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Monogenea Sladkovodních a Brakických Ryb Čeledi Tetraodontidae: Prostorová Distribuce Na Úrovni Mikrohabitatu Hostitele

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Monogenea Sladkovodních a Brakických Ryb Čeledi Tetraodontidae: Prostorová Distribuce Na Úrovni Mikrohabitatu Hostitele MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA PŘÍRODOVĚDECKÁ FAKULTA ÚSTAV BOTANIKY A ZOOLOGIE MONOGENEA SLADKOVODNÍCH A BRAKICKÝCH RYB ČELEDI TETRAODONTIDAE: PROSTOROVÁ DISTRIBUCE NA ÚROVNI MIKROHABITATU HOSTITELE Diplomová práce Bc. Jana Kneysová Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Eva Řehulková, Ph.D. Brno 2017 Bibliografický záznam Autor: Bc. Jana Kneysová Přírodovědecká fakulta, Masarykova univerzita Ústav botaniky a zoologie Název práce: Monogenea sladkovodních a brakických ryb čeledi Tetraodontidae: prostorová distribuce na úrovni mikrohabitatu hostitele Studijní program: Ekologická a evoluční biologie Studijní obor: Zoologie Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Eva Řehulková, Ph.D. Akademický rok: 2016/2017 Počet stran: 67 Klíčová slova: Monogenea, Dactylogyridae, Thylacicleidus, Tetraodontidae, Dichotomyctere, prostorová distribuce, post-larvální vývoj, ekologická nika, mikrohabitat, žaberní aparát, segregace nik, vnitrodruhová interakce, mezidruhová kompetice Bibliographic Entry Author: Bc. Jana Kneysová Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Department of Botany and Zoology Title of Thesis: Monogeneans of fresh and brakish water fishes of the Tetraodontidae: spatial distribution and microhabitat host specifity Degree programme: Ecological and Evolutionary Biology Field of Study: Zoology Supervisor: Mgr. Eva Řehulková, Ph.D. Academic Year: 2016/2017 Number of Pages: 67 Keywords: Monogenea, Dactylogyridae, Thylacicleidus, Tetraodontidae, Dichotomyctere, spatial distribution, post-larval development, ecological niche, microhabitat, gill aparatus, niche segregation, intraspecific interaction, interspecific competition Abstrakt V této diplomové práci byla studována prostorová distribuce dvou druhů monogeneí, Thylacicleidus latus a Thylacicleidus serendipitus (Dactylogyridae), parazitujících na čtverzubci zeleném Dichotomyctere nigroviridis (Tetraodontidae). Druhy rodu Thylacicleidus jsou charakteristické příchytným aparátem (tzv. haptorem), který nese tyto sklerotizované struktury: dva páry středních háčků spojené destičkami a sedm párů marginálních háčků. Vzhledem k tomu, že se tyto struktury během ontogeneze objevují postupně, lze předpokládat, že strategie přichycení těchto parazitů se bude v závislosti na stupni vývoje měnit. Jedním z cílů této práce proto bylo charakterizovat změny ve struktuře haptoru během ontogenetického vývoje studovaných monogeneí. Byla rozlišena celkem čtyři post-larvální stadia (J1 – J4) charakterizovaná objevením těchto struktur: J1, pouze 14 okrajových háčků; J2, základy středních háčků (dorzální a ventrální); J3, základy ventrální destičky; J4, základy dorzální destičky. Ve druhé části práce byla analyzována prostorová distribuce post-larválních a adultních stadií v rámci žaberního aparátu. Byla zjištěna preference proximálních částí žaber ranými vývojovými stadii (J1) a preference 1. žaberního oblouku téměř dospělými jedinci (J4). Adultní monogenea žádnou zvláštní preferenci mezi jednotlivými oblouky nevykazovala. U druhu T. serendipitus byla pozorována silná preference distálních částí žaber a intraspecifická agregovanost. Naopak druh T. latus byl více abundantní ve středních částech žaberních oblouků, ze statistického hlediska ale nepreferoval žádný mikrohabitat. Šířka niky byla podstatně menší u druhu T. serendipitus. Pozitivní vztah mezi šířkou niky a abundancí u obou druhů a stupeň agregovanosti druhu T. serendipitus potvrzují hypotézu, že na prostorovou distribuci monogeneí mají vliv především intraspecifické faktory, které narůstají v důsledku segregace nik. Abstract This thesis deals with the spatial distribution of two monogenean species, Thylacicleidus latus and Thylacicleidus serendipitus (Dactylogyridae), parasitizing green spotted puffer Dichotomyctere nigroviridis (Tetraodontidae). Species of Thylacicleidus are characterised by an attachment apparatus (haptor) possessing the following sclerotised structures: two pairs of anchors joined by medial bars and seven pairs of marginal hooks. These haptoral structures appear gradually during parasite ontogeny and, therefore, attachment strategies vary depending on developmental age. One of the main aims of this thesis was to study the developmental changes of the above mentioned species of Thylacicleidus. Throughout the gradual development of the sclerotised structures, four post-larval phases (J1 - J4) were distinguished: J1, with only 14 marginal hooks; J2, with anchors (ventral and dorsal) formed; J3, with ventral bar formed; and J4, with dorsal bar formed. The second aim of this study was to investigate monogenean distribution patterns to account for potential differences in post-larval stages and adult parasite distribution on the gills. The early post-larval stages (J1) exhibited a preference for proximal parts of the gills and the first gill arch was preferred by almost adult stages (J4). No preferences in the distribution of adults were found among gill arches. Adults of Thylacicleidus serendipitus showed significant site preference for distal parts of gills and also highly aggregated distribution over microhabitats. There were no significant microhabitat preferences by adults of T. latus although they were expected based on observed higher abundances in the middle parts of the gills. The niche breadth was narrower for specimens of T. serendipitus than for those of T. latus, and in both species it increased with abundances. This correlation between niche breadth and abundances along with aggregated distribution confirm the hypothesis that the site selection is influenced by intraspecific factors which resulted from niche segregation. Poděkování Na tomto místě bych chtěla poděkovat vedoucí mé práce Mgr. Evě Řehulkové, Ph.D. za její pozitivní přístup, odborné vedení a výběr velice sympatického tématu. Dále bych chtěla poděkovat všem z oddělení parazitologie PřF MU, kteří mi během vypracování této diplomové práce byli nápomocni, zvláště pak Mgr. Nikol Kmentové za profesionální rady, poskytnuté zázemí, Mgr. Jiřímu Vorlovi za pomoc s řešením technických problémů a psychickou oporu a doc. RNDr. Andree Vetešníkové Šimkové, Ph.D. za produktivní konzultace. V neposlední řadě děkuji své rodině a přátelům za podporu a víru, kterou ve mně vložili, a sdílené pevné nervy v krizových situacích. Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem svoji diplomovou práci vypracovala samostatně s využitím informačních zdrojů, které jsou v práci citovány. Brno 2. května 2017 ……………………………… Jméno Příjmení ÚVOD A CÍLE PRÁCE ...................................................................................................... 11 LITERÁRNÍ PŘEHLED ..................................................................................................... 13 1 Tetraodontidae (čtverzubcovití) ............................................................................... 13 1.1 Základní charakteristika .................................................................................... 14 1.2 Sladkovodní a brakické druhy využívané v současné akvaristice..................... 16 2 Monogenea (žábrohlísti) ........................................................................................... 17 2.1 Biologie a parazito-hostitelské vztahy .............................................................. 18 3 Monogenea parazitující na rybách čeledi Tetraodontidae ........................................ 24 3.1 Check-list PARAZIT – HOSTITEL ................................................................. 24 3.2 Check-list HOSTITEL – PARAZIT ................................................................. 28 MATERIÁL A METODIKA .............................................................................................. 30 1 Parazitologické vyšetření ryb ................................................................................... 30 2 Sběr a fixace monogeneí........................................................................................... 32 3 Stanovení lokalizace monogeneí .............................................................................. 32 4 Determinace monogeneí ........................................................................................... 33 4.1 Determinace post-larválních (juvenilních) stadií .............................................. 33 5 Zpracování výsledků a hodnocení dat ...................................................................... 34 VÝSLEDKY ........................................................................................................................ 36 1 Morfologicko-taxonomické vyhodnocení nalezených monogeneí........................... 36 1.1 Post-larvální vývoj přichycovacích struktur haptoru monogeneí rodu Thylacicleidus ............................................................................................................... 36 2 Prostorová distribuce monogeneí rodu Thylacicleidus ............................................. 41 2.1 Prostorová distribuce adultů a juvenilů na úrovni orgánů................................. 41 2.2 Prostorová distribuce post-larválních stadií na žaberním aparátu ..................... 42 2.3 Prostorová distribuce druhů Thylacicleidus serendipitus a Thylacicleidus latus… ........................................................................................................................... 45 9 2.4 Ekologická nika druhu T. serendipitus a T. latus .............................................. 50 DISKUZE ............................................................................................................................ 52 1 Prostorová distribuce monogeneí rodu Thylacicleidus ...........................................
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