height....................................................................................................................
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