Draft Final Report

National Assessment of Cambodia's Main Crop and Fodder Resources

Commissioned by the Department of Animal Production and Health and Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations' Environmental Animal Health Management Initiative in Cambodia, funded by the Government of Italy

Prepared by: Mr. Aum Sitha, Centre for Livestock and Agriculture Development (CelAgrid), Phnom Penh, Cambodia ‐ ‐

February 2012 Contents Summary ...... i Livestock and Poultry Resources ...... ii Land Cover and Fodder Resources ...... ii Acknowledgments ...... iv Abbreviations ...... v 1 Introduction ...... 1 1.1 Study Objectives...... 1 1.2 Duration ...... 2 1.3 Personnel ...... 2 2 Activities ...... 2 2.1 Data Collection ...... 2 2.2 Initial Meeting ...... 3 2.3 Crop Cutting Study ...... 3 3 Landforms: Elevation, Sloop and Digital Terrain Model (DTM) ...... 4 4 Cambodia Land Use and Land Cover ...... 7 5 Livestock Distributions ...... 7 5.1 Cattle ...... 7 5.2 Buffalo ...... 12 5.3 Pigs ...... 13 5.4 Goats and Sheep ...... 14 5.5 Horse ...... 15 5.6 Poultry ...... 16 5.7 Total Livestock and Poultry Biomass ...... 17 6 Crop and Fodder Resources ...... 18 6.1 Rice ...... 18 6.1.1. Rice Straw ...... 20 6.2 Corn (Maize) ...... 25 6.2.1. Further Information about Corn (Maize) Production and Products ...... 27 6.3 Sugarcane ...... 33 6.3.1. Further Information about Sugarcane Production and Products...... 39 6.4 Cassava ...... 42 6.4.1. Further Information about Cassava Production and Products ...... 43 6.5 Grass ...... 50 7 Maps of Fodder and Crop Production ...... 57 7.1 Rice ...... 57 7.2 Corn ...... 58 7.3 Sugarcane ...... 58 7.4 Cassava ...... 59 7.5 Grass ...... 59 8 Discussion and Conclusions ...... 60 8.1 Provincial Comparison of Animal Biomass and Crop/Fodder Production ...... 60 8.2 Livestock and Poultry Resources ...... 62 8.3 Land Form, Land Cover and Fodder Resources ...... 63 9 Recommendations ...... 65

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10 Bibliography ...... 66 Annex I: Crop Cut Survey Forms ...... 67

Tables Table 1 : Summary of Collected Samples of Each Crop by Province and District...... 3 Table 2 : Livestock Density (head/km2) by Province in Cambodia, 2010 ...... 9 Table 3 : Top 24 Districts with Highest Density of Cattle, Buffalo and Pigs (head/km2) in Cambodia, 2010 ...... 10 Table 4 : Top 24 Districts with Highest Poultry, Sheep Goat, and Total Biomass Density in Cambodia, 2010 ...... 11 Table 5 : Rice Production and Production Density in Cambodia by Season, 2010/11 ...... 19 Table 6 : Top Ten Districts with Highest Wet Season Rice Production Density, 2010/11 ...... 19 Table 7 : Top Ten Districts with Highest Dry Season Rice Production Density, 2010/11 ...... 20 Table 8 : Rice Production and Animal Feed Resources by Province, 2010/11 ...... 21 Table 9 : Top 24 Districts with Highest Rice Production Density and Animal Feed Resources by Province, 2010/11 ...... 22 Table 10 : Corn (Maize) Production and Production Density in Cambodia, 2010/11 ...... 25 Table 11 : Top Twenty Four Districts with Highest Corn (Maize) Production Density, 2010/11 ...... 26 Table 12 : Corn (Maize) Production Density and Animal Feed Resources by Province, 2010/11 ...... 31 Table 13: Top Twenty Four Districts with Highest Corn (Maize) Production Density, 2010/11 ...... 32 Table 14 : Sugarcane Production and Production Density in Cambodia, 2010/11 ...... 33 Table 15 : Top Ten Districts with Highest Sugarcane Production Density, 2010/11...... 34 Table 16 : Sugarcane Production and Animal Feed Resources by Province, 2010/11 ...... 37 Table 17 : Top 24 Districts with Highest Sugarcane Production Density and Animal Feed Resources, 2010/11 ...... 38 Table 18 : Cassava Production and Production Density in Cambodia, 2010/11 ...... 42 Table 19 : Top Ten Districts with Highest Cassava Production Density, 2010/11...... 43 Table 20 : Cassava Production and Animal Feed Resources by Province, 2010/11 ...... 48 Table 21 : Top 24 Districts with Highest Cassava Production Density and Animal Feed Resources, 2010/11 ...... 49 Table 22 : Natural Grass Production and Production Density in Cambodia, 2010/11 ...... 50 Table 23 : Top Ten Districts with Highest Natural Grass Production Density, 2010/11 ...... 51 Table 24 : Natural Grass Production and Production Density by Province, 2010/11 ...... 55 Table 25 : Top 24 Districts with Highest Natural Grass Production Density, 2010/11 ...... 56 Table 26 : Summary of Animal Biomass and Crop/Fodder Production Densities by Province ...... 60 Table 27 : Mean Cattle Density and Stocking Rates in Selected Province...... 65

Figures Figure 1 : GPS Locations Crop Cutting Sites ...... 4 Figure 2 : FCC, LandSat TM 28.5m 03/07/2003 ...... 5 Figure 3 : Digital Elevation Models (DEM), SRTM ...... 5 Figure 4 : Elevation, SRTM ...... 6 Figure 5 : Slope (%) ...... 6 Figure 6 : Present Land Use and Land Cover Map (simplified) ...... 7 Figure 7 : Cattle Density by District, Year 2010 ...... 8 Figure 8 : Buffalo Density by District, Year 2010 ...... 12 Figure 9 : Pig Density by District, Year 2010 ...... 13 Figure 10 : Goats and Sheep Density by District, Year 2010 ...... 14 Figure 11: Horse Density by District, Year 2010...... 15 Figure 12 : Poultry Density by District, Year 2010 ...... 16 Figure 13 : Total Livestock and Poultry Biomass Distribution by District, Year 2010 ...... 17 Figure 14 : Rice‐straw Production Density by Province, 2010/11 ...... 23 Figure 15 : Top 24 Districts with Highest Rice‐straw Production Density, 2010/11 ...... 24 Figure 16 : Corn (Maize) Residue Production Density by Province in Cambodia, 2010/11 ...... 29 Figure 17 : Top 24 Districts with Highest Density of Corn (Maize) Production’s Residue in Cambodia, 2010/11 ...... 30 Figure 18 : Density of Sugarcane Production’s Residue by Province in Cambodia, 2010/11 ...... 35 Figure 19 : Top 24 Districts with Highest Density of Sugarcane Production’s Residue in Cambodia, 2010/11 ...... 36 Figure 20 : Density of Cassava Produce’s Residue in Cambodia, 2010/11 ...... 46 Figure 21 : Top 24 Districts with Highest Density of Cassava Produce’s Residue in Cambodia, 2010/11 ...... 47 Figure 22 : Grass and Shrub Land in Cambodia, 2010/11 ...... 52

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Figure 23 : Production Density of Natural Grassland by Province in Cambodia, 2010/11 ...... 53 Figure 24 : Top 24 Districts with Highest Production Density of Natural Grasses in Cambodia, 2010/11 ...... 54 Figure 25 : Wet Season Rice Production Density 2010 ...... 57 Figure 26 : Dry Season Rice Production Density 2010 ...... 57 Figure 27 : Corn Production Density 2010 ...... 58 Figure 28 : Sugarcane Production Density 2010 ...... 58 Figure 29 : Cassava Production Density 2010 ...... 59 Figure 30 : Natural Grass Production Density 2010 ...... 59 Figure 31 : Summary of Animal Biomass and Crop/Fodder Production Densities by Province ...... 61 Figure 32 : Scatter Plot of Animal Biomass and Crop/Fodder Resources, by Province ...... 61

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Summary At the inception of the Environmental Animal Health Management Initiative (EAHMI) in Cambodia it was recommended that "more detailed disaggregated information is needed on the distribution and abundance of fodder and animal feeds resources, and the temporal and spatial patterns of domestic animal resources"(Sar and Bourn, 2010).

The Centre for Livestock and Agriculture Development (CelAgrid) was, therefore, commissioned to conduct a “Field study on an assessment of Cambodia Crops and Fodder Resources” by Letter of Agreement (LOA/RAP/2010/75) with the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations signed on 6 December 2010. The objectives of the study focused on: preparing a concise review of available technical literature relating to land cover, fodder availability and livestock distribution in Cambodia; mapping livestock fodder resources by integrating satellite images; using GIS applications to assess the relative abundance of fodder resource by district and province; and estimating and mapping potential national fodder yields, by district and province.

The project was implemented by the Centre for Livestock and Agriculture Development (CelAgrid) in collaboration with the Department of Animal Production and Health (DAPH), and Provincial Animal Production and Health Offices from January to May 2011. Due to various delays, it was not possible to complete data collection, processing and analysis according to the originally envisaged schedule, so the project was extended by mutual consent until February 2012 at no additional cost.

The study consisted of two main components:

1. Secondary data collection, including: literature review to prepare a concise review of available technical literature relating to land cover, fodder availability and livestock distribution in Cambodia as: a) map the overall distributions of various types of cattle, buffalo, pig, horse, goat, sheep and poultry; b) compile crops production by provinces and districts by collecting agricultural data from provincial departments of agriculture for all 193 districts and 24 provinces in Cambodia; c) downloading two satellite images of LandSat mosaiced (28.5m resolution) and SRTM DEM from Global Land Cover Facility; d) acquiring the JICA LU 2002 land use dataset and its updated version from Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction (MoLMUPC) for estimating crops and grasses area by district and province.

2. Crop cutting surveys were conducted at the same time as the secondary data collection to obtain meaningful crop and grass yield estimates per hectare for fodder and crop resources by districts and provinces. A total of 24 samples of dry season rice, 24 samples of cassava, 24 samples of corn, 24 samples of sugarcane and 24 sample of grasses were collected from 4 selected provinces: Prey Veng, Kratie, Pursat and Kampot. Data collection was conducted by staff of provincial AHP offices, under the supervision of the AHP provincial chief and guidance by CelAgrid staff.

Landforms relate to the natural features of the earth's surface, or landscape, such as valleys, plateaus, mountains, hills and plains. Cambodia’s landforms are shown on various satellite‐derived maps of elevation, slope, Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and Digital Terrain Model (DTM).

Knowing the elevation, slope and terrain of an area are important factors to consider in livestock production ‐ for instance, whether or not the land is low lying and prone to flooding, or whether the terrain is mountainous and well drained, and prone to dry season water and fodder shortages. ‐ i ‐

Livestock and Poultry Resources Cattle are by far the most abundant species of livestock in Cambodia, with an estimated total of 3,484,591 head in 2010. Takeo Province in the south of the country had the highest density at 106.0 cattle per square kilometre, followed by: Kep (84.6 head/km2); Prey Veng (67.3head/km2); Kampong Speu (58.9head/km2); Svay Rieng (55.5 head/km2); Kampot (45.0 head/km2); Kadal (41.9 head/km2); with lowest densities in Mondulkiri (1.0 head/km2) and Koh Kong (0.6 head/km2).

Buffalo are far less numerous than cattle, with an estimated total population of 702,645 head in 2010. Svay Rieng had the highest density 41.7 head/km2, followed by: 21.2 head/km2 in Prey Veng; 8.5 head/km2 in Pursat; and 8.1 head/km2 in Kampong Chhnang.

Pigs are the second most numerous livestock species, with 2,055,171 head in 2010. The highest density of 78.9 head/km2 was found in Prey Veng Province, followed by: 56.5 head/km2 in Takeo; and 53.9 head/km2 in Svay Rieng. At district level, the highest density was found Svay Antor 198.8 head/km2, followed by: 159.8 head/km2 in Me Sang; 142.0 head/km2 in Krong Daun Keo; and 111.2 head/km2 in Tram Kak, Takeo Province.

Very few small ruminants are found in Cambodia, with an estimated total of 14,837 goats and sheep in 2010. The highest density was 3.7 head/km2 around Phnom Penh, followed by: 1.0 head/km2 in Kep; 0.6 head/km2 in Kandal; 0.6 head/km2 in Kandal; and 0.43 head/km2 in Prey Veng. The highest density by district was 17.7 head/km2 in Ruessei Kaev, followed by: 3.7 head/km2 in Peam Ro; 3.5 head/km2 in Krong Kampong Cham: and 3.3 head/km2 in Muk Kampul.

Horses are less numerous than goats and sheep, with an estimated total population of 13,219 head in 2010. Kampong Cham had the highest density 0.61 head/km2, followed by: 0.43 head/km2 in Kandal; 0.38 head/km2 in Takeo; and 0.30 head/km2 in Prey Veng.

Poultry far outnumber livestock in Cambodia, with a total estimated number of 20,830,191 birds. The highest density of 647.4 birds/km2 was found in Prey Veng, followed by 614.3 birds/km2 in Takeo, 456.4 birds/km2 in Kep, and 416.4 birds/km2 in Svay Rieng. The highest density by district was 2,195.1 birds/km2 in Krong Kampong Chhnang, followed by 2,145.9 birds/km2 in Angkor Chum, 1,767.5 birds/km2 in Krong Chbar Mon, and 1,296.5 birds/km2 in Pea Reang.

Total livestock and poultry biomass amounted to 3,757,553 TLUs1, with the highest density of 98.2 TLUs/km2 in Takeo, followed by 92.2 TLUs/km2 in Prey Veng, and 88.4 TLUs/km2 in Svay Rieng. The highest biomass density at district level was 182.7 TLUs/km2 in Tram Kak, followed by: 149.4 TLUs/km2 in Me Sang; 140.4 TLUs/km2 in Svay Antor; and 135.9 TLUs/km2 in Krong Daun Keo.

Land Cover and Fodder Resources Land cover in Cambodia in 2010 was: 56.9% forest land; 23% agricultural land; 13.4% grass and shrub lands; 3.1% flood forest; 2.8% water bodies; 1.2% settlement and infrastructures; 0.4% mangrove forest; 0.20% rock and soils; and 0.03% shrimp farming and salt pond.

The estimated total cultivated area of 2,777,323ha in 2010/11, included 2,372,519ha of wet season rice (equal to 85.4%) and 404,804ha of dry season rice (equal to 14.6%). Field sampling showed that more than half (54.4%) of the rice straw produced was removed by famers, with the

1 TLU: Tropical Livestock Unit; (TLU)=250kg animal biomass ‐ ii ‐ remaining 45.6% left in the field. Nationally, this is equivalent to 15,472,364 tons of fresh rice straw being removed and 12,951,916 staying in field. At provincial level, the highest density of total both seasons rice‐straw in year 2010/11 was 745.5 tons/km2 in Takeo, followed by: 628.0 tons/km2 in Prey Veng; 461.5 tons/km2 in Svay Rieng; 295.6 tons/km2 in Banteay Mean Chey; and the lowest density was 2.2 tons/km2 in Koh Kong Province.

The total estimated quantity of corn (maize) produced in 2010/11 was 780,774 tons, including 655,091 tons of red corn (83.9%) and 125,684 tons of white corn (16.1%). At provincial level, the highest mean production density was 107.1 tons/km2 in Pailin, followed by 34.2 tons/km2 in Battambang, with the lowest mean production density of 0.03 tons/km2 in Kandal and Svay Rieng province.

The total estimated quantity of sugarcane produced in Cambodia in 2010/11 was 368,549 tons. The highest production density2 was 14.8 tons/km2 in Kandal, followed by 10.7 tons/km2 in Svay Rieng and 10.5 tons/km2 in Kampong Speu, with the lowest production density of 0.08 tons/km2 in Koh Kong. Total fresh sugarcane residue was 300,982 tons and dry residue was 134,520 tons (equal to 44.7% of fresh residue). It shows that after drying % of DM was 44.69%.

The total estimated quantity of cassava produced in 2010/11 was 4,248,942 tons, including 3,980,963 tons of wet season cassava (93.7%) and 267,979 tons of dry season cassava (6.3%). Total cassava residue was 7,088,879 tons, with a dry weight of 1,848,361 tons (DM=26.1%). Fresh cassava residues are 1.67 times heavier (167%) than cassava tubers produced.

The highest production density of fresh natural grass by province was 201.1 ton/km2 in Kampong Chhnang followed by: 139.8 tons/km2 in Kampong Thom; 138.69 tons/km2 in Banteay Mean Cheay; 132.6 ton/km2 in Kampong Speu; 125.3 tons/km2 in Phreah Sihaknouk; 122.0 tons/km2 in Battambang; and 119.6 tons/km2 in Kandal; with the lowest production density of 9.5 tons/km2 in Pailin Province. The highest production density by district was 405 ton/km2 in Rukh Kiri, followed by: 311.4 tons/km2 in Borei Cholsar; 311.3 tons/km2 in Leuk Daek; 273.9 tons/km2 in Thpong; 262.2 tons/km2 in Krakor; 239.5 tons/km2 in Samakki Mean Chey; with the lowest production density of 1.90 tons/km2 in Samrong District in Takeo Province.

2 The term "production density" is used in this study to refer to total estimated production of a crop within a province or district (area cultivated x average yield) divided by the total area of that province or district in square kilometres. ‐ iii ‐

Acknowledgments

We wish to thank the following individuals for their assistance in this study:

Advisory Group: Dr. Sar Chetra, Deputy Director of Department of Animal Production and Health and (DAPH) and Cambodia Focal Point of EAHMI. Dr. David Burn, EAHMI Sub‐regional Project Coordinator Dr. Carolyn Benigno, FAO Animal Health Officer in Bangkok Dr. Kieu Borin, Director of CelAgrid.

Supervisory Group: Mr. Chum Chandara, Chief of Prey Veng’s Animal Production and Health, helped as supervisor of data collection team. Mr. Seang Soklim, Chief of Kratie’s Animal Production and Health, helped as supervisor of data collection team. Mr. Men Hong, Vice‐chief of Animal Production and Health Office in Pursat helped as supervisor of data collection team. Mr. Tuy Vichet, Vice‐chief of Kampot’s Animal Production and Health

Data Collection Group Mr. Hem Rattana, Mr. Prum Sopha and Mr. Khon Sopha, Prey Veng AHP officers who helped in field data collection. Mr. Sim Dimang, Kratie AHP officers who helped in field data collection. Mr. Ki Thy Kampot, Mr. Prum Sothy and Mr. Kong Oudom, Kampot AHP officers who helped in field data collection. Mr. Sak Monor, Mr. Toar Savon, and Mr. Mr. Choun Horn, Pursat AHP officers who helps in field data collection.

Information Sharing Group: Ms. Meas Sotheavy, Chief of Agriculture Statistics Office, Department of Planning and Statistics, MAFF. Mr. La Veha, GIS National Advisor of Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction. Mr. Mam Somony, Chief of Animal Production Office, Department of Animal Production and Health. Mr. O Pich, Deputy Director of Statistics Department of General Department of Agronomy and Agricultural Land Improvement; and All provincial Offices of the Department of Agronomy and Agricultural Land Improvement.

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Abbreviations APH Animal Production and Health CelAgrid Centre for Livestock and Agriculture Development DAPH Department of Animal Production and Health EAHMI Environmental Animal Health Management Initiative FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ha Hectare HH Household K.Chhang Kampong Chhang province K.Speu Kampong Speu province K.Thom Kampong Thome province Km2 Square Kilometer MAFF Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Max Maximum MCSF Mean Clinical Sign Frequency index Min Minimum MLMUPC Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction. PDA Provincial Department of Agriculture. SEAHMI Sub‐regional Environmental Animal Health Management Initiative Std. Standard Deviation VAHW Village Animal Health Worker

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1 Introduction The great majority (around 90%) of livestock in Cambodia are owned and managed by smallholder farmers (Stur and Horne, 1999 and 2001). Livestock are raised for various purposes, including: draft power for ploughing, carting and riding; sale and income generation; and milking, although the later is not widely practiced. Manure is also widely used as an organic fertiliser, and increasingly for the generation of biogas in bio‐digesters as an energy source for cooking and lighting (www.nbp.org.kh).

Ruminant livestock, including buffalo, cattle, sheep and goats, depend on crop and fodder resources for their survival, maintenance and reproduction. Nevertheless, surprisingly little is known about crop and fodder resource distribution in Cambodia. A recent review of animal production in Cambodia concluded that "more detailed disaggregated information is needed on the distribution and abundance of livestock and poultry resources, and the temporal and spatial patterns of disease risk" (Sar and Bourn, 2009). Reliable, up‐to‐date information about the distribution and abundance of fodder resources, upon which ruminant species depend, is equally important.

The Centre for Livestock and Agriculture Development (CelAgrid) was, therefore, commissioned to conduct a national assessment of crop and fodder resources in Cambodia by Letter of Agreement (LOA/RAP/2010/75) with the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO), signed on 6 December 2010 on behalf of the Cambodian component of the “Sub‐regional environmental animal health management initiative (EAHMI) for enhanced smallholder production in South East Asia” (GCP/RAS/244/ITA).

The environmental animal health management initiative (EAHMI) is an institutional strengthening and capacity building project, implemented by FAO in collaboration with the Governments of Cambodia, Lao PDR and the Philippines, with funding from the Italian Government (http://www.eahmi.org/).

1.1 Study Objectives The overall strategic objective of the study was to establish a national, spatial database on fodder resources and provide meaningful estimates of fodder resources by district and province across Cambodia, for further research, both as a strategic input to the Environmental and Animal Health Management Initiative, and as an objective basis for priority setting and targeting further investigations; using satellite imagery, Geographical Information System (GIS) and Global Positioning System (GPS) technology and ground truthing at representative sites across the country. The specific objectives were to:

i) Prepare a concise review of available technical literature relating to land cover, fodder availability and livestock distribution in Cambodia; ii) Map livestock fodder resources by integrating: ‐ Temporal LandSat ETM+ derived from rainy and dry season inventories for two periods (dry and rainy season 2003 and 2004); ‐ Most recent MODIS Terra data; ‐ Most recent national land use map; iii) Utilize GIS applications to assess the relative abundance of fodder resource by district and province; and iv) Estimate and map potential national fodder yields, by district and province.

‐ 1 ‐ 1.2 Duration The study was originally scheduled to be completed in six months and report by the end of May 2011, but, because of various delays in completing field studies, data entry and analysis, a no‐cost extension was requested and granted for completion by the end of January 2012.

1.3 Personnel The study was conducted by Mr. Aum Sitha, remote sensing and GIS specialist, with advise from various experts including: ‐ Dr. Sar Chetra, Deputy Director and former Chief of Animal Production Office, Department of Animal Production and Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries; and National Focal Point Officer for EAHMI in Cambodia; ‐ Dr. David Mackenzie Bourn, Project Coordinator, for the Environmental Animal Health Management Initiative for Enhanced Smallholder Production in South‐East Asia (EAHMI) ‐ Dr. Carolyn Benigno, Animal Health Officer, FAO's Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific in Bangkok; ‐ Dr. Khieu Borin, Director of Centre for Livestock and Agriculture Development (CelAgrid).

Field work was carried out in close collaboration with Animal Production and Health field staff in Pursat, Kampot, Prey Veng and Kratie Provinces, as identified in the acknowledgements.

2 Activities

2.1 Data Collection Satellite Data • Images of LANDSAT 7 ETM+ (30m) of dry season (07 March 2003) and rainy season (08 Sep 2004) were downloaded from website . • Terra MODIS (250m) both seasons in 2010.

Other Data • Land Use (most recent data) • SRTM DEM imagery (1km resolution) • Soil fertility data • Ecological zone • Human, poultry population density • Livestock and poultry population density • Land cover and water resources, • Crops statistics by districts and provinces • Administrative boundaries, major towns, rail and road networks.

Ground Truth Data Collected • Crop cover, fodder resources (dry & wet seasons), and other land covers; • Handheld GPS geo‐location of ground truth sites; • Observation of fodder resources characteristics in selected sites; • Collect and measure yield sample of fodder resources by crop cut survey in selected sites.

‐ 2 ‐ Random Selection of Sample Fields • Interview sample household to determine the number of harvesting dry season’s crops and location of each crop type to facilitate the field survey. • Data collector selected the sample field at random, using simple random selection, for example, if there are "n" fields to be harvested during the survey period, "n" pieces of paper are individually numbered 1 to "n" and placed into a container from which one is extracted at random to indicate the field to be sampled. In case the data collector cannot enter the field because it is the wrong time for harvesting, the data collector should ask the exact period for harvesting and make an appointment for a follow up visit. In case, there is no field remains for harvesting, data collector should randomly select the reserved sample immediately.

Random Selection of Survey Points From the lower left‐hand corner, walk along the edge of the farm field for 30 steps and turn right into the farm field and walk in for another 30 steps. The place reached is the randomly selected survey point.

Table 1 : Summary of Collected Samples of Each Crop by Province and District. Number of samples by crop Comment on Dry season Det season No.Province Selected District Cassava Corn Sugarcane Grass actual Total Total Rice Rice (Plan) (Actual) collected Act. Plan Act. Plan Act. Plan Act. Plan Act. Plan Act. Plan 1Prey Veng Peam Chor 2222026222321512Completed Peam Ror 222202021202512Completed Kamchay Mear2222620222321512Completed 2 Kratie Chetr Borei 2222022222221012Completed Prek Prasab 2222022222221012Completed Chhloung 2222622222221612Completed 3PursatKrakor 2222221222221112Completed Bakan 2222222222221212Completed Phnom Kravanh 2222221222221112Completed 4 Kampot Dang Tung 2242222222221412Completed Teuk Chou 2262222222221612Completed Kampong Trach2242222222221412Completed Total 4 12 24 24 32 24 24 24 22 24 23 24 24 24 149 144

2.2 Initial Meeting An initial meeting was held in January 2011 to familiarise data collector and supervisors with the objectives, data collection method and questionnaire of the study, discuss how these could be achieved, review methodology and plan activities.

2.3 Crop Cutting Study This survey is designed to assess crop and fodder resources as rice (rice’s straw), cassava, corn, sugarcane, and natural grass per hectare for estimating and preparing spatial data on crops and fodder resources by district and province in Cambodia.

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The Field Crop Cutting Survey started from February 2011 and continued until the end of November 2011. Crop cut surveys were conducted depending on crop type, season and cultivation period as follows:

‐ Dry season rice, from February to March; ‐ Corn, Cassava and Sugarcane, from February to May; ‐ Natural Grass, from October to September; ‐ Wed season rice, from October to November.

After identifying the target crop and selecting the sample household, crop‐cutting activities were conducted to collect data for estimation of crop and fodder production per hectare.

Figure 1 : GPS Locations Crop Cutting Sites

3 Landforms: Elevation, Sloop and Digital Terrain Model (DTM) Landforms are natural physical features of the Earth's surface and local landscapes, such as mountains, valleys, plateaus, and plains. Cambodia’s landforms are shown on various satellite‐ derived maps of elevation, slope, Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and Digital Terrain Model (DTM).

Although perhaps not immediately obvious, knowing the elevation, slope and terrain of an area are important factors to consider in livestock production ‐ for instance, whether or not: the land is low‐lying and prone to flooding; or the terrain is mountainous and well drained, and prone to dry season water and fodder shortages; or crop and fodder yields and overall production are sufficient to feed the number of animals being kept.

‐ 4 ‐ Figure 2 : FCC, LandSat TM 28.5m 03/07/2003

Figure 3 : Digital Elevation Models (DEM), SRTM

‐ 5 ‐ Figure 4 : Elevation, SRTM

Figure 5 : Slope (%)

‐ 6 ‐ 4 Cambodia Land Use and Land Cover Figure 6 : Present Land Use and Land Cover Map (simplified)

Source: Simplified Dataset LULC of MLMUPC, 2011, La Veha, National GIS advisor of MLMUPC

Land cover in Cambodia in 2010 (Figure 6) was: 56.9% forest land; 23% agricultural land; 13.4% grass and shrub lands; 3.1% flood forest; 2.8% water bodies; 1.2% settlement and infrastructures; 0.4% mangrove forest; 0.20% rock and soils; and 0.03% shrimp farming and salt pond.

5 Livestock Distributions The following sections and GIS derived maps are based on district and provincial figures compiled by DAPH's Animal Production Office from provincial returns (Error! Reference source not found.).

5.1 Cattle Cattle are by far the most abundant species of livestock in Cambodia, with an estimated total of 3,484,591 head in 2010. Takeo Province in the south of the country had the highest density at 106.0 cattle per square kilometre, followed by: Kep (84.6 head/km2); Prey Veng (67.3head/km2); Kampong Speu (58.9head/km2); Svay Rieng (55.5 head/km2); Kampot (45.0 head/km2); Kadal (41.9 head/km2); with lowest densities in Mondulkiri (1.0 head/km2) and Koh Kong (0.6 head/km2).

‐ 7 ‐ Figure 7 : Cattle Density by District, Year 2010

At district level, Tram Kak had the highest density of cattle equal to 206.4 head/km2, followed by Basedth (152.3 head/km2), Kong Pisei (144.2 head/km2), Samraong (135.7head/km2), Angkor Chey (131.0 head/km2), Prey Chhor(126.5head/km2); with lowest densities in Mondol Seima (0.2 head/km2) and Thma Bang (0.1 head/km2).

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Table 2 : Livestock Density (head/km2) by Province in Cambodia, 2010

Cattle Buffalo Pig Sheep &Goat Poultry Total Biomass Code Province Name Number Density Number Density Number Density Number Density Number Density Number Density 01 Banteay Meanchey 98,856 16.08 12,044 1.96 80,228 13.05 1,651 0.27 765,771 124.55 109,672 17.84 02 Battambang 182,654 15.39 5,537 0.47 54,132 4.56 616 0.05 1,219,434 102.71 160,229 13.50 03 Kampong Cham 379,460 40.01 67,946 7.17 148,198 15.63 1,227 0.13 1,714,862 180.84 374,915 39.54 04 Kampong Chhnang 211,992 40.04 42,693 8.06 102,998 19.45 709 0.13 1,500,261 283.36 224,252 42.35 05 Kampong Speu 410,038 58.87 938 0.13 119,194 17.11 458 0.07 1,571,713 225.67 339,204 48.70 06 Kampong Thom 242,730 19.50 57,887 4.65 68,880 5.53 21 0.00 775,392 62.29 238,852 19.19 07 Kampot 212,877 45.46 12,259 2.62 107,158 22.88 1,087 0.23 1,280,960 273.55 202,661 43.28 08 Kandal 149,457 41.96 6,032 1.69 79,057 22.19 2,166 0.61 811,981 227.95 140,896 39.55 09 Koh Kong 6,132 0.56 7,539 0.69 8,176 0.74 68 0.01 46,467 4.22 12,494 1.14 10 Kratie 104,587 8.74 33,490 2.80 33,590 2.81 121 0.01 267,099 22.31 109,414 9.14 11 Mondulkiri 13,804 1.01 11,272 0.82 9,952 0.73 173 0.01 49,830 3.65 21,054 1.54 12 Phnom Penh 12,803 34.10 217 0.58 12,902 34.37 1,380 3.68 133,891 356.63 14,462 38.52 13 Preah Vihear 82,845 5.90 23,373 1.67 161,876 11.54 520 0.04 267,723 19.08 125,644 8.95 14 Prey Veng 320,655 67.34 101,065 21.23 375,524 78.87 2,067 0.43 3,082,569 647.38 438,894 92.17 15 Pursat 110,712 9.56 97,891 8.45 52,720 4.55 32 0.00 963,812 83.19 171,479 14.80 16 Ratanakiri 29,985 2.54 18,356 1.56 31,844 2.70 140 0.01 105,967 8.99 44,466 3.77 17 Siem Reap 267,388 25.36 30,626 2.90 114,386 10.85 202 0.02 2,237,836 212.23 265,324 25.16 18 Phreah Sihanouk 10,347 3.97 7,501 2.88 12,563 4.82 280 0.11 163,906 62.88 17,930 6.88 19 Steung Treng 26,024 2.17 35,368 2.94 38,018 3.16 807 0.07 105,165 8.75 55,512 4.62 20 Svay Rieng 159,280 55.53 119,621 41.71 154,595 53.90 32 0.01 1,194,372 416.41 253,556 88.40 21 Takeo 370,131 106.04 4,160 1.19 197,101 56.47 220 0.06 2,144,225 614.31 342,598 98.15 22 Udor Meanchey 58,880 8.88 6,257 0.94 76,047 11.47 415 0.06 237,978 35.89 70,831 10.68 23 Kep 15,838 84.61 546 2.92 9,318 49.78 178 0.95 85,431 456.39 15,136 80.86 24 Pailin 7,116 6.61 27 0.03 6,714 6.23 267 0.25 103,546 96.13 8,076 7.50 Total 3,484,591 19.46 702,645 3.92 2,055,171 11.48 14,837 0.08 20,830,191 116.33 3,757,553 20.98

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Table 3 : Top 24 Districts with Highest Density of Cattle, Buffalo and Pigs (head/km2) in Cambodia, 2010

Cattle Buffalo Pig No. Dist. Dist. Dist. District Name Number Density District Name Number Density District Name Number Density Code Code Code 01 2109 Tram Kak 115,716 206.37 2002 Kampong Rou 23,738 60.29 1413 Svay Antor 93,788 198.77 02 0501 Basedth 77,506 152.33 2003 Rumduol 13,071 47.64 1405 Me Sang 64,609 159.76 03 0503 Kong Pisei 54,906 144.24 0401 Baribour 20,018 45.98 2108 Krong Doun Kaev 13,434 142.03 04 2107 Samraong 40,404 135.66 1413 Svay Antor 21,622 45.82 2109 Tram Kak 62,371 111.23 05 0701 Angkor Chey 41,367 131.00 2007 Svay Teab 15,179 45.41 1207 Ruessei Kaev 5,990 96.11 06 0313 Prey Chhor 57,302 126.50 2008 Krong Bavet 9,198 45.36 2102 Bati 34,639 92.79 07 2106 Prey Kabbas 33,350 125.44 2001 Chantrea 12,312 44.45 1407 Peam Ro 17,115 88.37 08 2102 Bati 46,795 125.35 2004 Romeas Haek 29,760 39.01 1401 Ba Phnum 26,836 77.08 09 2110 Treang 50,020 121.90 1404 Kanhchriech 10,169 32.74 2107 Samraong 21,759 73.06 10 0505 Odongk 62,538 120.75 1405 Me Sang 13,125 32.46 1403 Kampong Trabaek 35,740 72.40 11 2108 Krong Daun Keo 11,092 117.27 1402 Kamchay Mear 13,662 28.84 2005 Svay Chrum 36,628 70.34 12 2005 Svay Chrum 55,672 106.91 1502 Kandieng 15,496 27.60 0505 Odongk 36,193 69.88 13 1405 Me Sang 41,634 102.95 1411 Kampong Leav 5,280 27.29 2004 Romeas Haek 52,656 69.03 14 1401 Ba Phnum 35,415 101.72 2005 Svay Chrum 13,732 26.37 2003 Rumduol 18,897 68.87 15 1409 Preah Sdach 49,942 100.78 2006 Krong Svay Rieng 2,631 25.67 1409 Preah Sdach 33,075 66.74 16 0507 Samraong Tong 70,167 94.80 1503 Krakor 31,741 23.81 0706 Kampong Trach 22,314 65.32 17 0502 Krong Chbar Mon 6,903 92.32 0311 Ou Reang Ov 7,885 23.24 0705 Dang Tong 19,743 62.86 18 1403 Kampong Trabaek 44,992 91.14 1505 Krong Pursat 7,032 19.95 1411 Kampong Leav 11,927 61.65 19 0308 Kaoh Soutin 16,668 91.07 1408 Pea Reang 10,217 18.03 0106 KrongSerei Saophoan 23,663 61.11 20 0705 Dang Tong 27,945 88.97 1412 Sithor Kandal 5,545 17.72 2301 Damnak Chang'aeur 6,684 54.58 21 0808 Angk Snuol 26,840 88.58 1501 Bakan 27,428 17.56 1305 Rovieng 118,204 54.14 22 0405 Kampong Tralach 40,040 88.19 0312 Ponhea Kraek 11,545 15.19 2110 Treang 22,167 54.02 23 0306 Kampong Siem 37,748 87.32 1403 Kampong Trabaek 7,447 15.08 1402 Kamchay Mear 23,368 49.32 24 2301 Damnak Chang'aeur 10,425 85.13 0603 Krong Stueng Saen 4,944 13.45 2106 Prey Kabbas 12,810 48.18

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Table 4 : Top 24 Districts with Highest Poultry, Sheep Goat, and Total Biomass Density in Cambodia, 2010

Sheep &Goat Poultry Total Biomass No. Dist. Dist. Dist. District Name Number Density District Name Number Density District Name Number Density Code Code Code 01 1207 Russeikeo 1,104 17.71 0403 Krong Kg. Chhnang 101,504 2,195.08 2109 Tram Kak 102,456.69 182.72 02 1407 Peam Ro 722 3.73 1701 Angkor Chum 1,041,235 2,145.88 1405 Me Sang 60,400.64 149.36 03 0305 Krong Kampong Cham 81 3.49 0502 Krong Chbar Mon 132,160 1,767.53 1413 Svay Antor 66,226.82 140.36 04 0807 Muk Kampul 817 3.28 1408 Pea Reang 734,668 1,296.51 2108 Krong Doun Kaev 12,851.04 135.87 05 0106 Krong Serei Sophorn 801 2.07 2106 Prey Kabbas 290,666 1,093.32 2107 Samraong 37,402.35 125.59 06 0110 Krong Poi Pet 535 2.02 1401 Ba Phnum 350,803 1,007.61 2102 Bati 45,539.15 121.99 07 0402 Chol Kiri 515 1.57 1207 Ruessei Kaev 62,754 1,006.85 0501 Basedth 61,548.10 120.97 08 1401 Ba Phnum 510 1.46 0203 Krong Battambang 112,632 1,002.68 2005 Svay Chrum 62,305.56 119.64 09 2302 Krong Keb 91 1.41 2108 Krong Doun Kaev 89,684 948.19 0503 Kong Pisei 44,280.68 116.33 10 1205 Dangkor 253 1.35 0505 Odongk 489,562 945.24 0505 Odongk 59,540.32 114.96 11 0809 Ponhea Leu 433 1.29 0303 Cheung Prey 341,867 924.27 2106 Prey Kabbas 30,094.66 113.20 12 0811 Krong Ta Kmau 39 1.24 1413 Svay Antor 423,992 898.58 1401 Ba Phnum 39,394.23 113.15 13 1904 Krong Steung Treng 807 1.23 2107 Samraong 254,915 855.93 2110 Treang 45,673.84 111.31 14 0502 Krong Chbar Mon 79 1.06 0405 Kampong Tralach 376,635 829.53 0701 Angkor Chey 35,084.51 111.11 15 0705 Dang Tong 318 1.01 0503 Kong Pisei 311,448 818.19 2003 Rumduol 30,382.25 110.73 16 0701 Angkor Chey 247 0.78 1404 Kanhchriech 239,022 769.53 1409 Preah Sdach 50,842.79 102.60 17 0203 Krong Battambang 82 0.73 0705 Dang Tong 234,764 747.46 1403 Kampong Trabaek 50,446.35 102.19 18 2301 Damnak Chang Oeur 87 0.71 2110 Treang 300,194 731.60 0313 Prey Chhor 46,193.58 101.98 19 1411 Kampong Leav 137 0.71 0701 Angkor Chey 216,621 686.02 0502 Krong Chbar Mon 6,938.90 92.80 20 0802 Kien Svay 260 0.68 1405 Me Sang 268,564 664.10 2004 Romeas Haek 69,530.88 91.15 21 1409 Preah Sdach 295 0.60 0702 Banteay Meas 262,661 653.23 0705 Dang Tong 27,942.24 88.96 22 2108 Krong Daun Keov 56 0.59 2102 Bati 239,095 640.48 1404 Kanhchriech 27,535.02 88.65 23 0904 Krong Kh. Phumin 55 0.55 2003 Rumduol 169,995 619.53 0405 Kampong Tralach 39,203.45 86.34 24 0708 Krong Kampot 29 0.54 1403 Kampong Trabaek 301,525 610.78 2301 Damnak Chang'aeur 10,292.67 84.05

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5.2 uffalo Buffalo are far less numerous than cattle, with an estimated total population of 702,645 head in 2010. Svay Rieng had the highest density 41.7 head/km2, followed by: 21.2 head/km2 in Prey Veng; 8.5 head/km2 in Pursat; and 8.1 head/km2 in Kampong Chhnang.

Figure 8 : Buffalo Density by District, Year 2010

At district level, Kampong Ro with 60.3 head/km2 had the highest density of buffalo in Cambodia, followed by: 47.6 head/km2 in Rumduol; 46.0 head/km2 in Baribo; 45.8 head/km2 in Svay Antor; 45.4 head/km2 in Svay Teab; 45.4 head/km2 in Krong Bavet; 44.5 head/km2 in Chantrea; 39.0 head/km2 in Romeas Haek; 32.7 head/km2 in Kanhchriech; 32.5 head/km2 in Me Sang; 28.8 head/km2 in Kamchay Mear; and 27.6 head/km2 in Kandieng.

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5.3 Pigs Pigs are the second most numerous livestock species, with 2,055,171 head in 2010. The highest density of 78.9 head/km2 was found in Prey Veng Province, followed by: 56.5 head/km2 in Takeo; and 53.9 head/km2 in Svay Rieng.

Figure 9 : Pig Density by District, Year 2010

At district level, the highest density was found Svay Antor 198.8 head/km2, followed by: 159.8 head/km2 in Me Sang; 142.0 head/km2 in Krong Daun Keo; and 111.2 head/km2 in Tram Kak, Takeo Province.; 96.1 head/km2 in Ruessei Kaev, 92.8 head/km2 in Bati, 88.4 head/km2 in Peam Ro, 77.1 head/km2 in Ba Phnum, 73.1 head/km2 in Samraong, 72.4 head/km2 in Kampong Trabaek, 70.3 head/km2 in Svay Chrum, 69.9 head/km2 in Udong.

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5.4 Goats and Sheep Very few small ruminants are found in Cambodia, with an estimated total of 14,837 goats and sheep in 2010. The highest density was 3.7 head/km2 around Phnom Penh, followed by: 1.0 head/km2 in Kep; 0.6 head/km2 in Kandal; 0.6 head/km2 in Kandal; and 0.43 head/km2 in Prey Veng. Figure 10 : Goats and Sheep Density by District, Year 2010

The highest density by district was 17.7 head/km2 in Russei Keo, followed by: 3.7 head/km2 in Peam Ro; 3.5 head/km2 in Krong Kampong Cham: and 3.3 head/km2 in Muk Kampul.

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5.5 Horse Horses are less numerous than goats and sheep, with an estimated total population of 13,219 head in 2010. Kampong Cham had the highest density 0.61 head/km2, followed by: 0.43 head/km2 in Kandal; 0.38 head/km2 in Takeo; and 0.30 head/km2 in Prey Veng.

Figure 11: Horse Density by District, Year 2010

At district level, the highest density of horse was 7.7 head/km2 in Koh Sotin followed by 2.27 head/km2 in Khsach Kandal, 1.66 head/km2 in Kang Meas, 1.6 head/km2 in Sithor Kandal, 1.45 head/km2 in Srei Santhor, 1.39 head/km2 in Soung, 1.29 head/km2 in Krouch Chhmar, 1.1 head/km2 in Ou Reang Ov, 1.02 head/km2 in Kong Pisei, 1.0 head/km2 in Lovea Aem, 0. 85 head/ km2 in Koh Andet.

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5.6 Poultry Poultry far outnumber livestock in Cambodia, with a total estimated number of 20,830,191 birds. The highest density of 647.4 birds/km2 was found in Prey Veng, followed by 614.3 birds/km2 in Takeo, 456.4 birds/km2 in Kep, and 416.4 birds/km2 in Svay Rieng.

Figure 12 : Poultry Density by District, Year 2010

The highest density by district was 2,195.1 birds/km2 in Krong Kampong Chhnang, followed by: 2,145.9 birds/km2 in Angkor Chum; 1,767.5 birds/km2 in Krong Chbar Mon; 1,296.5 birds/km2 in Pea Reang; 1,093.3 head/km2 in Prey Kabbas; 1,007.6 head/km2 in Ba Phnum; 1,006.9 head/km2 in Russei Keo; 1,002.7 head/km2 in Krong Battambang; 948.2 head/km2 in Krong Daun Keo, and 945.2 head/km2 in Odong.

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5.7 Total Livestock and Poultry Biomass Total livestock and poultry biomass amounted to 3,757,553 TLUs3, with the highest density of 98.2 TLUs/km2 in Takeo, followed by 92.2 TLUs/km2 in Prey Veng, and 88.4 TLUs/km2 in Svay Rieng. The highest biomass density at district level was 182.7 TLUs/km2 in Tram Kak, followed by: 149.4 TLUs/km2 in Me Sang; 140.4 TLUs/km2 in Svay Antor; and 135.9 TLUs/km2 in Krong Daun Keo.

Figure 13 : Total Livestock and Poultry Biomass Distribution by District, Year 2010

At district level, the highest density of total livestock and poultry biomass was 182.7 TLUs/km2 in Tram Kak followed by149.4 TLUs/km2 in Me Sang, 140.4 TLUs/km2 in Svay Antor, 135.9 TLUs/km2 in Krong Daun Keo, 125.6 TLUs/km2 in Samraong, 121.99 TLUs/km2 in Bati, 121.0 TLUs/km2 in Basedth, 119.6 TLUs/km2 in Svay Chrum, 116.3 TLUs/km2 in Kong Pisei, 115.0 TLUs/km2 in Odong.

3 TLU: Tropical Livestock Unit; (TLU)=250kg animal biomass 17

6 Crop and Fodder Resources

6.1 Rice There are many varieties of rice. “Swamp rice" is usually planted out in stagnant water, but “mountain rice” and "upland rice” require less irrigation. Rice re‐growth after harvesting can be used as pasture. Rice may also be grown thickly until semi‐solid kernels are formed and then cut and cured into hay. The hay is suited for long storage and transportation and is fairly palatable.

In this study, only rice and its straw harvested from the field in dry and wet season were measured. Milled rice, rice bran, rice hull (husks, chaff), rice polishing, or rice pollards were not measured.

In Cambodia, rice is cultivated in both wet and dry seasons. The estimated total cultivated area of 2,777,323ha in 2010/11, included 2,372,519ha of wet season rice (equal to 85.4%) and 404,804ha of dry season rice (equal to 14.6%). An estimated total of 8,249,449 tons of rice grain were produced in 2010/11 (Table 5) ‐ 6,548,706 tons (79.4%) in the wet and 1,700,742 tons (20.6%) in the dry season

At provincial level, the highest total production density4 of both wet and dry season production in 2010/11 was 277.2 tons/km2 in Takeo, followed by 230.7 tons/km2 in Prey Veng, 163.6 tons/km2 in Svay Rieng, 108.9 tons/km2 in Kandal, 102.4 tons/km2 in Banteay Meanchey, 85.7 tons/km2 in Kampot, 81.1 tons/km2 in Kampong Cham, 73.0 tons/4 in Kampong Chhnang, 67. tons/km2 in BattamBang, 51.3 tons/km2 in Kep etc., with the lowest total production density of 2.2 tons/km2 in Koh Kong Province.

At district level, the highest total production density of both wet and dry season production rice in 2010/11 was 452.4 tons/km2 in Krong Prey Veng followed by 364.9 tons/km2 in Daunkeo, 363.65 tons/km2 in Chit Borey, 344.0 tons/km2 in Borey Cholsa, 327.8 tons/km2 in Trang, 324.0 tons/km2 in Somrong, 323.4 tons/km2 in Kampong Trabek, 309.2 tons/km2 in Preykabas, 300.4 tons/km2 in Koh Ondet, 299.1 tons/km2 in Angkor Borey etc., with the lowest total production density of 0.3 tons/km2 in Mondol Seyma.

4 The term "production density" is used in this study to refer to total estimated production of a crop within a province or district (area cultivated x average yield) divided by the total area of that province or district in square kilometres. 18

Table 5 : Rice Production and Production Density in Cambodia by Season, 2010/11 WS Rice DS Rice Total Rice WS Rice DS Rice WS Rice DS Rice Code Provincial Name Production Production Production Prod. Den. Prod. Den. Area (ha) Area (ha) (Tons) (Tons) (Tons) (Tons/km2) (Tons/km2) 01 Banteay Meanchey 222,095 2,835 619,860 9,826 629,686 100.82 1.60 02 Battambang 269,202 10,029 756,458 43,147 799,604 63.72 3.63 03 Kampong Cham 165,606 52,247 553,320 216,079 769,398 58.35 22.79 04 Kampong Chhnang 104,574 24,450 282,620 104,040 386,660 53.38 19.65 05 Kampong Speu 110,959 493 298,478 1,575 300,053 42.86 0.23 06 Kampong Thom 182,591 30,697 418,007 122,629 540,636 33.58 9.85 07 Kampot 128,230 4,070 387,885 13,569 401,454 82.83 2.90 08 Kandal 43,901 61,990 129,498 258,380 387,878 36.35 72.54 09 Koh Kong 9,057 ‐23,679 ‐ 23,679 2.15 ‐ 10 Kratie 30,093 14,165 85,075 45,611 130,686 7.11 3.81 11 Mondul Kiri 17,382 ‐37,132 ‐ 37,132 2.72 ‐ 12 Phnom Penh 4,265 385 12,218 1,348 13,566 32.54 3.59 13 Preah Vihear 44,877 88 116,680 298 116,978 8.32 0.02 14 Prey Veng 272,754 80,521 744,861 353,487 1,098,348 156.43 74.24 15 Pursat 104,116 8,138 285,278 26,505 311,783 24.62 2.29 16 Ratanakiri 26,343 ‐65,858 ‐ 65,858 5.59 ‐ 17 Siem Reap 178,975 16,260 457,102 63,394 520,496 43.35 6.01 18 Phreah Sihanouk 14,042 ‐37,211 ‐ 37,211 14.27 ‐ 19 Steung Treng 25,773 ‐62,628 ‐ 62,628 5.21 ‐ 20 Svay Rieng 167,178 16,240 404,571 64,749 469,320 141.05 22.57 21 Takeo 183,804 80,904 596,439 371,107 967,545 170.88 106.32 22 Udor Meanchey 57,881 150 144,820 525 145,345 21.84 0.08 23 Kep 3,080 20 9,510 98 9,608 50.80 0.52 24 Pailin 5,741 1,122 19,520 4,376 23,896 18.12 4.06 Grand Total 2,372,519 404,804 6,548,706 1,700,742 8,249,449 36.17 9.39 Note: (WS: Wet Season; DS: Dry Season)

Table 6 : Top Ten Districts with Highest Wet Season Rice Production Density, 2010/11 Rice Production KHET District WS Rice Area WS Rice District Name Density CODE Code (ha) Production (Tons) (Tons/km2) 20 2006 Svay Rieng 23,644.00 57,218.48 558.21 14 1403 Kampong Trabek 42,395.00 115,738.35 234.44 21 2110 Treang 29,006.00 94,119.00 229.38 21 2109 Tram Kak 39,156.00 127,061.22 226.61 21 2107 Samrong 20,685.00 67,122.83 225.38 07 0702 Banteay Meas 29,949.00 90,445.98 224.94 07 0706 Kampong Trach 23,422.00 70,734.44 207.07 21 2106 Prey Kabbas 16,847.00 54,668.52 205.63 14 1404 Kanhchriech 23,358.00 63,767.34 205.30 20 2003 Rumduol 22,952.00 55,543.84 202.43

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Table 7 : Top Ten Districts with Highest Dry Season Rice Production Density, 2010/11 KHET District DS Rice Area DS Rice Rice Prod. Den. District Name CODE Code (ha) Production (Tons) (Tons/km2) 14 1410 Prey Veng 5,951.00 26,124.89 381.51 21 2103 Borei Cholsar 15,400.00 70,639.80 280.38 21 2108 Daun Keo 5,000.00 22,935.00 242.48 21 2101 Angkor Borei 15,800.00 72,474.60 241.10 14 1407 Peam Ro 8,000.00 35,120.00 181.33 14 1406 Peam Chor 17,500.00 76,825.00 179.30 14 1411 Kampong Leav 7,270.00 31,915.30 164.98 21 2105 Koh Andaet 11,000.00 50,457.00 147.43 08 0804 Koh Thum 15,000.00 62,400.00 129.61 08 0807 Muk Kampul 6,600.00 27,456.00 110.35

6.1.1. Rice Straw Dry rice stalks minus the flowers or grains are called rice straw. It has a fair palatability, but is in most cases insufficient for maintenance. Excess feeding of rice straw will produce harmful effects because it contains oxalic acid, which will bind with calcium in the diet. This effect can be reduced by soaking the straw in water, or neutralizing it with a weak solution of calcium carbonate, or calcium hydroxide.

Field sampling showed that more than half (54.4%) of the rice straw produced was removed by famers, with the remaining 45.6% left in the field. Nationally, this is equivalent to 15,472,364 tons of fresh rice straw being removed and 12,951,916 staying in field. The dry matter content of rice straw is 80.8%.

At provincial level, the highest density of total wet and dry season rice‐straw production in 2010/11 was 745.5 tons/km2 in Takeo, followed by: 627.9 tons/km2 in Prey Veng; 461.5 tons/km2 in Svay Rieng; 295.6 tons/km2 in Banteay Meanchey; 246.6 tons/km2 in Kandal; 246.57 tons/km2 in Kampot; 222.7 tons/km2 in Kampong Cham; 200.9 tons/km2 in Kampong Chhnang; 193.0 tons/km2 in Battambang; and 148.3 tons/km2 in Kep, with the lowest density of 2.2 tons/km2 in Koh Kong Province.

At district level, the highest density of total wet and dry season rice‐straw production in 2010/11 was 1,105.6 tons/km2 in Krong Prey Veng, followed by: 1,000.1 tons/km2 in Chit Borey; 926.6 tons/km2 in Daun Keo; 896.1 tons/km2 in Trang; 888.4 tons/km2 in Kompong Tropek; 884.9 tons/km2 in Somrong; 846.0 tons/km2 in Borey Cholsa; 839.5 tons/km2 in Preykabas; 807.8 tons/km2 in Sithor Kandal; and 790.8 tons/km2 in Koh Ondeth; with the lowest density of 0.84 tons/km2 in Mondol Seyma.

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Table 8 : Rice Production and Animal Feed Resources by Province, 2010/11

Dry Rice Rice Rice Dry Rice Remain Total Total Dry Pro. Cultivated Rice Straw Remain Product Province Yield Product Straw Rice Straw Straw Straw Code Area (ha) (Tons) Rice Straw Density (T/ha) (tons) (Tons) (Tons) (Tons) (Tons) (Tons) / km2 01 Banteay Meanchey 224,930 2.80 629,686 1,224,181 989,138 1,024,762 828,008 2,248,943 1,817,146 102.42 02 Battambang 279,231 2.86 799,604 1,543,488 1,247,139 1,292,054 1,043,980 2,835,542 2,291,118 67.35 03 Kampong Cham 217,853 3.53 769,398 1,422,387 1,149,289 1,190,680 962,070 2,613,067 2,111,358 81.13 04 Kampong Chhnang 129,024 3.00 386,660 716,455 578,895 599,744 484,593 1,316,199 1,063,489 73.03 05 Kampong Speu 111,452 2.69 300,053 584,455 472,239 489,247 395,312 1,073,701 867,551 43.08 06 Kampong Thom 213,288 2.53 540,636 1,009,979 816,063 845,453 683,126 1,855,432 1,499,189 43.43 07 Kampot 132,300 3.03 401,454 777,845 628,499 651,134 526,116 1,428,979 1,154,615 85.73 08 Kandal 105,891 3.66 387,878 663,309 535,954 555,256 448,647 1,218,566 984,601 108.89 09 koh Kong 9,057 2.61 23,679 46,168 37,304 38,647 31,227 84,815 68,531 2.15 10 Kratie 44,258 2.95 130,686 238,394 192,623 199,560 161,244 437,954 353,867 10.92 11 Mondulkiri 17,382 2.14 37,132 72,397 58,497 60,604 48,968 133,001 107,465 2.72 12 Phnom Penh 4,650 2.92 13,566 25,964 20,979 21,735 17,562 47,699 38,541 36.13 13 Preah Vihear 44,965 2.60 116,978 227,968 184,198 190,832 154,192 418,800 338,391 8.34 14 Prey Veng 353,275 3.11 1,098,348 2,014,319 1,627,570 1,686,187 1,362,439 3,700,506 2,990,009 230.67 15 Pursat 112,254 2.78 311,783 598,357 483,473 500,885 404,715 1,099,242 888,188 26.91 16 Ratanakiri 26,343 2.50 65,858 128,404 103,750 107,487 86,850 235,891 190,600 5.59 17 Siem Reap 195,235 2.67 520,496 992,020 801,552 830,420 670,980 1,822,441 1,472,532 49.36 18 Phrah Sihanouk 14,042 2.65 37,211 72,552 58,622 60,733 49,072 133,285 107,694 14.27 19 Steung Treng 25,773 2.43 62,628 122,107 98,663 102,216 82,591 224,324 181,253 5.21 20 Svay Rieng 183,418 2.56 469,320 891,753 720,536 746,486 603,161 1,638,239 1,323,697 163.63 21 Takeo 264,708 3.66 967,545 1,752,951 1,416,385 1,467,395 1,185,656 3,220,347 2,602,040 277.20 22 Udor Meanchey 58,031 2.50 145,345 283,194 228,821 237,062 191,546 520,256 420,367 21.92 23 Kep 3,100 3.10 9,608 18,697 15,107 15,652 12,646 34,349 27,754 51.33 24 Pailin 6,863 3.48 23,896 45,016 36,373 37,683 30,448 82,700 66,821 22.19 Grand Total 2,777,323 2.97 8,249,449 15,472,364 12,501,670 12,951,916 10,465,148 28,424,279 22,966,817 45.57

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Table 9 : Top 24 Districts with Highest Rice Production Density and Animal Feed Resources by Province, 2010/11

Remain Dry Rice Rice Rice Rice Dry Rice Total Total Dry Pro. Cultivated Rice Remain Product No. Province Yield Product Straw Straw Straw Straw Code Area (ha) Straw Rice Straw Density (T/ha) (Tons) (Tons) (Tons) (Tons) (Tons) (Tons) (Tons) / km2 1 1410 Krong Prey Veng 7,729 3.10 30,979 51,002 41,210 42,694 34,497 93,697 75,707 452.40 2 2108 Donkeo 8,568 3.66 34,513 59,041 47,705 49,423 39,934 108,464 87,639 364.89 3 1006 Chit Borey 11,053 2.95 32,249 59,750 48,278 50,017 40,414 109,767 88,692 363.65 4 2103 Borey Cholsa] 20,342 3.66 86,677 143,585 116,016 120,195 97,117 263,779 213,134 344.03 5 2110 Trang 37,810 3.66 134,503 247,717 200,155 207,364 167,550 455,080 367,705 327.79 6 2107 Somrong 27,085 3.66 96,480 177,548 143,459 148,626 120,090 326,174 263,549 323.95 7 1403 Kampong Trobek 52,395 3.10 159,638 295,459 238,731 247,329 199,842 542,788 438,573 323.37 8 2106 Preykabas 22,847 3.66 82,191 150,349 121,482 125,857 101,692 276,205 223,174 309.15 9 2105 koh Ondet 27,137 3.66 102,822 182,323 147,317 152,623 123,319 334,946 270,636 300.43 10 2101 Angkor Borey 21,172 3.66 89,907 149,223 120,572 124,914 100,931 274,137 221,502 299.09 11 1412 sithor kandal 29,604 3.10 93,477 170,253 137,564 142,518 115,155 312,771 252,719 298.79 12 1409 Preah Sdach 43,847 3.10 132,152 245,817 198,620 205,773 166,265 451,590 364,885 266.68 13 1413 Svay otor 41,142 3.10 125,632 232,472 187,838 194,603 157,239 427,075 345,077 266.26 14 0301 Ba Theay 45,723 3.60 164,409 298,787 241,420 250,114 202,092 548,901 443,512 248.45 15 1411 Kamong leav 13,070 3.10 47,749 81,617 65,947 68,322 55,204 149,939 121,151 246.83 16 2104 Kirivong 38,471 3.66 138,929 253,549 204,867 212,246 171,494 465,794 376,362 234.27 17 1406 Peam Chor 26,088 3.10 100,270 167,864 135,634 140,519 113,539 308,382 249,173 234.01 18 1407 Peam Ror 11,345 3.10 44,252 73,645 59,505 61,649 49,812 135,294 109,318 228.48 19 0702 Banteay Meas 30,265 3.03 91,498 178,018 143,839 149,019 120,407 327,037 264,246 227.55 20 2109 Tram kok 39,156 3.66 127,061 247,735 200,170 207,379 167,562 455,113 367,731 226.61 21 2002 Kampong Ro 32,678 2.68 87,699 163,101 131,786 136,532 110,318 299,633 242,104 222.74 22 0706 Kampong Trach 24,048 3.03 73,731 142,678 115,284 119,436 96,504 262,114 211,788 215.84 23 2003 Romdoul 23,552 2.46 57,936 112,099 90,576 93,838 75,821 205,937 166,397 211.14 24 0202 Tmor kol 60,653 2.87 174,154 335,692 271,239 281,007 227,054 616,699 498,293 206.88

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Figure 14 : Rice-straw Production Density by Province, 2010/11

Density of Rice Straw by Province, 2010/11

Tons/km2

800.00 700.00 600.00 500.00 400.00 300.00 200.00 100.00 ‐

Dry straw remianed on field Dry straw taken by farmer Total Dry Straw

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Figure 15 : Top 24 Districts with Highest Rice-straw Production Density, 2010/11

Top 24 districts of high density on ricestraw in Cambodia, 2010/11

Tons/km2 1,200.00 1,000.00 800.00 600.00 400.00 200.00 ‐

Dry straw remianed on field Dry straw taken by farmer Total Dry Straw

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6.2 Corn (Maize) Two types of corn are grown in Cambodia: white and red corn. The total estimated quantity of corn (maize) produced in 2010/11 was 780,774 tons (Table 10), including 655,091 tons of red corn (83.9%) and 125,684 tons of white corn (16.1%).

At provincial level, the highest production density5 of total corn in 2010/11 was 107.1 tons/km2 in Pailin followed by: 34.2 tons/km2 in Battambang; 20.2 tons/km2 in Kandal; 7.8 tons/km2 in Prey Veng; 5.5 tons/km2 in Phnom Penh; 4.9 tons/km2 in Kampong Cham; 3.0 tons/km2 in Banteay Meanchey; 2.9 tons/km2 in Preah Vihear; 1.9 tons/km2 in Kampong Speu; and 0.8 tons/km2 in Kampong Chhnang; with lowest production density of 0.03 tons/km2 in Kandal and Svay Rieng Provinces.

Table 10 : Corn (Maize) Production and Production Density in Cambodia, 2010/11 Corn Area Corn Production Corn Production Pro Code Provincial Name (ha) (Tons) Density (Tons/km2) 01 BanteayMeanchey 8,351.00 18,572.82 3.02 02 Battambang 106,789.00 406,046.00 34.20 03 KampongCham 13,251.00 46,188.51 4.87 04 KampongChhnang 2,608.00 4,350.00 0.82 05 KampongSpeu 6,788.00 13,305.91 1.91 06 KampongThom 1,013.00 3,297.48 0.26 07 Kampot 1,926.00 3,600.68 0.77 08 Kandal 18,805.00 72,016.57 20.22 09 KohKong 62.35 310.76 0.03 10 Kratie 2,044.00 3,938.06 0.33 11 MondulKiri 384.00 2,880.00 0.21 12 PhnomPenh 100.00 2,075.00 5.53 13 PreahVihear 12,457.00 40,111.54 2.86 14 PreyVeng 7,150.00 37,310.00 7.84 15 Pursat 726.00 3,000.00 0.26 16 RatanaKiri 333.00 753.00 0.06 17 SiemReap 1,295.00 3,808.00 0.36 18 PhreahSihanouk 129.00 200.00 0.08 19 SteungTreng 771.00 743.80 0.06 20 SvayRieng 32.00 80.00 0.03 21 Takeo 874.00 1,315.92 0.38 22 UdorMeanchey 302.00 1,323.76 0.20 23 Kep 85.00 141.95 0.76 24 Pailin 27,347.00 115,404.34 107.14 GrandTotal 213,622.35 780,774.10 4.31

5 The term "production density" is used in this study to refer to total estimated production of a crop within a province or district (area cultivated x average yield) divided by the total area of that province or district in square kilometres. 25

Table 11 : Top Twenty Four Districts with Highest Corn (Maize) Production Density, 2010/11 District District Corn Area Corn Product Corn Production No. Code Name (ha) (Tons) Density (Tons/km2) 1 0214 Rukha Kiri 16,800 75,600 167.41 2 0209 Somlot 60,424 241,696 161.75 3 2401 Pailin 17,347 73,204 133.63 4 0305 Kampong Cham 500 2,150 92.55 5 1406 Peam Chor 6,947 36,485 85.15 6 2402 Sala Krao 10,000 42,200 79.73 7 0805 Leuk Dek 6,370 24,739 65.81 8 0804 Koh thom 7,297 27,668 57.47 9 0204 Borvel 11,830 41,490 42.08 10 1308 Preh Vihear 2,650 8,533 29.95 11 0810 Saang 2,848 11,041 21.25 12 0811 Ta Kmeo 174 658 20.87 13 0203 Krong Battambong 1,010 1,836 16.34 14 0106 Serey Sophorn 2,333 5,280 13.64 15 0308 Koh sotin 548 2,356 12.87 16 0309 Kroch chma 2,119 7,366 12.87 17 1207 Khan Russei Keo 50 775 12.43 18 0201 Banon 3,320 9,976 12.22 19 0205 Eak Phnom 3,395 12,215 11.44 20 1002 Chit Borey 517 1,011 11.40 21 0314 Srey Santor 900 3,870 11.15 22 0208 SongKe 6,100 12,200 10.44 23 0306 Kampong Siem 1,017 3,860 8.93 24 0307 Kong Meas 730 3,139 8.08

At district level, the highest density of total corn in 2010/11 was 167.4 tons/km2 in Rukh Kiri followed by: 161.8 tons/km2 in Samlot; 133.6 tons/km2 in Pailin; 92.5 tons/km2 in Kampong Cham, 85.2 tons/km2 in Peam Chor; 79.7 tons/km2 in Sala Krau; 65.8 tons/km2 in Leuk Daek; 57.5 tons/km2 in Koh Thum, 42.1 tons/km2 in Bavel; and 30.0 tons/km2 in Preah Vihear; with lowest density 0.01 tons/km2 in Koh Kong.

The estimated total fresh corn residue (leave, stem, bushes and cob) in 2010/11 was 4,028,404 tons while corn product (grain) in the same year was only 780,774 tons. The dry matter (DM) content of fresh residue was 23.6%. The average of total fresh corn residue (leave, stem, bushes and cob) was 516.0% of total corn product (corn grain), but after drying was 121.5%.

At provincial level, the highest production density of total fresh corn residue in year 2010/11 was 552.8 tons/km2 in Pailin, followed by: 176.5 tons/km2 in Battambang; 104.3 tons/km2 in Kandal; 40.4 tons/km2 in Prey Veng; 28.5 tons/km2 in Phnom Penh; 25.1 tons/km2 in Kampong Cham; 15.6 tons/km2 in Banteay Meanchey; 14.8 tons/km2 in Preah Vihear; 9.9 tons/km2 in Kampong Speu; 4.2 tons/km2 in Kampong Chhnang; 4.0 tons/km2 in Kampot; 3.9 tons/km2 in Kep; and 2.0 tons/km2 in Takeo; with lowest production density of 0.03 tons/km2 in Kandal and Svay Rieng Provinces.

At district level, the highest production density of total fresh corn residue in year 2010/11was 863.73 tons/km2 in Rukha Kiri, followed by: 834.6 tons/km2 in Somlot; 689.5 tons/km2 in Pia Lin; 477.5 tons/km2 in Kampong Cham; 439.3 tons/km2 in Peam Chor; 411.4 tons/km2 in Sala Krao, 26

339.6 tons/km2 in Leuk Dek; 296.5 tons/km2 in Koh thom; 217.1 tons/km2 in Borvel; 154.54 tons/km2 in Preah Vihear; 109.6 tons/km2 in Saang; 107.7 tons/km2 in Ta Kmeo; 84.33 tons/km2 in Krong Battambang; 70.4 tons/km2 in Serey Sophorn; 66.4 tons/km2 in Koh sotin 66.4 tons/km2 in Kroch chma; and 64.2 tons/km2 in Khan Russei Keo; with lowest production density of 0.03 tons/km2 in Koh Kong.

6.2.1. Further Information about Corn (Maize) Production and Products Corn (Maize) is a coarse, quick‐growing, annual cereal grass up to 2.5m high, with long, broad strap‐shaped leaves, native to South America, but now widely cultivated all over the world. It can be cultivated in all climates where the summers are long and warm enough to permit the grains to ripen. There are many varieties of maize. Flint maize, or round maize, and dent maize or horse‐ tooth maize are the two most commonly used for animal feeding. More recent varieties are hybrid maize and high‐lysine (opaque‐2) maize. All types of maize grain should be ground before feeding. Even for poultry it is necessary to crush the grains before feeding. Maize meal cannot be stored for long, because it is likely to become rancid. Dried grains have a better keeping quality. A cheaper way to store maize is to ensile the fresh grains in a trench silo. The moisture content of the grain should be 30% and it should be crushed before ensiling. When maize is dry‐milled to provided maize flour, the bran and the germ are first separated.

Maize grain. Maize is palatable and suited for all classes of livestock. It is rich in energy and low in fiber and minerals. The level of protein is low in maize and the biological value of the protein is low. To fully utilize the high productive value of maize these deficiencies have to be counterbalanced by proper supplementation. Its inclusion in diets should be restricted only in feed for pigs. The fat in maize is highly unsaturated and may produce a soft fat if maize is included at high levels. The color pigment in yellow maize, cryptozanthin, can also affect the color of the fat of the pig. This pigment is of value in poultry diets where it gives a desirable color to meat and egg yolks. The pigment is partly transformed to vitamin A in the animal.

Maize with protein of higher biological value was developed in the middle 1960’s. Maize contains several different types of protein with different biological value. In ordinary maize about half of the protein is in the form of zein, a protein almost devoid of lysine. In the new, high lysine strains called opaque ‐2 maize, the ratio between the protein fractions is change so that zein constitute less than 30percent of the protein. The net result of this changed ratio is maize with a higher content of lysine and tryptophan. Maize of this type can therefore supply a larger part of the protein requirement in diets for pig and poultry than can ordinary maize. If carcass quality is a minor consideration and exceptional performance is not required, Opaque maize can be used as the only source of protein for pigs , except during early growth when soya bean oil meal should be added to bring the protein level up to about 12%. Although there is a slightly lower feed conversation rate, the growth rate is equal to that obtained with the ordinary 16% protein maize‐ soybean formula. Another variety of maize with increased content of lysine is the floury‐2 variety, which is similar to Opaque‐2, both in chemical composition and in that it has soft grains.

There are several methods of increasing the digestibility and palatability of maize by processing, roasting, dry‐rolling, and flaking etc. Flaking is the most commonly used method. The grains are steam cooked and then passed between rollers while still hot and soft. Flaked maize has about 25% more repaid passage through the alimentary tract and about 5% higher digestibility. Flaked maize is also more palatable than cracked maize. Flaked maize should not be store a long time before feeding.

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Hominy feed. This by‐product from dry milling consists of the bran coating and the maize germ and is palatable to all classes of farm animals. It approaches maize grain in feeding value but contain more fat as the germ is include and may produce soft carcasses when fed in large rations for pigs. The optimum level in pig rations is 20 to 25%. In diets for cattle and poultry it is practically equal to maize grain. Hominy feed is often erroneously called maize bran, which name should be reserved for the bran coatings without germ.

Maize‐and‐cob meal (ground ear‐maize) This is the entire maize ear, including the cobs which from about 20% of the weight. If the entire maize ear including the husks is ground, the product is called ground snapped maize. Maize and cob meal is valuable for fully growth ruminants and there is practically not different in performance in feedlot animals receiving maize and cob meal and animal feeding on shelled maize. For houses, maize on cob meal is usually preferred to shelled maize as it is less likely to form a doughy mass in the stomach. Its higher content of fiber restricts the use of maize and cob meal diets for poultry. Pigs can tolerate 25 to 50% in the diet depending on the age. the meal should be well dried as otherwise it is likely to get mould in a hot climate.

Maize cobs. This is low‐quality roughage comparable with poor hay. It is not palatable and unless dried, it gets mould within a few days in a hot climate. Preferably it should not replace more than haft of the roughage portion except for feedlot cattle.

Maize gluten feed. This by‐product from the wet milling of maize is suitable for all farm animals. It is most widely used for dairy cow, but should not be fed alone as it is not very palatable. The unbalance amino‐acid composition restricts its use in poultry and pig rations. Maize gluten feed contains the coloring pigment of the grain and is therefore of value in poultry ration. The maximum recommended level of maize gluten feed is: for growing chickens 10% and for layers 16%, for growing pigs 10% and fattening pig 16%.

Maize gluten meal. The amino‐acid composition of this by–product is unbalanced but maize gluten meal gives good results in pigs and poultry when mixed with soybean meal or meat meal. It is not very palatable and is mostly used for cattle.

Maize germ oil meal (cake or maize oil meal). This product is valuable feed for all farm animals except pigs. Meal with a high content of fat is likely to cause soft back fat if fed in large quantities. It should not be used as the only source of protein of poultry. Maximum recommended amounts for cattle are 2 kg per day and 0.5 kg per day for pigs.

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Figure 16 : Corn (Maize) Residue Production Density by Province in Cambodia, 2010/11

Tons/km2 Density of Corn Residue by Province in Cambodia, 2010/11

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Figure 17 : Top 24 Districts with Highest Density of Corn (Maize) Production’s Residue in Cambodia, 2010/11

Top 24 districts of high density on total corn Production's Residue in Cambodia, 2010/11 Tons/km2

900.00

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Table 12 : Corn (Maize) Production Density and Animal Feed Resources by Province, 2010/11 Red Corn Total Corn Cod Leave, Dry Product Province Area Product Area Product Fresh Fresh Dry Residue e Yield Yield stem, Residue Dens (ha) (ton) (ha) (ton) Cob Residue Residue Yield bushes Yield (ton/km2) 01 Banteay Meanchey 7,560 2.19 16,543 8,351 2.22 18,573 74,291 21,535 95,826 22,568 11.47 2.70 3.02 02 BattamBang 105,488 3.74 394,021 106,789 3.80 406,046 1,624,184 470,810 2,094,994 493,382 19.62 4.62 34.20 03 Kampong Cham 7,603 3.68 27,991 13,251 3.49 46,189 184,754 53,556 238,310 56,123 17.98 4.24 4.87 04 Kampong Chhnang ‐ ‐ ‐ 2,608 1.67 4,350 17,400 5,044 22,444 5,286 8.61 2.03 0.82 05 Kampong Speu ‐ ‐ ‐ 6,788 1.96 13,306 53,224 15,428 68,652 16,168 10.11 2.38 1.91 06 Kampong Thom ‐ ‐ ‐ 1,013 3.26 3,297 13,190 3,823 17,013 4,007 16.80 3.96 0.26 07 Kampot ‐ ‐ ‐ 1,926 1.87 3,601 14,403 4,175 18,578 4,375 9.65 2.27 0.77 08 Kandal 16,224 4.04 65,465 18,805 3.83 72,017 288,066 83,503 371,569 87,507 19.76 4.65 20.22 09 koh Kong ‐ ‐ ‐ 62 4.98 311 1,243 360 1,603 378 25.72 6.06 0.03 10 Kratie 1,036 2.00 2,072 2,044 1.93 3,938 15,752 4,566 20,318 4,785 9.94 2.34 0.33 11 Mondulkiri ‐ ‐ ‐ 384 7.50 2,880 11,520 3,339 14,859 3,499 38.70 9.11 0.21 12 Phnom Penh ‐ ‐ ‐ 100 20.75 2,075 8,300 2,406 10,706 2,521 107.06 25.21 5.53 13 Preah Vihear 3,927 4.36 17,122 12,457 3.22 40,112 160,446 46,509 206,955 48,739 16.61 3.91 2.86 14 Prey Veng 2,410 6.14 14,800 7,150 5.22 37,310 149,240 43,261 192,501 45,335 26.92 6.34 7.84 15 Pursat 457 3.67 1,677 726 4.13 3,000 12,000 3,479 15,479 3,645 21.32 5.02 0.26 16 Ratanakiri ‐ ‐ ‐ 333 2.26 753 3,012 873 3,885 915 11.67 2.75 0.06 17 Siem Reap ‐ ‐ ‐ 1,295 2.94 3,808 15,232 4,415 19,647 4,627 15.17 3.57 0.36 18 Phreah Sehanouk ‐ ‐ ‐ 129 1.55 200 800 232 1,032 243 8.00 1.88 0.08 19 Stueng Treng ‐ ‐ ‐ 771 0.96 744 2,975 862 3,838 904 4.98 1.17 0.06 20 Svay Rieng ‐ ‐ ‐ 32 2.50 80 320 93 413 97 12.90 3.04 0.03 21 Takeo ‐ ‐ ‐ 874 1.51 1,316 5,264 1,526 6,789 1,599 7.77 1.83 0.38 22 Udor Meanchey 5 10.00 50 302 4.38 1,324 5,295 1,535 6,830 1,608 22.62 5.33 0.20 23 Kep ‐ ‐ ‐ 85 1.67 142 568 165 732 172 8.62 2.03 0.76 24 Pailin 27,334 4.22 115,349 27,347 4.22 115,404 461,617 133,811 595,429 140,227 21.77 5.13 107.14 Grand Total 172,044 3.81 655,090 213,622 3.65 780,774 3,123,096 905,308 4,028,404 948,711 18.86 4.44 4.31

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Table 13: Top Twenty Four Districts with Highest Corn (Maize) Production Density, 2010/11 Red Corn Total Corn No Leave, Dry Product Code District Area Product Area Product Fresh Fresh Dry Residue . Yield Yield stem, Residue Dens (ha) (ton) (ha) (ton) Corb Residue Residue Yield bushes Yield (ton/km2) 1 0214 Rukha Kiri 810 3.89 3,150 16,800 4.50 75,600 302,400 87,658 390,058 91,861 23.22 5.47 167.41 2 0209 Somlot 17,721 6.21 110,026 60,424 4.00 241,696 966,784 280,247 1,247,031 293,682 20.64 4.86 161.75 3 2401 Pailin 17,334 4.22 73,149 17,347 4.22 73,204 292,817 84,880 377,698 88,950 21.77 5.13 133.63 4 0305 Kampong Cham ‐ ‐ ‐ 500 4.30 2,150 8,600 2,493 11,093 2,612 22.19 5.22 92.55 5 1406 Peam Chor 2,402 6.14 14,752 6,947 5.25 36,485 145,938 42,304 188,242 44,332 27.10 6.38 85.15 6 2402 Sala Krao 10,000 4.22 42,200 10,000 4.22 42,200 168,800 48,931 217,731 51,277 21.77 5.13 79.73 7 0805 Leuk Dek 5,057 4.04 20,424 6,370 3.88 24,739 98,955 28,684 127,639 30,060 20.04 4.72 65.81 8 0804 Koh thom 7,786 4.03 31,414 7,297 3.79 27,668 110,673 32,081 142,754 33,619 19.56 4.61 57.47 9 0204 Borvel 710 5.00 3,550 11,830 3.51 41,490 165,960 48,108 214,068 50,414 18.10 4.26 42.08 10 1308 Preah Vihear 1,423 4.36 6,204 2,650 3.22 8,533 34,132 9,894 44,026 10,368 16.61 3.91 29.95 11 0810 Saang 2,539 4.04 10,260 2,848 3.88 11,041 44,163 12,802 56,965 13,416 20.00 4.71 21.25 12 0811 Ta Kmau ‐ ‐ ‐ 174 3.78 658 2,631 763 3,394 799 19.50 4.59 20.87 13 0203 Krong Battambang ‐ ‐ ‐ 1,010 1.82 1,836 7,344 2,129 9,473 2,231 9.38 2.21 16.34 14 0106 Serei Sophorn ‐ ‐ ‐ 2,333 2.26 5,280 21,119 6,122 27,241 6,416 11.68 2.75 13.64 15 0308 Koh sotin ‐ ‐ ‐ 548 4.30 2,356 9,426 2,732 12,158 2,863 22.19 5.22 12.87 16 0309 Kroch chhma 3,217 4.13 13,275 2,119 3.48 7,366 29,465 8,541 38,007 8,951 17.94 4.22 12.87 17 1207 Khan Russei Keo ‐ ‐ ‐ 50 15.50 775 3,100 899 3,999 942 79.97 18.83 12.43 18 0201 Banon 1,128 5.50 6,204 3,320 3.00 9,976 39,904 11,567 51,471 12,122 15.50 3.65 12.22 19 0205 Eak Phnom ‐ ‐ ‐ 3,395 3.60 12,215 48,860 14,163 63,023 14,842 18.56 4.37 11.44 20 1002 Chit Borey 100 2.00 200 517 1.95 1,011 4,042 1,172 5,214 1,228 10.09 2.38 11.40 21 0314 Srey Santor ‐ ‐ ‐ 900 4.30 3,870 15,480 4,487 19,967 4,702 22.19 5.22 11.15 22 0208 SongKe ‐ ‐ ‐ 6,100 2.00 12,200 48,800 14,146 62,946 14,824 10.32 2.43 10.44 23 0306 Kampong Siem 417 3.02 1,259 1,017 3.80 3,860 15,441 4,476 19,917 4,690 19.58 4.61 8.93 24 0307 Kong Meas 45 5.00 225 730 4.30 3,139 12,556 3,640 16,196 3,814 22.19 5.22 8.08

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6.3 Sugarcane Total sugarcane production in Cambodia in 2010/11 was 368,549 tons (Table 14).

At provincial level, the highest production density6 of sugarcane in 2010/11 was 14.8 tons/km2 in Kandal, followed by: 10.7 tons/km2 in Svay Rieng; 10.5 tons/km2 in Kampong Speu; 6.3 tons/km2 in Takeo; 5.1 tons/km2 in Kampong Cham; 3.7 tons/km2 in Kampot; 3.1 tons/km2 in Kep; 2.4 tons/km2 in Preah Vihear; 2.3 tons/km2 in Prey Veng; 1.6 tons/km2 tons/km2 in Siem Reap; 1.2 tons/km2 in Battambang, 1.0 tons/km2 in Kampong Chhnang; and 1.0 tons/km2 in Pursat, with the lowest density of 0.08 tons/km2 in Koh Kong.

Table 14 : Sugarcane Production and Production Density in Cambodia, 2010/11 Sugar Product Sugar Production Code Provincial Name Sugar Area (ha) (Tons) Density (Tons/km2) 01 Banteay Meanchey 203.00 4,671.00 0.76 02 Battambang 337.00 14,138.00 1.19 03 Kampong Cham 2,028.00 48,441.00 5.11 04 Kampong Chhnang 570.00 5,384.00 1.02 05 Kampong Speu 5,217.00 73,005.00 10.48 06 Kampong Thom 89.00 1,762.69 0.14 07 Kampot 989.00 17,118.62 3.66 08 Kandal 1,971.00 52,537.32 14.75 09 Koh Kong 37.59 912.16 0.08 10 Kratie 236.00 8,327.00 0.70 11 Mondul Kiri 92.00 3,148.00 0.23 12 Phnom Penh ‐ ‐ ‐ 13 Preah Vihear 1,696.00 33,920.00 2.42 14 Prey Veng 549.00 10,980.00 2.31 15 Pursat 459.00 11,737.00 1.01 16 Ratanakiri 130.00 2,635.10 0.22 17 Siem Reap 993.00 16,776.44 1.59 18 Phreah Sihanouk 44.00 660.00 0.25 19 Steung Treng 253.00 5,313.00 0.44 20 Svay Rieng 710.00 30,772.00 10.73 21 Takeo 392.00 22,110.00 6.33 22 Udor Meanchey 213.00 3,618.00 0.55 23 Kep 36.00 582.90 3.11 24 Pailin ‐ ‐ ‐ Grand Total 17,244.59 368,549.23 2.04 At district level, the highest production density of sugarcane in 2010/11 was 110.5 tons/km2 in Suong, followed by: 90.2 tons/km2 in Kampong Cham; 50.9 tons/km2 Preah Vihear; 50.7 tons/km2 in Chantrea; 49.5 tons/km2 in S'ang; 27.4 tons/km2 in Svay Rieng; 25.9 tons/km2 in Muk Kampul; 22.8 tons/km2 in Khsach Kandal; 21.8 tons/km2 in Phnom Sruoch; 16.3

6 The term "production density" is used in this study to refer to total estimated production of a crop within a province or district (area cultivated x average yield) divided by the total area of that province or district in square kilometres. 33

tons/km2 in Lvea Aem; with the lowest production density of 0.01 tons/km2 in Samroung Tong.

Table 15 : Top Ten Districts with Highest Sugarcane Production Density, 2010/11 Sugarcane KHET District Sugar Area Sugarcane Production District Name CODE Code (ha) Product (Tons) Density (Tons/km2) 03 0317 Suong 456.00 11,661.54 110.49 03 0305 Kampong Cham 95.00 2,095.07 90.18 13 1307 Preah Vihear 725.00 14,500.00 50.90 20 2001 Chantrea 324.20 14,051.14 50.73 08 0810 S'ang 918.00 25,704.00 49.46 20 2006 Svay Rieng 64.84 2,810.23 27.42 08 0807 Muk Kampul 252.00 6,441.12 25.89 08 0803 Khsach Kandal 325.00 8,237.00 22.78 05 0506 Phnom Sruoch 2,563.00 35,882.00 21.78 08 0806 Lovea Aem 165.00 4,199.00 16.25

The estimated total fresh residue from sugarcane in 2010/11 was 300,982 tons (Table 16) equivalent to 81.7% of total sugarcane production. Fresh residue has 44.7% dry matter content.

At provincial level, the highest production density of fresh residue 2010/11 was 12.05 tons/km2 in Kandal, followed by: 8.8 tons/km2 in Svay Rieng; 8.6 tons/km2 in Kampong Speu; 5.2 tons/km2 in Takeo; 4.2 tons/km2 in Kampong Cham; 3.0 tons/km2 in Kampot; 2.5 tons/km2 in Kep; 3.0 tons/km2 in Preah Vihear; and 1.9 tons/km2 in Prey Veng; with the lowest production density of 0.07 tons/km2 in Koh Kong.

At district level, the highest production density of sugarcane residue in 2010/11 was 90.2 tons/km2 in Suong, followed by: 73.7 tons/km2 in Kampong Cham, 41.57 tons/km2 Preah Vihear, 41.4 tons/km2 in Chantrea; 40.4 tons/km2 in S'ang; 22.4 tons/km2 in Svay Rieng; 21.1 tons/km2 in Muk Kampul; 18.6 tons/km2 in Khsach Kandal; 17.8 tons/km2 in Phnum Sruoch; and 13.3 tons/km2 in Lovea Aem; with the lowest production density of 0.01 tons/km2 in Samrorng Tong.

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Figure 18 : Density of Sugarcane Production’s Residue by Province in Cambodia, 2010/11

Density of Suguarcane Residue by Province in Cambodia, 2010/11 Tons/km2 14.00

12.00

10.00

8.00

6.00

4.00

2.00

‐

Fresh Residue Dry Residue

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Figure 19 : Top 24 Districts with Highest Density of Sugarcane Production’s Residue in Cambodia, 2010/11

Top 24 districts of high density on Sugarcane Residue in Cambodia, 2010/11 Tons/km2 100.00

90.00

80.00

70.00

60.00

50.00

40.00

30.00

20.00

10.00

‐

Fresh Residue Dry Residue

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Table 16 : Sugarcane Production and Animal Feed Resources by Province, 2010/11 Dry Product. Cod Area Product Tops Total Dry Dry Fresh Dry Province Yield Leaves Bagasse tops Density e (ha) (ton) stalk S.cane bagasse leaves Residue Residue stalks (ton/km2) 01 Banteay Meanchey 203 23.01 4,671 2,336 779 7,785 701 631 374 701 3,815 1,705 0.76 02 BattamBang 337 41.95 14,138 7,069 2,356 23,563 2,121 1,909 1,131 2,121 11,546 5,160 1.19 03 Kampong Cham 2,028 23.89 48,441 24,221 8,074 80,735 7,266 6,540 3,875 7,266 39,560 17,681 5.11 04 Kampong Chhnang 570 9.45 5,384 2,692 897 8,973 808 727 431 808 4,397 1,965 1.02 05 Kampong Speu 5,217 13.99 73,005 36,503 12,168 121,675 10,951 9,856 5,840 10,951 59,621 26,647 10.48 06 Kampong Thom 89 19.81 1,763 881 294 2,938 264 238 141 264 1,440 643 0.14 07 Kampot 989 17.31 17,119 8,559 2,853 28,531 2,568 2,311 1,369 2,568 13,980 6,248 3.66 08 Kandal 1,971 26.66 52,537 26,269 8,756 87,562 7,881 7,093 4,203 7,881 42,905 19,176 14.75 09 koh Kong 38 24.27 912 456 152 1,520 137 123 73 137 745 333 0.08 10 Kratie 236 35.28 8,327 4,164 1,388 13,878 1,249 1,124 666 1,249 6,800 3,039 0.70 11 Mondulkiri 92 34.22 3,148 1,574 525 5,247 472 425 252 472 2,571 1,149 0.23 12 Phnom Penh ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐‐ ‐ 13 Preah Vihear 1,696 20.00 33,920 16,960 5,653 56,533 5,088 4,579 2,714 5,088 27,701 12,381 2.42 14 Prey Veng 549 20.00 10,980 5,490 1,830 18,300 1,647 1,482 878 1,647 8,967 4,008 2.31 15 Pursat 459 25.57 11,737 5,869 1,956 19,562 1,761 1,584 939 1,761 9,585 4,284 1.01 16 Ratanakiri 130 20.27 2,635 1,318 439 4,392 395 356 211 395 2,152 962 0.22 17 Siem Reap 993 16.89 16,776 8,388 2,796 27,961 2,516 2,265 1,342 2,516 13,701 6,123 1.59 18 Phreah Sihanouk 44 15.00 660 330 110 1,100 99 89 53 99 539 241 0.25 19 Steung Treng 253 21.00 5,313 2,657 886 8,855 797 717 425 797 4,339 1,939 0.44 20 Svay Rieng 710 43.34 30,772 15,386 5,129 51,287 4,616 4,154 2,462 4,616 25,130 11,232 10.73 21 Takeo 392 56.40 22,110 11,055 3,685 36,850 3,317 2,985 1,769 3,317 18,057 8,070 6.33 22 Udor Meanchey 213 16.99 3,618 1,809 603 6,030 543 488 289 543 2,955 1,321 0.55 23 Kep 36 16.19 583 291 97 972 87 79 47 87 476 213 3.11 24 Pialin ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐‐ ‐ Grand Total 17,245 21.37 368,549 184,275 61,425 614,249 55,282 49,754 29,484 55,282 300,982 134,520 2.04

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Table 17 : Top 24 Districts with Highest Sugarcane Production Density and Animal Feed Resources, 2010/11 Dry Product Area Product Tops Total Dry Dray Fresh Dry No. Drist. District Yield Leaves Bagasse tops Dens (ha) (ton) stalk S.cane bagasse leaves Residue Residue Code stalks (ton/km2) 1 0317 Krong Soung 456 25.57 11,662 5,831 1,944 19,436 1,749 1,574 933 1,749 9,524 4,256 110.49 2 0305 Kampong Cham 95 34.22 2,095 1,048 349 3,492 314 283 168 314 1,711 765 90.18 3 1308 Preah Vihear 725 20.27 14,500 7,250 2,417 24,167 2,175 1,958 1,160 2,175 11,842 5,293 50.90 4 2001 Chantrea 324 25.56 14,051 7,026 2,342 23,419 2,108 1,897 1,124 2,108 11,475 5,129 50.73 5 0810 Saang 918 67.10 25,704 12,852 4,284 42,840 3,856 3,470 2,056 3,856 20,992 9,382 49.46 6 2006 Svay Teap 65 28.00 2,810 1,405 468 4,684 422 379 225 422 2,295 1,026 27.42 7 0807 Mok Kampol 252 25.56 6,441 3,221 1,074 10,735 966 870 515 966 5,260 2,351 25.89 8 0803 Ksach Kandal 325 21.00 8,237 4,119 1,373 13,728 1,236 1,112 659 1,236 6,727 3,007 22.78 9 0506 Phnom Srouch 2,563 24.76 35,882 17,941 5,980 59,803 5,382 4,844 2,871 5,382 29,304 13,097 21.78 10 0806 Lovea Em 165 21.00 4,199 2,100 700 6,998 630 567 336 630 3,429 1,533 16.25 11 0307 Kong Meas 315 20.00 6,300 3,150 1,050 10,500 945 851 504 945 5,145 2,300 16.21 12 0504 Oral 2,645 25.97 37,030 18,515 6,172 61,717 5,555 4,999 2,962 5,555 30,241 13,516 15.56 13 1406 Peam Chor 328 25.55 6,560 3,280 1,093 10,933 984 886 525 984 5,357 2,394 15.31 14 0302 Chamka lor 331 34.22 8,465 4,232 1,411 14,108 1,270 1,143 677 1,270 6,913 3,090 14.31 15 2110 Trang 78 70.00 5,460 2,730 910 9,100 819 737 437 819 4,459 1,993 13.31 16 2003 Romdoul 81 25.56 3,513 1,756 585 5,855 527 474 281 527 2,869 1,282 12.80 17 2007 Krong Svayrieng 97 43.34 4,215 2,108 703 7,026 632 569 337 632 3,443 1,539 12.61 18 0306 Kampong Siem 212 23.89 5,065 2,532 844 8,441 760 684 405 760 4,136 1,849 11.72 19 2104 Kirivong 97 36.89 6,585 3,293 1,098 10,975 988 889 527 988 5,378 2,404 11.10 20 0804 Koh thom 198 21.00 5,068 2,534 845 8,447 760 684 405 760 4,139 1,850 10.53 21 0705 Dong Tong 182 16.97 3,190 1,595 532 5,317 479 431 255 479 2,606 1,165 10.16 22 0708 Krong Kampot 28 17.22 499 250 83 832 75 67 40 75 408 182 9.30 23 1711 Sot Nikom 430 14.00 7,248 3,624 1,208 12,080 1,087 978 580 1,087 5,919 2,645 9.30 24 2107 Somrorng 54 51.02 2,755 1,378 459 4,592 413 372 220 413 2,250 1,006 9.25

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6.3.1. Further Information about Sugarcane Production and Products Sugar‐cane is a tall perennial grass, up to 3m high. The canes can be 5 to 6 cm in diameter and the leaves 0.5 to 1 m long. After about 18 months after planting or previous harvest the sugar‐cane became tough and turns pale yellow. At this point the harvest commences. Usually the cane field is burnt before harvest in order to defoliate the cane and facilitate the harvest operation. However, in countries with a dry climate, the cane is not burnt as the leaves left in the field improve moisture retention of the soil. At the factory the chopped cane is pressed and the sugar is extracted with water. The almost sugar‐free residue is called bagasse or megasse. The extracted juice is clarified by liming, heating, settling and filtration. The residue on the filters is called filter‐press mud. The clarified juice is then evaporated to syrup and crystallized by boiling in vacuum pans. The mixtures of crystals and liquid is centrifuged and the crystals are retained on the perforated wall of the centrifuge, while the liquid, called A‐molasses, is transferred back to vacuum pan, boiled and centrifuged, This step is repeated with the subsequent B‐molasses. The final molasses or C‐molasses, from which no more sugar can be crystallized, is called blackstrap molasses. The final product, raw sugar, or muscovado, is boiled and clarified to form crystallized with sugar. During this process refinery molasses is produced as a by‐product.

Sugar‐cane can be used in a variety of ways animal feeding: it can be grown for forage, the can‐juice can be use in the form of invert molasses, The leaves can be used for fodder, and the bagasse or the fine portion of the bagasse can be used as a roughage or as a carrier for molasses. Sugar‐cane tops is an important feed in my sugar‐cane growing countries, The sugar itself is used livestock feeds when the price is low, and of course, all types of molasses, A, B, final and refinery molasses, are used in livestock feeding or as a substrate for the production of fodder yeast.

On average, Sugar‐cane yields about 10% sugar, but this varies with the variety, the time of the year, the weather condition, whether or not the field has been burnt and with the time interval between harvest and processing. In view of these factors only approximate figures of the amounts of the different by‐ products from sugar‐cane can be given:

Whole sugar‐cane plant

30% top 60% cane 10% leaves

3% molasses 15% bagasse 10%sugar+70% water

30% fines 2% filter mud

70% coarse

Whole sugar cane: Because of its high sugar content and high yield, sugar cane is, in many parts of the world, unequalled in production of energy per hectare. It is therefore not surprising that sugar cane has also been used as a forage plant. Sugar‐cane can be fed fresh to cattle in whole stalks as an emergency feed but because of the hard and fibrous rind it is

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a better if the cane is chopped in a silage cutter. Sugar‐cane contains very little available protein and must therefore be supplemented with a protein concentrate. A ration of 2 parts if sugarcane, 2 part of corncob, and 1 part of cotton seed meal gave, in one trial, a daily gain of 0.6 kg for fattening bulls. it is possible to ensile the cane by covering heaps of sugar cane with earth, but much of the sugar is lost in the process. If the climate is cold the sugar‐cane can be shocked I the field and later chopped for feeding.

Sugar‐cane is sensitive to trampling but young cane can be strip‐grazed if the cattle are not allowed to graze the same area more than a few days.

A new approach to the utilization of sugar‐cane as a forage has been made where fresh sugar‐cane is processed in a “cane peeler” whereby the rind is removed from the succulent pulp, and all parts of the cane be utilized as illustrate below:

Cane

Epidermis Pulp rind

Crude bagasse juice

Long fiber Short fiber

The rind can be made into board or wrapping paper, the long fiber can be used for paper, and the short fiber used to as an absorbent for nitroglycerine. The pulp is of high digestibility and contains over 90% of the sugar in the cane. The juice is easily extracted and can be used in the normal way if require for the manufacture of sugar. The pulp is an excellent high‐energy feed. It does not contain the hard indigestible fiber of the rind and can be used for monogastric animals as well as for ruminants. It is an excellent base for feeding urea to ruminants.

As % of dry matter (DM) Whole sugar cane. Trinidad 32.4 Stalks only. Trinidad 15.2 Stalks only, chopped, ensile. Puerto Rico 24.8

Sugar cane tops: The tops are cut off the plant during harvesting and widely used for feeding drought animals or cattle owned by workers of the sugar estates or by the sugar companies. As a fodder, fresh sugar cane tops can provide nutrients to meet the maintenance requirement of cattle but for production it is necessary to add a protein concentrate. Sugar cane tops can be ensiled in order to better utilize the large quantities produced during the harvest season. Chopped sugar cane tops are easy to ensile and provide palatable silage. The low nitrogen content of sugar‐cane tops may be increase d by adding urea or a urea‐ molasses mixture during the ensiling process. Leaves from the cane‐plant can be included in the silage, but this will lower the digestibility.

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As % of dry matter (DM) Cane, tops, fresh, mature. Trinidad 25.6 Cane, tops, fresh, post ripe. India 39.9 Cane tops, stalks only. Trinidad 15.2 Cane tops, leaves only. Trinidad 30.5 Dry leaves (“strip cane”). Hawaii 48.0

Bagasse: An average of 60% of the bagasse product can be used as a fuel in sugar mills. There are two kinds of bagasse fiber: (i) fine, string and flexible fiber that is suitable for manufacture into high grade pulp and paper, and (ii) short fiber or pithy material that yields little or no ohemical pulp in paper making and will give undesirable property to made from bagasses if not removed. Both types contain about 20% lignin. The easiest method to separate the two fractions is to dry the bagasse and then pass it through a hammer mill which loosens the pith clinging to the bagasse fibers. The material is then passed over a classifying screen or passed under suction fans which will remove the pith. The finer portion is referred to as pith, bagacillo, pulp, or bagasse fines. Most studies on bagasse as a feedstuff have shown that in young ruminants it takes more energy to digest then is obtain from the bagasse by animals. The dry matter digestibility is usually only about 25% but there is a marked variability between individuals in the digestion of bagasse. Bagasse pith is usually attributed 20 to 25% TDN. Where there is a shortage of forage, Bagasse, however may be of value. in many such areas ration emplying high proportions of concentrate feed are used for beef cattle, while such ration cannot be used, for dairy cows as the ration for a cows should contain not less than 14% fiber on a dry matter basis. For this purpose coarsely ground bagasse has been used at levels between 10 to 20% of the ration to maintain the digestive system in good working order. Bagasse pith has been used in proportion of up to 27.5% in the ration for beef cattle before production decrease markedly. Mixing the baggasse with blackstrap molasses will improve the poor palatability of the former. Palatability can be increased up to 55% by adding molasses at which levels the maximum palatability is reached. Palatability can also be improved by addition of citrus meal.

Older animals (over 2 years) can utilize bagasse better than younger animals and it is thus a more suitable feed for older animals. Dry matter digestibility for old animals is often about 50%. Bagasse is comparable in quality to hay for older animals and has been used in fattening ration for old bullocks with good results. Sugarcane residue is combined by tops, stalk and bagasse.

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6.4 Cassava The total estimated production of cassava in Cambodia was 4,248,942 tons in 2010/11; 3,980,963 tons (93.7%) in the wet season and 267,978 tons (6.3%) in the dry season.

At provincial level, the highest production density7 of cassava 2010/11 was 371.6 tons/km2 in Pailin, followed by: 139 tons/km2 in Kampong Cham; 139.0 tons/km2 in Svay Rieng, 67.4 tons/km2 in Battambang; 66.3 tons/km2 in Banteay Meanchey; 19.2 tons/km2 in Kratie, 13.4 tons/km2 in Kampong Thom; 9.2 tons/km2 in Steung Treng; 8.54 tons/km2 in Ratanakiri; and 8.1 tons/km2 in Kep, with the lowest production density of 0.03 tons/km2 in Phnom Penh.

Table 18 : Cassava Production and Production Density in Cambodia, 2010/11

Province Cassava Area Cassava Product Cassava Production Provincial Name Code (ha) (Tons) Density (Tons/km2) 01 Banteay Meanchey 21,169.00 407,719.16 66.32 02 Battambang 33,952.00 799,710.00 67.36 03 Kampong Cham 60,718.00 1,318,109.00 139.00 04 Kampong Chhnang 765.00 4,297.80 0.81 05 Kampong Speu 2,864.00 42,846.04 6.15 06 Kampong Thom 13,651.00 166,391.88 13.37 07 Kampot 663.00 2,446.06 0.52 08 Kandal 43.00 187.00 0.05 09 Koh Kong 49.60 1,008.71 0.09 10 Kratie 19,260.00 229,975.20 19.21 11 Mondul Kiri 5,966.00 106,261.00 7.77 12 Phnom Penh 1.00 10.00 0.03 13 Preah Vihear 5,501.00 82,515.00 5.88 14 Prey Veng 1,507.00 12,216.00 2.57 15 Pursat 449.00 7,632.71 0.66 16 Ratanakiri 4,558.00 100,686.00 8.54 17 Siem Reap 2,615.00 36,985.50 3.51 18 Phreah Sihanouk 105.00 1,575.00 0.60 19 Steung Treng 6,153.00 110,754.00 9.22 20 Svay Rieng 20,831.00 398,634.85 138.98 21 Takeo 896.00 8,141.40 2.33 22 Udor Meanchey 430.00 9,075.00 1.37 23 Kep 73.00 1,524.00 8.14 24 Pailin 10,006.00 400,240.20 371.59 Grand Total 212,225.60 4,248,941.52 23.47

At district level, the highest production density of cassava in 2010/11 was 4,676.8 tons/km2 in Kampong Cham, followed by: 791.1 tons/km2 in Sampov Loun; 686.3 tons/km2 in Kracheh; 538.8 tons/km2 in Sala Krau; 421.1 tons/km2 in Dambae; 385.1 tons/km2 in Phnum Proek;

7 The term "production density" is used in this study to refer to total estimated production of a crop within a province or district (area cultivated x average yield) divided by the total area of that province or district in square kilometres. 42

217.4 tons/km2 in Svay Rieng; 210.0 tons/km2 in Pailin; 205.9 tons/km2 in Malai; 197.1; and tons/km2 in Steung Treng; with the lowest density of 0.02 tons/km2 in Mondol Seima.

Table 19 : Top Ten Districts with Highest Cassava Production Density, 2010/11

KHET District Cassava Area Cassava Product Cassava Production District Name CODE Code (ha) (Tons) Density (Tons/km2) 03 0305 Kampong Cham 5,005.00 108,649.99 4,676.78 02 0210 Sampov Loun 19,112.00 476,910.00 791.13 10 1002 Kracheh 5,094.00 60,863.00 686.31 24 2402 Sala Krau 7,130.09 285,204.00 538.82 03 0304 Dambae 14,130.00 306,762.27 421.14 02 0211 Phnum Proek 6,850.00 191,800.00 385.10 20 2006 Svay Rieng 1,138.00 22,279.98 217.36 24 2401 Pailin 2,875.91 115,036.20 210.00 01 0109 Malai 5,995.00 114,192.00 205.90 03 0315 Steung Trang 10,000.00 217,099.98 197.05

An estimated total of 7,088,879 tons of cassava residue, which includes cassava leaves + cassava peal + stem, were produced in 2010/11, with a dry matter equivalence of 1,848,361 tons (26.1%). Fresh cassava residue is 1.67 times heavier (167%) than cassava tubers produced.

At provincial level, the highest production density of dry cassava residue in 2010/11 was 161.7 tons/km2 in Pailin, followed by: 60.5 tons/km2 in Kampong Cham; 60.5 tons/km2 in Svay Rieng, 29.3 tons/km2 in Battambang; 28.9 tons/km2 in Banteay Meanchey; 8.4 tons/km2 in Kratie; 5.8 tons/km2 in Kampong Thom; 4.0 tons/km2 in Steng Treng; 3.7 tons/km2 in Ratanakiri; and 3.5 tons/km2 in Kep; with lowest production density of 0.01 tons/km2 in Phnom Penh.

At district level, the highest production density of dry cassava residue in 2010/11 was 2,034.5 tons/km2 in Kampong Cham, followed by: 344.2 tons/km2 in Sampov Loun; 298.6 tons/km2 in Kracheh; 234.4 tons/km2 in Sala Krau; 183.2 tons/km2 in Dambae; 167.5 tons/km2 in Phnum Proek; 94.6 tons/km2 in Svay Rieng; 91.4 tons/km2 in Pailin, 89.6 tons/km2 in Malai; and 85.7 tons/km2 in Steung Treng; with the lowest production density 0.01 tons/km2 in Mondol Seima.

6.4.1. Further Information about Cassava Production and Products A herbaceous shrub or small tree up to 4m high with finger‐like leaves. Cultivated widely in the tropics and sub‐tropic for its edible roots. It is one of the heaviest yielders of starch found in the tropics.

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As % of dry matter (DM) Fresh, leaves. Trinidad 26.3 Fresh, tuber. Trinidad 32.3 Fresh, Tiber peeled. Trinidad 37.8 Fresh, peelings. Trinidad 27.1

Toxicity: Cassava roots must be processed very carefully as they contain a glucosides, linimarin, which is acted upon by an enzyme to liberate prussic acid. The peeled roots contain much less prussic acid than unpeeled, as most of the prussic acid is contained in the skin.

Varieties can be divided into two groups: I. Bitter varieties with roots containing 0.02 to 0.03% prussic acid. These have to be processed before used as feed. II. Sweet varieties with roots containing less than 0.01% prussic acid. These can be used raw for feeding. Most commercial varieties belong to this group.

The content of prussic acid depends not only on the variety, but may be even more so on soil conditions. Usually the bitter varieties have longer and thicker roots than the sweet varieties, but there is no simple and safe method to judge the level of prussic acid in the roots.

The Indians of South America use nets into which they place the ground cassava root and wash and squeeze the material until the toxic substance is removed. The toxic elements can also be removed by cooking or drying slices of the root for about 2 weeks. Cassava root meal is not attacked by insects; neither is feed concentrate attacked by insects when 15% cassava root meal is added to it.

Uses: Cassava root, cooked, or raw, is widely used for pigs, cattle, sheep and goats in many countries. Cassava root meal can be included up to 10% in rations for growing chicks and up to 20% in ration for layers with good results. For unknown reasons, cassava meal seems to cause health problems when include in turkey rations. If the ration is supplemented with 0.15% methionine, cassava root meal can constitute up to 50% of the poultry ration in substitution of maize. Cassava is usually limited to 20 or 30% of the pig ration. As is shown in the following table (satisfactory result can be obtained with higher inclusion of cassava. In this case the energy part of the feed was combined with good quality protein.

Level of cassava (%) 26 49 69 22 41 58 Level of molasses (%) ‐‐‐10 10 10 Av. daily gain (g) 740 740 710 830 780 770 Av. daily feed intake (kg) 2.66 2.79 2.48 2.95 3.00 2.73 Kg feed/Kg gain 3.57 3.76 3.49 3.56 3.85 3.54 Source: Tropical Feed, by Bo Gohl, FAO Feeds Information Centre Animal Production and Health Division, 1975, ref. 310)

Cassava‐base ration in mash‐form are disliked by swine, if not mixed with molasses or water. In contrast, pellet rations have been found to more acceptable than conventional

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rations base on maize. The same applies to poultry. The reason for this seems to be possible irritation to lungs and eyes. Cassava pomace, often called cassava meal, is the residue from the extraction of starch from cassava roots. Cassava roots yield approximately the same amount of starch and pomace. The starch and pomace are of less value than cassava root meal but can be included in ration for cattle. starch and pomace are extensively used for pigs in South East Asia where they are regarded as a valuable feed. Up to 10% has been used in poultry rations.

Cassava leaves are richer than any other part of plant in protein and minerals. The leaves arte relished by all classes of livestock. Young leaves and shoots, even from sweet varieties, may be very high in prussic acid content. Boiling for 15 minutes or drying for 3 weeks will remove the toxicity. Dried cassava leaves can be included in chicken ration up to 10%. For higher inclusions extra methionine or sodium thiosulphate should be added to avoid growth depression.

45

Figure 20 : Density of Cassava Produce’s Residue in Cambodia, 2010/11

Tons/km2 Density of Cassava Produce's Residue in Cambodia, 2010/11

700.00

600.00

500.00

400.00

300.00

200.00

100.00

‐

Fresh Cassava Dry Cassava

46

Figure 21 : Top 24 Districts with Highest Density of Cassava Produce’s Residue in Cambodia, 2010/11

Tons/km2 Top 24 Districts of high density of Cassava Residue in Cambodia, 2010/11

8,000.00

7,000.00

6,000.00

5,000.00

4,000.00

3,000.00

2,000.00

1,000.00

‐

Fresh Cassava Dry Cassava

47

Table 20 : Cassava Production and Animal Feed Resources by Province, 2010/11 Fresh Cassava Dry Product Total Cassava Cassava Fresh & Soft Cassava No. Province cassava Dry Residue Residue Residue Density Product Peel Stem Residue leave (ton/ha) (ton/ha) (Ton/Km2) 1 Pailin 400,240.00 202,770.24 12,607.56 250,029.93 465,407.73 128,179.52 46.51 12.81 371.59 2 Kampong Cham 1,318,109.00 1,230,442.06 41,520.43 823,422.69 2,095,385.19 549,853.44 34.51 9.06 139.00 3 Svay Rieng 398,634.85 422,137.40 12,557.00 249,027.19 683,721.59 177,645.05 32.82 8.53 138.98 4 Battambang 799,710.00 688,032.69 25,190.87 499,578.84 1,212,802.39 320,325.00 35.72 9.43 67.36 5 Banteay Meanchey 407,719.16 428,986.92 12,843.15 254,702.16 696,532.24 181,064.47 32.90 8.55 66.32 6 Kratie 229,975.20 390,301.30 7,244.22 143,665.51 541,211.02 135,799.94 28.10 7.05 19.21 7 Kampong Thom 166,392.00 276,635.67 5,241.35 103,945.08 385,822.10 96,947.66 28.26 7.10 13.37 8 Steung Treng 110,754.00 124,689.71 3,488.75 69,188.02 197,366.49 51,036.80 32.08 8.29 9.22 9 Ratanakiri 100,686.00 92,367.25 3,171.61 62,898.54 158,437.41 41,633.27 34.76 9.13 8.54 10 Kep 1,524.00 1,479.34 48.01 952.04 2,479.38 648.61 33.96 8.89 8.14 11 Mondulkiri 106,261.00 120,900.18 3,347.22 66,381.25 190,628.65 49,254.38 31.95 8.26 7.77 12 Kampong Speu 42,846.04 58,038.57 1,349.65 26,765.92 86,154.14 21,968.83 30.08 7.67 6.15 13 Preah Vihear 82,515.00 111,477.02 2,599.22 51,547.12 165,623.36 42,241.35 30.11 7.68 5.88 14 Siem Reap 36,986.00 52,992.62 1,165.06 23,105.15 77,262.83 19,620.62 29.55 7.50 3.51 15 Prey Veng 12,216.00 30,539.15 384.80 7,631.34 38,555.29 9,439.62 25.58 6.26 2.57 16 Takeo 8,141.40 18,157.32 256.45 5,085.93 23,499.71 5,792.68 26.23 6.47 2.33 17 Udor Meanchey 9,075.00 8,713.89 285.86 5,669.15 14,668.91 3,840.70 34.11 8.93 1.37 18 Kampong Chhnang 4,297.80 15,502.62 135.38 2,684.84 18,322.84 4,401.15 23.95 5.75 0.81 19 Pursat 7,632.71 9,098.92 240.43 4,768.15 14,107.51 3,632.06 31.42 8.09 0.66 20 Phreah Sihanouk 1,575.00 2,127.81 49.61 983.90 3,161.33 806.28 30.11 7.68 0.60 21 Kampot 2,446.06 13,435.61 77.05 1,528.05 15,040.71 3,551.87 22.69 5.36 0.52 22 koh Kong 1,008.71 1,005.14 31.77 630.14 1,667.05 435.20 33.61 8.77 0.09 23 Kandal 187.00 871.39 5.89 116.82 994.10 236.18 23.12 5.49 0.05 24 Phnom Penh 10.00 20.26 0.32 6.25 26.83 6.65 26.83 6.65 0.03 Grand Total 4,248,941.93 4,300,723.10 133,841.67 2,654,314.02 7,088,878.80 1,848,361.35 33.40 8.71 23.47

48

Table 21 : Top 24 Districts with Highest Cassava Production Density and Animal Feed Resources, 2010/11 Total Fresh Cassava Dry Product Distr. Cassava Fresh & Soft Cassava No. District Name Cassava cassava Dry Residue Residue Residue Density Code Peel Stem Residue Product leave (ton/ha) (ton/ha) (Ton/Km2) 1 0305 Kampong Cham 108,649.99 101,425.65 3,422.47 67,873.65 172,721.77 45,324.13 34.51 9.06 4,676.78 2 0210 Sampov Luon 476,910.00 387,302.10 15,022.67 297,925.68 700,250.44 185,804.15 36.64 9.72 791.13 3 1002 Kracheh 60,863.00 103,229.22 1,917.18 38,021.12 143,167.52 35,924.94 28.11 7.05 686.31 4 2402 Sala Krau 285,204.00 144,490.33 8,983.93 178,166.94 331,641.19 91,338.44 46.51 12.81 538.82 5 0304 Dambae 306,762.27 286,342.54 9,663.01 191,634.39 487,639.94 127,963.00 34.51 9.06 421.14 6 0211 Phnum Proek 191,800.00 138,814.32 6,041.70 119,817.46 264,673.48 70,878.23 38.64 10.35 385.10 7 2006 Svay Rieng 22,279.98 23,061.42 701.82 13,918.30 37,681.54 9,807.91 33.11 8.62 217.36 8 2401 Pailin 115,036.20 58,279.91 3,623.64 71,863.12 133,766.67 36,841.13 46.51 12.81 210.00 9 0109 Malai 114,192.00 121,487.86 3,597.05 71,335.74 196,420.66 51,015.67 32.76 8.51 205.90 10 0315 Steung Treng 217,099.98 202,648.65 6,838.65 135,622.36 345,109.66 90,561.21 34.51 9.06 197.05 11 0212 Kamrieng 96,210.00 140,192.34 3,030.62 60,102.39 203,325.34 51,570.54 29.39 7.45 179.87 12 2008 Bavet 36,446.69 38,503.24 1,148.07 22,768.25 62,419.56 16,220.93 32.85 8.54 179.73 13 0310 Memot 269,247.40 251,324.85 8,481.29 168,198.85 428,004.99 112,314.02 34.51 9.06 174.69 14 2001 Chantrea 45,935.72 47,622.43 1,446.98 28,696.05 77,765.45 20,238.61 33.09 8.61 165.86 15 2005 Svay Chrum 84,226.83 90,583.95 2,653.15 52,616.50 145,853.59 37,850.12 32.63 8.47 161.74 16 0312 Ponhea Kraek 108,649.99 101,425.65 3,422.47 67,873.65 172,721.77 45,324.13 34.51 9.06 154.57 17 2004 Romeas Haek 476,910.00 387,302.10 15,022.67 297,925.68 700,250.44 185,804.15 36.64 9.72 138.57 18 0108 Svay Chek 60,863.00 103,229.22 1,917.18 38,021.12 143,167.52 35,924.94 28.11 7.05 133.70 19 0306 Kampong Siem 285,204.00 144,490.33 8,983.93 178,166.94 331,641.19 91,338.44 46.51 12.81 125.54 20 0316 Tboung Kmum 306,762.27 286,342.54 9,663.01 191,634.39 487,639.94 127,963.00 34.51 9.06 125.24 21 2007 Svay Teab 191,800.00 138,814.32 6,041.70 119,817.46 264,673.48 70,878.23 38.64 10.35 121.55 22 2003 Rumduol 22,279.98 23,061.42 701.82 13,918.30 37,681.54 9,807.91 33.11 8.62 113.71 23 0103 Phnum Srok 115,036.20 58,279.91 3,623.64 71,863.12 133,766.67 36,841.13 46.51 12.81 103.57 24 0303 Cheung Prey 114,192.00 121,487.86 3,597.05 71,335.74 196,420.66 51,015.67 32.76 8.51 88.04

49

6.5 Grass Grass was collected from natural grassland areas in the selected districts of the four selected provinces: Kratie, Pursat, Prey Veng and Kampot. The weighted average of fresh natural grass was 5.8 tons/ha and its production density was 77.2 tons/km2. The weighted average of dry natural grass was 2.3 tons/ha and its production density was 31.4 tons/km2. The dry matter percentage was 40.7%. The estimated total fresh grass production for the whole country in 2010/11 was 13,979,845. tons.

At provincial level, the highest density of fresh natural grass was 201.07 ton/km2 in Kampong , followed by: 139.8 tons/km2 in Kampong Thom; 138.7 tons/km2 in Banteay Mean Cheay; 132.6 ton/km2 in Kampong Speu; 125.3 tons/km2 in Phreah Sihanouk; 122.1 tons/km2 in Battambang; 119.6 tons/km2 in Kandal; with the lowest production density of 9.5 tons/km2 in Pailin Province.

Table 22 : Natural Grass Production and Production Density in Cambodia, 2010/11 Fresh Grassland Fresh Grass Product. Code Provincial Name Fresh Grass (Tons) Area (ha) Density (Tons/km2) 01 Banteay Meanchey 148,133.8 852,658.4 138.69 02 Battambang 251,717.3 1,448,884.5 122.04 03 Kampong Cham 114,848.2 661,066.0 69.71 04 Kampong Chhnang 184,957.0 1,064,612.4 201.07 05 Kampong Speu 160,484.7 923,750.0 132.63 06 Kampong Thom 302,385.3 1,740,530.0 139.83 07 Kampot 66,351.1 381,917.0 81.56 08 Kandal 74,003.9 425,966.4 119.58 09 Koh Kong 110,237.6 634,527.7 57.68 10 Kratie 81,208.0 467,433.3 39.04 11 Mondul Kiri 91,515.4 526,762.6 38.54 12 Phnom Penh 4,112.8 23,673.5 63.06 13 Preah Vihear 73,975.0 425,799.9 30.35 14 Prey Veng 37,606.7 216,464.4 45.46 15 Pursat 138,668.9 798,178.2 68.89 16 Ratanakiri 144,077.1 829,307.6 70.37 17 Siem Reap 144,691.0 832,841.1 78.98 18 Phreah Sihanouk 56,736.3 326,574.2 125.28 19 Steung Treng 97,027.8 558,491.9 46.48 20 Svay Rieng 39,016.5 224,579.0 78.30 21 Takeo 51,866.2 298,541.8 85.53 22 Udor Meanchey 49,807.2 286,690.5 43.23 23 Kep 3,532.3 20,331.8 108.62 24 Pailin 1,783.1 10,263.3 9.53 Grand Total 2,428,743.1 13,979,845.3 77.22

At district level, the highest production density of fresh natural grass was 405.0 ton/km2 in Rukh Kiri, followed by: 311.4 tons/km2 Borei Cholsar; 311.3 tons/km2 Leuk Daek; 273.9 tons/km2 Thpong; 262.2 tons/km2 Krakor; 239.5 tons/km2 Samaki Mean Chey; 238.1 50

tons/km2 Tuek Phos; 237.1 tons/km2 Rolea B'ier; 233.5 tons/km2 Baray; 226.3 tons/km2 Koas Krala; 223.5 tons/km2 Chantrea; 217.1 tons/km2 Banon; 215.7 tons/km2 Samrong Tong; 210.4 tons/km2 Sen Monorom; and 209.8 tons/km2 Stueng Saen; with the lowest production density 1.9 tons/km2 in Samraong District of Takeo Province.

The largest grassland area by province was 302,385 ha in Kampong Thom, followed by: 251,717 ha in Battambang; 184,957 ha in Kampong Chhnang; 160,484 ha in Kampong Speu; 148,133 ha in Banteay Meanchey; 144,691 ha in Siemreap; 144,077 ha in Ratanakiri; 138,669 ha in Pursat; with the smallest grassland area of 1,783 ha in Pailin Province.

The largest grassland area by district was 69,509ha in Tuek Phos, followed by: 60,735. ha in Krakor; 57,775 ha in Stoung; 55,029 ha in Santuk; 53,132 ha in Baray; 48,756 ha in Prasat Ballang; 47,299 ha in Siem Pang; 45,913 ha in Kampong Svay; and 40,906 ha in Phnom Sruoch; with the smallest grassland area of 98 ha in Samrong District of Takeo province.

Based on grassland production density, ruminant livestock production should be promoted in Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Thom, Banteay Meancheay, Kampong Speu. Phreah Sihanouk, Battambang and Kandal Provinces.

Table 23 : Top Ten Districts with Highest Natural Grass Production Density, 2010/11 District Fresh Grass Area Fresh Grass Grass Production District Name Code (ha) (Tons) Density (Tons/km2) 02 0206 Rukh Kiri 31,771.19 182,874.99 404.95 21 2103 Borei Cholsar 13,628.90 78,447.95 311.37 08 0805 Leuk Daek 20,330.55 117,022.63 311.33 05 0508 Thpong 34,001.31 195,711.57 273.91 15 1503 Krakor 60,735.24 349,592.03 262.22 04 0407 Samaki Mean Chey 28,531.39 164,226.71 239.46 04 0408 Tuek Phos 69,509.34 400,095.76 238.10 04 0406 Rolea B'ier 29,544.93 170,060.59 237.05 06 0601 Baray 53,132.14 305,828.59 233.51 02 0213 Koas Krala 40,281.86 231,862.40 226.33

51

Figure 22 : Grass and Shrub Land in Cambodia, 2010/11

52

Figure 23 : Production Density of Natural Grassland by Province in Cambodia, 2010/11

Density of Natural Grass by Province in Cambodia, 2010/11 Tons/km2 250.00

200.00

150.00

100.00

50.00

‐

Fresh Grass Dry Grass

53

Figure 24 : Top 24 Districts with Highest Production Density of Natural Grasses in Cambodia, 2010/11

Top 24 districts of high density on natural grass in Cambodia, 2010/11 Tons/km2 450.00

400.00

350.00

300.00

250.00

200.00

150.00

100.00

50.00

‐

Fresh Grass Dry Grass

54

Table 24 : Natural Grass Production and Production Density by Province, 2010/11 Dry Grass Grass Area Average Yield Fresh Grass Average Yield Dry Grass Code District Name Prod. Den. (ha) (ton/ha) (ton) (ton/ha) (ton) (ton/km2) 01 Banteay Meanchey 148,133.84 5.76 852,658.40 2.34 346,776.17 56.40 02 Battambang 251,717.26 5.76 1,448,884.55 2.34 589,261.35 49.63 03 Kampong Cham 114,848.16 5.76 661,066.03 2.34 268,855.56 28.35 04 Kampong Chhnang 184,956.98 5.76 1,064,612.40 2.34 432,977.86 81.78 05 Kampong Speu 160,484.71 5.76 923,749.97 2.34 375,689.11 53.94 06 Kampong Thom 302,385.33 5.76 1,740,529.96 2.34 707,873.54 56.87 07 Kampot 66,351.10 5.76 381,916.95 2.34 155,325.62 33.17 08 Kandal 74,003.89 5.76 425,966.38 2.34 173,240.53 48.64 09 Koh Kong 110,237.61 5.76 634,527.67 2.34 258,062.40 23.46 10 Kratie 81,208.00 5.76 467,433.27 2.34 190,105.11 15.88 11 Mondul Kiri 91,515.39 5.76 526,762.57 2.34 214,234.34 15.67 12 Phnom Penh 4,112.83 5.76 23,673.45 2.34 9,627.99 25.64 13 Preah Vihear 73,974.97 5.76 425,799.95 2.34 173,172.84 12.34 14 Prey Veng 37,606.74 5.76 216,464.37 2.34 88,036.06 18.49 15 Pursat 138,668.89 5.76 798,178.16 2.34 324,619.06 28.02 16 Ratanakiri 144,077.07 5.76 829,307.62 2.34 337,279.41 28.62 17 Siem Reap 144,690.96 5.76 832,841.15 2.34 338,716.50 32.12 18 Preah Sihanouk 56,736.31 5.76 326,574.17 2.34 132,817.72 50.95 19 Setung Treng 97,027.79 5.76 558,491.94 2.34 227,138.67 18.90 20 Svay Rieng 39,016.50 5.76 224,578.98 2.34 91,336.27 31.84 21 Takeo 51,866.20 5.76 298,541.85 2.34 121,416.97 34.79 22 Udor Meanchey 49,807.24 5.76 286,690.46 2.34 116,597.01 17.58 23 Kep 3,532.27 5.76 20,331.77 2.34 8,268.93 44.17 24 Pailin 1,783.06 5.76 10,263.26 2.34 4,174.07 3.88 99 Tonlesap 1,997.00 5.76 11,494.73 2.34 4,674.91 1.84 Grand Total 2,430,740.10 5.76 13,991,340.01 2.34 5,690,277.98 31.43

55

Table 25 : Top 24 Districts with Highest Natural Grass Production Density, 2010/11 Dry Grass Dist. Grass Area Average Yield Fresh Grass Average Yield Dry Grass No. District Name Prod. Den. Code (ha) (ton/ha) (ton) (ton/ha) (ton) (ton/km2) 1 0214 Rukh Kiri 31,771.19 5.76 182,874.99 2.34 74,375.26 164.69 2 2103 Borei Cholsar 13,628.90 5.76 78,447.95 2.34 31,904.78 126.64 3 0805 Leuk Daek 20,330.55 5.76 117,022.63 2.34 47,593.10 126.62 4 0508 Thpong 34,001.31 5.76 195,711.57 2.34 79,595.89 111.40 5 1503 Krakor 60,735.24 5.76 349,592.03 2.34 142,179.08 106.65 6 0407 Samaki Mean Chey 28,531.39 5.76 164,226.71 2.34 66,791.00 97.39 7 0408 Tuek Phos 69,509.34 5.76 400,095.76 2.34 162,718.95 96.84 8 0406 Rolea B'ier 29,544.93 5.76 170,060.59 2.34 69,163.64 96.41 9 0601 Baray 53,132.14 5.76 305,828.59 2.34 124,380.49 94.97 10 0213 Koas Krala 40,281.86 5.76 231,862.40 2.34 94,298.44 92.05 11 2001 Chantrea 10,752.32 5.76 61,890.33 2.34 25,170.80 90.88 12 0201 Banan 30,793.43 5.76 177,246.98 2.34 72,086.35 88.29 13 0507 Samrong Tong 27,742.20 5.76 159,684.10 2.34 64,943.52 87.74 14 1105 Sen Monorom 17,873.63 5.76 102,880.61 2.34 41,841.54 85.57 15 0603 Steung Sen 13,392.81 5.76 77,089.01 2.34 31,352.10 85.30 16 1603 Bar Keo 18,413.57 5.76 105,988.52 2.34 43,105.53 85.15 17 0604 Prasat Ballangk 48,756.04 5.76 280,639.74 2.34 114,136.18 83.08 18 0505 Udong 17,948.81 5.76 103,313.36 2.34 42,017.55 81.13 19 0108 Svay Chek 28,335.80 5.76 163,100.86 2.34 66,333.12 80.97 20 0804 Kaoh Thum 16,384.20 5.76 94,307.47 2.34 38,354.85 79.67 21 0104 Preah Netpreah 32,914.80 5.76 189,457.60 2.34 77,052.40 79.59 22 0404 Kampong Leaeng 32,067.69 5.76 184,581.63 2.34 75,069.35 79.29 23 0608 Stoung 57,774.58 5.76 332,550.46 2.34 135,248.27 79.23 24 1803 Steung Hav 8,399.61 5.76 48,348.18 2.34 19,663.20 77.51

56

7 Maps of Fodder and Crop Production

7.1 Rice Figure 25 : Wet Season Rice Production Density 2010

Figure 26 : Dry Season Rice Production Density 2010

57

7.2 Corn Figure 27 : Corn Production Density 2010

7.3 Sugarcane Figure 28 : Sugarcane Production Density 2010

58

7.4 Cassava Figure 29 : Cassava Production Density 2010

7.5 Grass Figure 30 : Natural Grass Production Density 2010

59

8 Discussion and Conclusions This report presents the findings of a two‐part study commissioned by the Environmental Animal Health Management Initiative in Cambodia to quantify and map:

• Livestock and poultry resources, based on information compiled by the Department of Animal Production and Health, from provincial and district sources; and • Fodder resources, based on a combination of standardised field sampling of the main fodder sources: rice, corn (maize), sugarcane, cassava and natural grass; and provincial and district crop area estimates (Annual Reports of Agricultural Statistics for year 2010 and 2011, prepared by PDA, and MAFF, Cambodia).

Livestock and poultry population densities for 2010 have been calculated and mapped by province and district in Section 5, as have crop and fodder resource production densities in Sections 6 and 7.

8.1 Provincial Comparison of Animal Biomass and Crop/Fodder Production Here we explore the relationship between overall animal biomass in terms of standard 250kg animal units and an index of overall crop and fodder resource abundance, calculated as the sum of rice, maize, sugar cane and cassava production densities, so as to have an objective, comparative measure of the relative abundance of animal and crop/fodder resources in each province. Table 26 : Summary of Animal Biomass and Crop/Fodder Production Densities by Province Animal Units Production Density Tons per square kilometre Pcode Province Per Sq. Km. Rice Corn (Maize) Sugarcane Cassava Grass Total 1 Banteay Meanchey 17.84 102.42 3.02 0.76 66.32 138.69 329.05 2 Battam Bang 13.5 67.35 34.2 1.19 67.36 122.04 305.64 3 Kampong Cham 39.54 81.13 4.87 5.11 139 69.71 339.36 4 Kampong Chhnang 42.35 73.03 0.82 1.02 0.81 201.07 319.1 5 Kampong Speu 48.7 43.08 1.91 10.48 6.15 132.63 242.95 6 Kampong Thom 19.19 43.43 0.26 0.14 13.37 139.83 216.22 7 Kampot 43.28 85.73 0.77 3.66 0.52 81.56 215.52 8 Kandal 39.55 108.89 20.22 14.75 0.05 119.58 303.04 9 koh Kong 1.14 2.15 0.03 0.08 0.09 57.68 61.17 10 Kratie 9.14 10.92 0.33 0.7 19.21 39.04 79.34 11 Mondulkiri 1.54 2.72 0.21 0.23 7.77 38.54 51.01 12 Phnom Penh 38.52 36.13 5.53 ‐ 0.03 63.06 143.27 13 Preah Vihear 8.95 8.34 2.86 2.42 5.88 30.35 58.8 14 Prey Veng 92.17 230.67 7.84 2.31 2.57 45.46 381.02 15 Pursat 14.8 26.91 0.26 1.01 0.66 68.89 112.53 16 Ratanakiri 3.77 5.59 0.06 0.22 8.54 70.37 88.55 17 Siem Reap 25.16 49.36 0.36 1.59 3.51 78.98 158.96 18 Phreah Sihanouk 6.88 14.27 0.08 0.25 0.6 125.28 147.36 19 Steung Treng 4.62 5.21 0.06 0.44 9.22 46.48 66.03 20 Svay Rieng 88.4 163.63 0.03 10.73 138.98 78.3 480.07 21 Takeo 98.15 277.2 0.38 6.33 2.33 85.53 469.92 22 Udor Meanchey 10.68 21.92 0.2 0.55 1.37 43.23 77.95 23 Kep 80.86 51.33 0.76 3.11 8.14 108.62 252.82 24 Pailin 7.5 22.19 107.14 ‐ 371.59 9.53 517.95

60

Figure 31 : Summary of Animal Biomass and Crop/Fodder Production Densities by Province

Figure 32 : Scatter Plot of Animal Biomass and Crop/Fodder Resources, by Province

120 y = 27.539ln(x) ‐ 111.22 R² = 0.4489 100 Takeo Prey Veng km Svay Reang sq 80 Kep per

60 (250kg)

Kampong Spur Units

Kampot Kampong Chhnang 40 Phnom Penh Kampong Cham Kandal

Animal Siem Reap 20 Kampong Thom Banteay Mean Chey Pursat BattamBong Phrah Seyhaknou Pialin 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Fodder/Crop Production Tons per sq km

Although the provinces are broadly scattered across the two dimensional surface shown in Figure 32, there is a clear trend for animal unit density to be higher in provinces with greater crop/fodder production density, as expected. The mathematical relationship is defined by the logarithmic trend line:

y = 27.539ln(x) ‐ 111.22; R² = 0.4489 61

Those provinces that lie above the trend line have comparatively high animal unit densities for their level of crop/fodder production; whilst those below the line have comparatively low animal unit densities compared with their level of crop/fodder production.

Three main clusters of provinces and two outliers are evident:

• Takeo, Prey Veng, Svay Rieng and Kep have relatively high animal unit and crop/ fodder production densities; • Ten provinces: Phnom Penh; Siem Reap; Kampot; Kampong Speu; Kandal; Kampong Chhnang; Kampong Cham; Kampong Thom; Banteay Meanchey and Battambang; occupy the central sone of Figure 32, with middling animal unit and crop/fodder densities; Banteay Meanchey and Battambang have relatively low animal unit densities compared with others in this cluster; • Eight provinces: Koh Kong; Kratie; Mondulkiri; Udor Meanchey; Pherah Sihanouk; Preah Vihear; Pursat; Ratanakiri; and Steung Treng; are clustered in the bottom left corner of Figure 32 characterized by low animal unit and crop/fodder densities. • Pialin has a very high crop/fodder production, much of which comes from cassava, and very low animal unit densities. • Kep has relatively high animal unit density with middling crop/fodder production density.

8.2 Livestock and Poultry Resources Cattle are by far the most abundant species of livestock in Cambodia, with an estimated total of 3,484,591 head in 2010. Takeo Province in the south of the country had the highest density at 106.0 cattle per square kilometre, followed by: Kep (84.6 head/km2); Prey Veng (67.3head/km2); Kampong Speu (58.9head/km2); Svay Rieng (55.5 head/km2); Kampot (45.0 head/km2); Kadal (41.9 head/km2); with lowest densities in Mondulkiri (1.0 head/km2) and Koh Kong (0.6 head/km2).

Buffalo are far less numerous than cattle, with an estimated total population of 702,645 head in 2010. Svay Rieng had the highest density 41.7 head/km2, followed by: 21.2 head/km2 in Prey Veng; 8.5 head/km2 in Pursat; and 8.1 head/km2 in Kampong Chhnang.

Pigs are the second most numerous livestock species, with 2,055,171 head in 2010. The highest density of 78.9 head/km2 was found in Prey Veng Province, followed by: 56.5 head/km2 in Takeo; and 53.9 head/km2 in Svay Rieng. At district level, the highest density was found Svay Antor 198.8 head/km2, followed by: 159.8 head/km2 in Me Sang; 142.0 head/km2 in Krong Daun Keo; and 111.2 head/km2 in Tram Kak, Takeo Province.

Very few small ruminants are found in Cambodia, with an estimated total of 14,837 goats and sheep in 2010. The highest density was 3.7 head/km2 around Phnom Penh, followed by: 1.0 head/km2 in Kep; 0.6 head/km2 in Kandal; 0.6 head/km2 in Kandal; and 0.43 head/km2 in Prey Veng. The highest density by district was 17.7 head/km2 in Russei Keo, followed by: 3.7 head/km2 in Peam Ro; 3.5 head/km2 in Krong Kampong Cham: and 3.3 head/km2 in Muk Kampul.

Horses are less numerous than goats and sheep, with an estimated total population of 13,219 head in 2010. Kampong Cham had the highest density 0.61 head/km2, followed by: 0.43 head/km2 in Kandal; 0.38 head/km2 in Takeo; and 0.30 head/km2 in Prey Veng.

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Poultry far outnumber livestock in Cambodia, with a total estimated number of 20,830,191 birds. The highest density of 647.4 birds/km2 was found in Prey Veng, followed by 614.3 birds/km2 in Takeo, 456.4 birds/km2 in Kep, and 416.4 birds/km2 in Svay Rieng. The highest density by district was 2,195.1 birds/km2 in Krong Kampong Chhnang, followed by 2,145.9 birds/km2 in Angkor Chum, 1,767.5 birds/km2 in Krong Chbar Mon, and 1,296.5 birds/km2 in Pea Reang.

Total livestock and poultry biomass amounted to 3,757,553 TLUs8, with the highest density of 98.2 TLUs/km2 in Takeo, followed by 92.2 TLUs/km2 in Prey Veng, and 88.4 TLUs/km2 in Svay Rieng. The highest biomass density at district level was 182.7 TLUs/km2 in Tram Kak, followed by: 149.4 TLUs/km2 in Me Sang; 140.4 TLUs/km2 in Svay Antor; and 135.9 TLUs/km2 in Krong Daun Keo.

8.3 Land Form, Land Cover and Fodder Resources Knowing the elevation, slope and terrain (=landform) of an area are important factors to consider in livestock production ‐ for instance, whether or not the land is low lying and prone to flooding, or whether the terrain is mountainous and well drained, and prone to dry season water and fodder shortages.

"Land cover" relates to the biophysical properties of the land surface and is distinct from "land use", which relates to human use of land to create, maintain or modify land cover types. For example, "grassland" is a land cover type, while "rangeland" or "tennis court" are land uses. Conversely, a "recreational area" is a land use term applied to various land cover types depending on circumstances: a sandy beach; a park; woodlands; and water bodies; (http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/x0596e/X0596e00.htm).

Satellite imagery and Digital Elevation Models (DEM) or Digital Terrain Model (DTM) provide coverage of the entire country at various resolutions down to a few meters, according to need and expense, and are an invaluable source of standard information about landform, land cover and land use.

Land cover in Cambodia in 2010 was: 56.9% forest land; 23% agricultural land; 13.4% grass and shrub lands; 3.1% flood forest; 2.8% water bodies; 1.2% settlement and infrastructures; 0.4% mangrove forest; 0.20% rock and soils; and 0.03% shrimp farming and salt pond.

The estimated total cultivated area of 2,777,323ha in 2010/11, included 2,372,519ha of wet season rice (equal to 85.4%) and 404,804ha of dry season rice (equal to 14.6%). Field sampling showed that more than half (54.4%) of the rice straw produced was removed by famers, with the remaining 45.6% left in the field. Nationally, this is equivalent to 15,472,364 tons of fresh rice straw being removed and 12,951,916 staying in field.

At provincial level, the highest density of total both seasons rice‐straw in year 2010/11 was 745.5 tons/km2 in Takeo, followed by: 628.0 tons/km2 in Prey Veng; 461.5 tons/km2 in Svay Rieng; 295.6 tons/km2 in Banteay Meanchey; and the lowest density was 2.2 tons/km2 in Koh Kong Province.

The total estimated quantity of corn (maize) produced in 2010/11 was 780,774 tons, including 655,091 tons of red corn (83.9%) and 125,684 tons of white corn (16.1%). At provincial level, the highest mean production density was 107.1 tons/km2 in Pailin, followed by 34.2 tons/km2 in

8 TLU: Tropical Livestock Unit; (TLU)=250kg animal biomass 63

Battambang, with the lowest mean production density of 0.03 tons/km2 in Kandal and Svay Rieng province.

The total estimated quantity of sugarcane produced in Cambodia in 2010/11 was 368,549 tons. The highest production density9 was 14.8 tons/km2 in Kandal, followed by 10.7 tons/km2 in Svay Rieng and 10.5 tons/km2 in Kampong Speu, with the lowest production density of 0.08 tons/km2 in Koh Kong. Total fresh sugarcane residue was 300,982 tons and dry residue was 134,520 tons (equal to 44.7% of fresh residue). It shows that after drying % of DM was 44.69%.

The total estimated quantity of cassava produced in 2010/11 was 4,248,942 tons, including 3,980,963 tons of wet season cassava (93.7%) and 267,979 tons of dry season cassava (6.3%). Total cassava residue was 7,088,879 tons, with a dry weight of 1,848,361 tons (DM=26.1%). Fresh cassava residues are 1.67 times heavier (167%) than cassava tubers produced.

The highest production density of fresh natural grass by province was 201.1 ton/km2 in Kampong Chhnang followed by: 139.8 tons/km2 in Kampong Thom; 138.69 tons/km2 in Banteay Mean Cheay; 132.6 ton/km2 in Kampong Speu; 125.3 tons/km2 in Phreah Sihanouk; 122.0 tons/km2 in Battambang; and 119.6 tons/km2 in Kandal; with the lowest production density of 9.5 tons/km2 in Pailin Province. The highest production density by district was 405 ton/km2 in Rukh Kiri, followed by: 311.4 tons/km2 in Borei Cholsar; 311.3 tons/km2 in Leuk Daek; 273.9 tons/km2 in Thpong; 262.2 tons/km2 in Krakor; 239.5 tons/km2 in Sameakki Mean Chey; with the lowest production density of 1.90 tons/km2 in Samraong District in Takeo Province.

9 The term "production density" is used in this study to refer to total estimated production of a crop within a province or district (area cultivated x average yield) divided by the total area of that province or district in square kilometres. 64

9 Recommendations Animal production should be promoted in areas where crop and fodder production densities are high and animal biomass is low.

Conversely, crop and fodder production and crop residue consumption should be promoted in areas where animal densities are high, such as: Takeo, Prey Veng, Kandal, Svay Rieng, Kampong Cham, Battambang, Pursat, Kampot and Bantey Meanchey Province.

Ruminant production should also be promoted in provinces where there are extensive grasslands and natural grass production is high, such as: Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Thom, Banteay Mean Cheay, Kampong Speu. Phreah Sihanouk, Battambang, and Kandal.

Conversely, special attention also be given to validation the exceptionally low densities of animal biomass in: Koh Kong; Kratie; Mondulkiri; Udor Meanchey; Phreah Sihanouk; Preah Vihear; Pursat; Ratanakiri; and Steung Treng; characterized in Figure 2 by low animal unit and crop/fodder densities.

Some of the reported cattle and buffalo population figures for districts and provinces yield very high densities and stocking levels when divided by the area of the province or district, as shown in Table 27. Table 27 : Mean Cattle Density and Stocking Rates in Selected Province. Province Cattle per km2 Hectare per Animal Kampong Speu 58.87 1.7 Prey Veng 67.34 1.5 Svay Rieng 55.53 1.8 Takeo 106.04 0.9 Kep 84.61 1.2

An average density of 42 buffalo per square kilometre for all of Svay Rieng, equivalent 2.4 ha per animal, also seems high.

During the forthcoming key animal production and health data collection exercise, special attention should be given to validating exceptionally high and low densities and stocking rates. Subject to the findings of that review and validation of farm animal resources in EAHMI partner provinces, it may be deemed appropriate to consider conducting a national farm animal survey to obtain standard updated statistics for the whole country, as conducted in Lao PDR and the Philippines.

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10 Bibliography

1- Cambodia School Atlas , Save Cambodia Wildlife 2006 2- Bo Gohl, 1975, Tropical Feeds, Feed and Agriculture Organization (FAO). 3- Annual Report of Animal Production and Statistics for year 2010, prepared by DAHP, Cambodia. 4- Annual Report of Agronomy Production and Statistics for year 2010 and 2011, prepared by PDA, Cambodia. 5- Annual Report of Agricultural Statistics 2010 and 2011, prepared by MAFF, Cambodia. 6- Manual of Agricultural Statistic and Data Collection on Crop Cutting Survey, Department of Planning and Statistics of MAFF Feb. 2010, Cambodia. 7- Aum Sitha, March 2010, Crop Pattern Inventorying and Planning Using RS and GIS, CSSTEAP. 8- SAHA, S. K., AND JONNA, S., 1994, Paddy acreage and yield estimation and irrigated crop land Inventory using satellite and agro-meteorological data, Asian - Pacific Remote Sensing Journal, 6(2), 79-87. 9- SAHA, S. K., AND KUDRAT M., 1993., Land productivity assessment and mapping through integration of satellite and terrain slope data, Journal of Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 21(3):157-166.

10- Dadhwal, V.K. and Parihar, J.S. (1985). Estimation of 1983-84 wheat acreage of Karnal district (Haryana) using LANDSAT MSS digital data. TN/IRS-UP/SAC/CPF/TN/09, Space Applications Centre, Ahmedabad. 11- DADHWAL.,V. K., RUHAL, D. S., MEDHAVY, T. T., JARWAL, S. D., KHERA, A. P., SINGH, J., SHARMA, T. AND PARIHAR, J. S. (1991). Wheat acreage estimation for Haryana using satellite digital data. Journal of Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 9:295-301. 12- FAO, 2004 and 2009, Land Cover Classification System (LCCS) version 2 and 3 by Antonio Di Gregorio. 13- HALL - KONYVES, K. (1990). Crop monitoring in Sweden. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 11:461-484. 14- JICA ASEAD Project of Thailand, Manual and Field Survey Note on Yield per rai through Selection of Sample Farm Households of Second rice (Dry Season), Crop Year 2007. 15- JICA ASEAD Project of Thailand, Manual of Cassava Crop Cutting Yield Per Rai, Crop Year 2007 16- JICA ASEAD Project of Thailand, Manual of Sugarcane Crop cutting Yield Per Rai, Crop Year 2006/2007.

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Form 1: Annex I: Crop Cut Survey Forms

List of crop (Rice, Cassava, Corn, and Sugarcane) farm households, Crop year 2011 Crop Type:

Village Name: Village Code: Commune: District:

Serial Famer name of crop household Serial Famer name of crop household No. (Part 1) No. (Part 2) 131 232 333 434 535 636 737 838 939 10 40 11 41 12 42 13 43 14 44 15 45 16 46 17 47 18 48 19 49 20 50 21 51 22 52 23 53 24 54 25 55 26 56 27 57 28 58 29 59 30 60

Additional page can be used if number of cropped HH is more than 60 in the village.

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Crop Cutting Survey’s Form for Rice Form 2‐ (Synthesis from manual of Agricultural Statistic and Data Collection on Crop Cutting Survey, Department of Planning and Statistics of MAFF Feb. 2010, Cambodia)

Sample Village Date Province District Commune No.

Data collector: Name..………………………………….Surname……………………………... Address…………………………………………………………….Tel………………………..

Village leader : Name………………..………………….Surname……………………………... Address…………………………………………………………….Tel………………………..

Supervisor (PAHPO): Name..………………………….Surname……………………………... Address…………………………………………………………….Tel………………………..

1- Village Name:

2- Village Code:

3- Farmer’s name:

4- Sex: Male: Female:

5- Number of family’s member: 6. Male: 7. Female:

8- Serial Number: (SN: 01 or 02 or 03) or (04; 05; 06)

9- Field Information: (to be completed during the crop cuts)

Item

1- Planting date (week/month) 2- Crop Type (For rice: Early=1, Medium=2, Late=3, Updland=4, Floating=5)

3- Variety (Local=1 or Hybrid/IR=2) 4- Growing condition (Excellent=5, Good=4, Normal=3, Poor=2, Very poor=1)

5- Area of crop cut’s field (ha.) 6- Amount of seed used in the crop cut field (kg.)

7- Irrigated (Yes/No)

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Yes/No Estimated (kg) 8- Chemical fertilizer used? (Yes=1; No=0), How many (kg)?

9- Manure used (Yes=1; No=0), How many (kg)?

Rice Yield per Estimated Rice

hectare (ton/ha.) Straw per ha.

10- Present year

11- Previous year

10- Result of the crop cuts:

Item Weighted in Calculated in 2m x 2m 1 ha. # 1. Weight of rice grain after cutting (gm.) # 2. Weight of rice grain after cleaning and drying (gm.). # 3. Weight of rice straw, after taking (grain) off # 4. Weight of rice straw after drying 3-5 days #5. Height of rice’s strew remains in the field #6. Cut and weight of rice’s strew remains in the field #7. Weight of rice’s strew remains after drying 3-5 days

Date:………………………(dd/mm/yyyy) Date:………………….. (dd/mm/yyyy) Enumerated by Supervised by

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Form 2‐ Crop Cutting Survey’s Form for Cassava

Sample Year PAHPO Province District Commune Village No. Village No. No. 2011

Data collector: Name..………………………………….Surname……………………………... Address…………………………………………………………….Tel………………………..

Local Leader : Name………………..………………….Surname……………………………... Address…………………………………………………………….Tel………………………..

Supervisor (PAHPO): Name..………………………….Surname……………………………... Address…………………………………………………………….Tel………………………..

1- Village Name:

2- Village Code:

3- Farmer’s name:

4- Sex: Male: Female:

5- Number of family’s member: 6. Male: 7. Female:

8- Serial Number: (SN: 01 or 02 or 03) or (04; 05; 06)

9- Field Information: (to be completed for both fields under the crop cuts)

Item

1- Planting date (week/month)

2- Crop Type

3- Variety (Local or Hybrid Name) 4- Growing condition (Excellent=5, Good=4, Normal=3, Poor=2, Very poor=1)

5- Area of crop cut’s field (ha.) 6- Amount of seed used in the crop cut field (piece of plant)

7- Irrigated (Yes/No) Yes/No Estimated (kg) 8- Chemical fertilizer used? (Yes=1; No=0), How many (kg)?

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9- Manure used (Yes=1; No=0), How many (kg)?

Estimate Cassava Estimated Yield Residue (leave, per hectare peel, bushes) (Ton/ha) (Ton/ha)

10- Normal Yield

11- Present Yield

12- Previous Yield

10- Result of the crop cuts:

Item #1. Length between 3 ridges (2 spaces) (m) (1*)=………………………(m)

#2. Number of plant per 2 meters (of a ridge) (2)=……………………(plants) #3. Total # of plant in cutting area “(1*)m x 2m” (3)=……………………(plants) #4. Weight of fresh tuber cassava of cutting area “(1*)m x 2m” (4)=…………………….(kg.) #5. Weight of dry tuber cassava of cutting area “(1*)m x 2m” (5)=…………………….(kg.) (after drying 3-5 days) #6. Weight of fresh cassava leave in “(1*)m x 2m” (6)=…………………….(kg.) #7. Weight of dry cassava leave in “(1*)m x 2m” (7)=…………………….(kg.) #8. Weight of fresh and soft stem or bushes in “(1*)m x 2m” (8)=……………………(kg.) #9. Weight of dry stem or bushes in “(1*)m x 2m” (9)=……………………(kg.) #10. Weight of fresh peelings of cassava in “(1*)m x 2m” (10)=…………………….(kg.) #11. Weight of dry peelings of cassava in “(1*)m x 2m” (11)=…………………….(kg.)

Date:………………………(dd/mm/yyyy) Date:………………….. (dd/mm/yyyy) Enumerated by Supervised by

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Form 2‐ Crop Cutting Survey’s Form for Corn

Sample Year PAHPO Province District Commune Village No. Village No. No. 2011

Data collector: Name..………………………………….Surname……………………………... Address…………………………………………………………….Tel………………………..

Local Leader : Name………………..………………….Surname……………………………... Address…………………………………………………………….Tel………………………..

Supervisor (PAHPO): Name..………………………….Surname……………………………... Address…………………………………………………………….Tel………………………..

1- Village Name:

2- Village Code:

3- Farmer’s name:

4- Sex: Male: Female:

5- Number of family’s member: 6. Male: 7. Female:

8- Serial Number: (SN: 01 or 02 or 03) or (04; 05; 06)

9- Field Information: (to be completed for both fields under the crop cuts)

Item

1- Planting date (week/month)

2- Crop Type 3- Variety (Local “normal” or imported “red corn”)

4- Growing condition (Excellent=5, Good=4, Normal=3, Poor=2, Very poor=1)

5- Area of crop cut’s field (ha.) 6- Amount of seed used in the crop cut field (kg.)

7- Irrigated (Yes/No) Yes/No Estimated (kg) 8- Chemical fertilizer used? (Yes=1; No=0),

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How many (kg)?

9- Manure used (Yes=1; No=0), How many (kg)?

Estimate Corn Estimated Yield Residue (leave, per hectare peel, bushes) (Ton/ha) (Ton/ha)

10- Normal Yield

11- Present Yield

12- Previous Yield

10- Result of the crop cuts:

Item #1. Length between 3 ridges (2 spaces) (m) (1*)=……………………(m)

#2. Number of plant per 2 meters (of a ridge) (2)=……………………(plants) #3. Total # of plant in cutting area “(1*)m x 2m” (3)=……………………(plants) #4. Weight of fresh corn of cutting area “(1*)m x 2m” (4)=…………………….(kg.) #5. Weight of dry corn of cutting area “(1*)m x 2m” (5)=…………………….(kg.) #6. Weight of fresh leave, stem and bushes “cutting under (6)=…………………….(kg.) the first corn’s fruit” in “(1)m x 2m” #7. Weight of dry leave, stem and bushes “cutting under the (7)=…………………….(kg.) first corn’s fruit” in “(1)m x 2m” #8. Weight of fresh corn’s peelings “(1*)m x 2m” (8)=…………………….(kg.) #9. Weight of dry corn’s peelings “(1*)m x 2m” (9)=…………………….(kg.) #10. Weight of fresh corncob in “(1*)m x 2m” (10)=…………………….(kg.) #11. Weight of dry corncob in “(1*)m x 2m” (11)=…………………….(kg.)

Date:………………………(dd/mm/yyyy) Date:………………….. (dd/mm/yyyy) Enumerated by Supervised by

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Crop Cutting Survey’s Form for Sugarcane Form 2‐ Sample Year PAHPO Province District Commune Village No. Village No. No. 2011

Data collector: Name..………………………………….Surname……………………………... Address…………………………………………………………….Tel………………………..

Local Leader : Name………………..………………….Surname……………………………... Address…………………………………………………………….Tel………………………..

Supervisor (PAHPO): Name..………………………….Surname……………………………... Address…………………………………………………………….Tel………………………..

1- Village Name:

2- Village Code:

3- Farmer’s name:

4- Sex: Male: Female:

5- Number of family’s member: 6. Male: 7. Female:

8- Serial Number: (SN: 01 or 02 or 03) or (04; 05; 06)

9- Field Information: (to be completed for both fields under the crop cuts)

Item

1- Planting date (week/month)

2- Crop Type

3- Variety (Local or imported) 4- Growing condition (Excellent=5, Good=4, Normal=3, Poor=2, Very poor=1)

5- Area of crop cut’s field (ha.) 6- Amount of seed used in the crop cut field (kg.)

7- Irrigated (Yes/No) Yes/No Estimated (kg) 8- Chemical fertilizer used? (Yes=1; No=0), How many (kg)?

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9- Manure used (Yes=1; No=0), How many (kg)?

Estimated Yield Estimate Sugarcane per hectare Residue (leave, (Ton/ha) peel, cane) (Ton/ha)

10- Normal Yield

11- Present Yield

12- Previous Yield

10- Result of the crop cuts:

Item #1. Length between 3 ridges (2 spaces) (m) (1*)=……………………(m)

#2. Number of plant per 2 meters (of a ridge) (2)=……………………(plants) #3. Total # of plant in cutting area “(1*)m x 2m” (3)=……………………(plants) #4. Weight of sugarcane (only cane) of cutting area (4)=…………………….(kg.) “(1*)m x 2m” #5. Weight of fresh stalk (fodder parts “remain”) (5)=…………………….(kg.) #6. Weight of dry stalk (fodder parts “remain”) (6)=…………………….(kg.) #7. Weight of cane’s residue “if possible” (7)=…………………….(kg.) #8. Weight of dry cane’s residue “if possible” (8)=…………………….(kg.)

Date:………………………(dd/mm/yyyy) Date:………………….. (dd/mm/yyyy) Enumerated by Supervised by

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Crop Cutting Survey’s Form for Grass and Shrub Form 2‐5:

Sample Year PAHPO Province District Commune Village No. Village No. No. 2011

Data collector: Name..………………………………….Surname……………………………... Address…………………………………………………………….Tel………………………..

Local Leader : Name………………..………………….Surname……………………………... Address…………………………………………………………….Tel……………………….. Supervisor (PAHPO): Name..………………………….Surname……………………………... Address…………………………………………………………….Tel………………………..

1- Village Name:

2- Village Code:

3- Farmer’s name:

4- Sex: Male: Female:

5- Number of family’s member: 6. Male: 7. Female:

8- Serial Number: (SN: 01 or 02 or 03) or (04; 05; 06)

9- Field Information: (to be completed for both fields under the crop cuts)

Item

1- Grass or Shrub’s Type 2- Count and mention what type of grass and shrub you see on the field

3- Growing condition (Excellent=5, Good=4, Normal=3, Poor=2, Very poor=1)

4- Area of cut’s field (ha.) 5- Well Growing period (from month till month)

Jan.-Mar.=…………………………….. 6- Describe in these periods on its growing Apr.-Jun=……………………………… statues. Jul.-Sep.=………………………………. Oct.-Dec.=……………………………... 7- Describe statues of grass or shrub used in this area

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10- Result of the grass or shrub cuts:

Item Weighted in Calculated in 2m x 2m 1 ha. # 1. Weight of grass or shrub after cutting (gm.) #2. Weight of dry grass or shrub after drying(gm.) # 3. High of grass or shrub (meters) # 4. How many times per year it can be harvested in the same plot or area? # 5. Number of small shrub in 20m x 20m # 6. Number of medium shrub in 20m x 20m

Date:………………………(dd/mm/yyyy) Date:………………….. (dd/mm/yyyy) Enumerated by Supervised by

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