Barranquilla The development of Colombia’s political economy — a historical analysis “In a similar vein, Medellin's wealthier inhabitants “Gentrification in Medellín” — Moravia case study Repbulic of Colombia invoked tropes of invasion and contamination to - Although in many ways a liability, the form of land tenure has allowed for fast and easy transactions, on the spot, by cash, Conquest of New Granada describe their sense of being besieged by a ring of Trends of Income Inequality everything can be transacted, and uses and abuses of all sorts take place daily. Viceroyalty of New Granada Gran Colombia Santa Marta slum dwellers who increasingly transgressed the Caracaas ideological and physical space separating Medellín become the epicenter of the - Location at the edge of the main centrality and development corridor of Santa Marta the city, at the bottom of a huge area of squatter settlement has Cartagena U.S. influence on civilization from barbarism.” (Roldan, 173) cocaine trade area of high accumulation in the drug trade also exhibits a trend of been turning Moravia into a major retail destination for residents of that area. Haciendas: Developed first in Panama Uprising and Medellín Antioquia - Business activities are overflowing residential activities progressively Highland areas and spread westward Banana Massacre increasing income inequality, while New laws encourages large Locations of Informal Settlements comparable cities exhibit moving from a predominately residential to a retail use. Encomienda vs Reparimiento landholders to subdivide to Settlements formed on the steep slopes of the a decline. (Roldan) - The potential rent the municipality to the area as collective patrimony. (Betancur) promote productivity Bogotá surrounding hillside Source: http://archleague.org/2013/03/connective-spaces-and-social Spanish Crown Spanish Crown -capital-in-medellin-by-je -geisinger/ Barranquilla Cali Indigenous Encomenderos Population Settlement in Bogotá Bogotá Indigenous Medellín Andean Region Encomenderos National Front policy Population Shifting Populations Antioquia: Settled later due to terrain. The government of the liberal president Jorge Turvay Ayala imposed Cali Mines owned by an oligarchy of local Economic Policies cause the beginning of a shift state of siege legislation of power granted under the terms of the merchants and the land-owning elite. in rural populations toward industrial city centers National Front established between liberals and conservatives in 1958 1913 1945 Medellín Drug tracing corridors 2007 I821 constitution giving the military and intelligence services blanket authority to repress Muisca Bogotá Coca locations 2007 guarantees right to trade union, human rights, civic, peasant, student, indigenous and Quimbaya Multiple types of Armed Conflict 1997-2002 property for all ‘citizens’ Nationalization of community leaders Growth of the Co ee Trade At least one type of Armed Conflict 1997-2002 Tairona Each dot represents 10,000 sack of coee oil industry

PRE-COLUMBIAN ENCOMIENDAS REPARIMIENTO HACIENDAS PRE-INDEPENDENCE POST-INDEPENDENCE LIBERAL REVOLUTION LA VIOLENCIA NATIONAL FRONT POST-NATIONAL FRONT NEOLIBERALIZATION 1499 1512 1525/1533 PRE-COLUMBIAN 1542 1600s 1717 1781 1789 1808 1810-1812 1821 1824 1830 1848 1851 1903 1920 1928 1936 1946 1948 1951 1953 1957 1958 1961 1964 1972 1974 1976 1980 1992/1993 1997 2004 Haciendas: Large estates owned and managed by Indigenous Tribes – Spanish Crown controls the land Spanish Crown controls the land Encomenderos are beginning to become the Land-owning Elite: State-owned land: Companies and large land-holders dominate the majority of land Accelerated Economic Development (AED) - gives government subsidies to Cartel Farmland - Grants trusteeship to the conquistadors/encomenderos - Land still owned by the Spanish Crown but now what were the encomenderos class - located all throughout Much of it was distributed to companies rather Citizenship extended to all males over 21 La Violencia occurs mostl in rural peasant areas, claims over 200,000 lives large-scale private farms at the expense of smaller family fun operations. -Continuting conflict between rural - Drug cartels aquire significant - By 1992, cartels control 31.2 million - Formalization of land tenure in informal Land Tenure Muisca, Quimbaya, Tairona, Carib de facto land tenants Small amount of landowners continue to hold much of the country’s land becoming more subject to foreign trade interests peasants and the government. - Encomenderos controll groups of indigenous populations in ‘reducciones’ had direct control over the allotment of natives in the reguardos Nueva Granada with the exception of the Antioquia area than poor rural farmers who already occupied it regardless of property ownership or literacy Small landholding minority continues to dominate - Increased land ownership of urban industrialists who ran large scale farms amounts of farmland for coca production hectacres of rural farmland settlements

Mining: Agriculture: sustenence Mining Mining dwindling, Agriculture - Agriculture Mining Manufacturing Agriculture Manufacturing Nationalization of oil industry Exports Cocaine - By 1992, the “underground economy” - 2004 plan began to bring the informal gold, copper, coal, emerads, salt Textiles - “Tribute” to the economenderos/ Mining and Agriculture - Inter-colonial trade was not permitted directly so most agriculture was for sustenance only or sent to Europe - Tobacco monopoly relaxed - Dwindling toward the - Industrial centers include Medellín, - Dominant co ee exports particularly in Antioquia - concetrated in industrial centers - led by strong labor union Period marked by economic struggle - Growth in the co ee trade; Oil not yet an export - Changes in U.S. consumption/production of marijuana Economy Crown by the indigenous tribes in gold mostly - not plantation style as in Mexico because the geography was deemed to be too harsh for transport - Co ee exports end of the century Bogóta, Cali and Barranquilla - Fruit exports to US and Europe - Fabricato in Medellín - By the 1960’s 40%-60% of Colombia’s exports went to the U.S. leads to a shift toward cocaine production accounts for 8.7% of GDP of Colombia settlement and informal economy into the formalized system

Market exchange Market capitalism - Peasants were forcifully evicted from their farms legally Forced labor and gold by indigenous population A given percentage of the indigenous population is alloted to the reguardos, the make up of this percentage Both paid and slave labor Liberal reforms include the establishment La violencia had more to do with liberal/convservative dichotomy rather - Population of Medellín triples as poor peasants relocate Growth of Underground Economy - By 1992, gang/cartel violence is at a - Formalization of informal - Sharecroppers, wage earners, slavery until 1851, - Economy dominated by agricultural exports, government subsidies - Relocated to urban centers to become industrial workers - Changes in U.S. consumption/production of marijuana Barter exchange among the various tribes in exchange for lessons in Spanish and Catholicism by the encomenderos - African slaves and poorer mestizos replaced the indigenous tribes due to their dwindling population of the 8 hour workday among other benefits than class struggle social issues - Peasants mostly settle along the hillsides climax in Medellín economies/processes Exchange was meant to be rotated and a tax system was implemented to replace the tribute system of the encomiendas. - Taxation remained, exports bolstered economy - Gold standard established for currency - Labor unions repressed leads to a shift toward cocaine production

Encomiendas were exploited from the start and many, including members of the clergy and the Developments in the class structure - Mestizos (Mixed indigenous and European descent) By 1800, an estimated Spanish Crown is replaced by the Supreme Junta in Seville. Rising autonomony of the provinces, Strained relations with the U.S. Banana massacre sparked liberal reforms Era marked by ongoing conflicts between the liberals/communists and the - Based on idea of progress when one party hold a minority; – Immigrations to the United States - Medellín sees a lot of economic growth, initially without - Cartel monopolization creates “new upper class” - Liberalization of Development Policy - Peninsulares (White Spanairds from Spain) - Indigenous people 50% of the population Spanish possessions in America are allowed to send delegates, during the Teddy Roosevelt administration beginning with the election of President Politics Spanish Crown disliked the way the conquistedors handled the native lands as they were supposed to be jointly owned. decentralization of authority conservative parties. Strained relations with the U.S. - Conservative party supported liberals for two election cycles and vice versa negative consquences so drug money was overlooked and leads to violence in the city - “Rezoning” of rural land for development - Creoles (White Spaniards born in America) - Slaves (Africans brought to the region as a result of the slave trade) is Mestizo. but attempts were made to form their own juntas in America. the result of Panama uprising Herrera in 1930 - Development is reactionary rather than proactive - New policies allow for greater builing denisty

Viceroyalty overthrown (1810) At Santa Marta (1525) and Cartagena (1533), Dwindling indigenous population Comunero Uprising (1781) Banana Massacre (1928) Assassination of Jorge Gaitán (1948) Military junta takes over after ousting of Pinilla United Fruit Company laborers strike Popular Liberal party presidential candidates sparks civil war between Spanish control of the Colombian coast was firmly – Death due to lack of immunity to European diseases Mestizos and creoles joined forces in opposition Constitution of Antioquia (1812) Co ee (1848) agreenment between liberals and conservatives FARC (1964) - Four principle rights: Liberty, Equity, Security, Property - for all citizens Military intervenes due to the threat of U.S. Liberal/Communist guerillas and Conservative military forces Pistolocos Law 388 of 1997 established, and in the next few years the northern – Tax system was based on class identity, which was primarily based on of Spanish control, however the creoles re-sided with Exports begin Slavery abolished (1851) to share power beginning in 1958 marking end of La Violencia Guerilla militant group of rural peasants push - Consitution viewed as pro-monarchy by those in Venezuela/Ecuador Young gang members target Paves the way for the liberalization of hinterland was explored. race (indigenous vs. european) and racial mixing (mestizos) blurred the class the peninsulares when the mestizos tried to broaden invasion to protect company interests for end to agrarian reform. Primary opposition “Formal appearance” of - Centralist vs. Federalist debate begins uncooperative ocials development policy boundaries making it dicult to determine who had to pay the tribute tax. the movement to include social issues. Fall in coee prices sparks to the government during the Colombian armed conflict cocaine production Constitutional Amendment (1936) Election of Mariano Ospina Pérez (1946) Law of Burgos (1512) The New Laws (1542) Secession of Panama (1903) “Follow the North Star” (1920s) - Grants government authority over - Conservative party returns to power a “peoples” coup d’état First European contact Viceroyalty of New Granada (1717) American Revolution (1776) & French Revolution (1789) Napoleon invades Spain (1808) Secession of Venezuela and Ecuador (1830) U.S. influence encourages secession of President Suarez linked Colomobia’s private companies/property - Encouragement of conservative peasants Coup d’état (1953) Law 135 (1961) “Formalization” of Cocaine Production Spanish control of the Colombian coast was firmly Regulations imposed by the Spanish Crown intended to reform Death of Escobar (1993) Partial Plans with the indigenous tribes The audencias comprised of modern day Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Changed prevailing attitudes toward democracy, freedom Spanish Crown is overthrown, replaced by The result of growing tensions between federalists Panama so they can control the construction foreign policy with the U.S. re-establishing - Grants labor rights, agrarian reform to seize agricultural lands from liberals Gustavo Rojas Pinilla comes to power Social and Agrarian reforms National Front system gradually Cartel leaders meet to eciencize the established, and in the next few years the northern the encomienda system and eventually led to its replacement Leads to decline in cartel 2004 Plan to formalize the hinterland was explored. by reparimeinto and Venezuela separate from the Viceroyalty of Peru and ownership in New Granada juntas loyal to the Crown. and centralists in Bogóta and openeration of the Panama Canal economic ties through trade and democracy - Government controls education - Attempts to undo liberal reforms from 1930-1945 in the country’s first and only military dictatorship receive backlash from conservative landowners phased out by 1974 production and distribution of cocaine. activity informal parts of the city