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Transformational Mission As a Catalyst to Build Sustainable Peace in Colombia

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Transformational Mission As a Catalyst to Build Sustainable Peace in Colombia TRANSFORMATIONAL MISSION AS A CATALYST TO BUILD SUSTAINABLE PEACE IN COLOMBIA by David Rivera Cárdenas Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Master of Theology In the subject Missiology at the University of South Africa Supervisor: Dr. Bernhard Ott October 2015 David Rivera Cárdenas Student Number: 57659710 I declare that TRANSFORMATIONAL MISSION AS A CATALYST TO BUILD SUSTAINABLE PEACE IN COLOMBIA is my own work and that all the sources that I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references. David Rivera Cárdenas 26 October 2015 i Abstract David Rivera, missiology, University of South Africa UNISA Abstract of Master’s thesis, submitted 26 October 2015: TRANSFORMATIONAL MISSION AS A CATALYST TO BUILD SUSTAINABLE PEACE IN COLOMBIA Since the time of colonialism the Colombian territory has experienced many problems, which brought a lot of instability in society throughout its history. Colombia has been bleeding all these years, but especially in the time known as “The Violence”. With the creation of the Guerrilla group FARC, of Paramilitary organisations, and Drug Cartels, the problems were intensified. Different attempts to find a solution have unfortunately failed, as is shown over a period of history. This paper argues that to deal with such conflicts there is need for an alternative concept for building sustainable peace. The model of John Paul Lederach, “Professor of International Peacebuilding at the University of Notre Dame“, is described as a possible solution that goes beyond what has been achieved by the peace efforts of President Andrés Pastrana. The Churches, both Catholic and Evangelical, have a role to play in building peace as part of a Transformational Mission effort. ii Key Terms Peace; Shalom; Sustainable peace; Peace process; Divided society; Andrés Pastrana; Guerrilla FARC; Colombia; Transformational mission; Integrated framework for peace; Catalyst; Catholic Church; Mennonite iii Dedication I would like to dedicate this research to all those in Colombia who throughout history have sown a seed of shalom in Colombia, and also to those who have died in following their intention. Also my admiration and dedication go to those who are currently working through Mission as Transformation to build sustainable peace in the most remote areas of the land. iv Curriculum Vitae David Rivera was born as the son of a Pastor in Barranquilla, Colombia, on the 31st January 1967. He graduated from primary and secondary schools in 1986. After graduation he worked part time as a waiter and started his studies in languages such as English, French and Spanish. His goal was to become a language teacher, but after coming back to Jesus in 1991, he gave his life for the work of mission. Together with his father he started helping in the founding of churches in poor places of his country. So after completing his College Studies in 1993 and having done an internship with Operation Mobilisation, he joined them as a crew member of the ship Logos II. There he was able to deepen his Mission Studies theoretically as well as practically. In the autumn of 1995 after winning a scholarship at Belfast Bible College, he started his Theological and Mission studies. As an active member of Strandtown Baptist Church in Belfast, he helped in the youth work. As part of his studies he was required to do two field terms at home and abroad. He went to Colombia to support the ministry of his father, but also became involved in different Mission projects in Morocco, and in France was able to support a ministry among mentally handicapped people. After finishing his Theological Studies in summer 1998, he was able to serve in Davao, The Philippines, for seven months in a slum area of the city. He was married to Renate in 1999 and in 2001 together with their daughter Hanna they served with Indicamino, Switzerland, in Villavicencio-Colombia among Indigenous people. It was during this time that he was able to follow the final phase of the peace process between President Andrés Pastrana and Guerrilla FARC. Due to the precarious political situation in the region of service, they returned to Switzerland and in 2002 they, together with other Christians of the region, started an International Church. He was able to serve there as Pastor for 9 years. In between he earned his Bachelor’s degree in Theology from FLET (Facultad Latinoamericana de Estudios Teológicos- Laurel University/FLET) in 2006. David Rivera lives in Grabs, Switzerland. He has been married for 16 years to Renate and they have four children (Hanna, Josué, Rafaela, Timothy). At present he works as a youth pastor in the Freie Evangelische Gemeinde FEG Buchs (free Evangelical Church). Having completed this dissertation, in January 2016 he will extend his working brief to work among foreigners and refugees. v Contents Abbreviations ................................................................................................................ ix List of Illustrations ......................................................................................................... x Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................... 1 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 2 1.1 Problem Formulation ........................................................................................ 2 1.2 Missiological background ................................................................................. 4 1.3 Purposes of the research ................................................................................... 5 1.4 Relevance .......................................................................................................... 6 1.5 Definition of key terms ..................................................................................... 6 1.6 Positioning in the subject area .......................................................................... 8 1.7 Research Questions ......................................................................................... 12 1.8 Methods of Study ............................................................................................ 12 1.9 Literature review ............................................................................................. 14 1.10 Limitation and restriction of the study ............................................................ 18 1.11 Logical sequence and overview of chapters ................................................... 19 2 Defining peace and mission as transformation ..................................................... 21 2.1 Lexical meaning of peace ............................................................................... 21 2.2 Defining peace from a sociological perspective ............................................. 22 2.3 How do people in Colombia define peace? .................................................... 24 2.4 Defining peace from a biblical perspective .................................................... 27 2.4.1 Shalom in the Old Testament .................................................................... 27 2.4.2 Eirene in the New Testament .................................................................... 30 2.5 Definition of sustainable peace and peace in this paper ................................. 32 2.6 What is Mission as Transformation? .............................................................. 35 2.7 Theological Foundation for Mission as Transformation ................................ 38 2.8 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 41 vi 3 Understanding the conflict situation in Colombia ................................................ 43 3.1 The Colonial Era ............................................................................................. 43 3.2 The Clergy in the colonial era ........................................................................ 49 3.3 Origins of political parties .............................................................................. 50 3.4 The Violence in Colombia - Colombia between 1930 -1964 ......................... 52 3.4.1 The 1930s and the conflict stage initiated by the government of President Enrique Olaya Herrera, member of the Liberal Party ............................... 54 3.4.2 The 7th of August of 1946 with the change in power under President Mariano Ospina Pérez, member of the Conservative Party ...................... 55 3.4.3 The 9th of April of 1948 with the assassination of Jorge Eliecer Gaitán and its consequences ........................................................................................ 55 3.5 Creation of Guerrilla FARC ........................................................................... 58 3.6 The role of the church during the time of violence ........................................ 60 3.7 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 61 4 Peace Efforts in History- Analysis of President Andrés Pastrana’s peace process in the light of John Paul Lederach’s method for peace ......................................... 62 4.1 The regeneration period under President Rafael Nuñez ................................. 62 4.2 Military Coup and Dictatorship under Rojas Pinilla ...................................... 63 4.3 The National Front .........................................................................................
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