īĞĐƚŽĨŚŽƐƚƉůĂŶƚƐŽŶƚŚĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕ƐƵƌǀŝǀŽƌƐŚŝƉ͕ ĂŶĚƌĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ Pseudococcus viburni ;,ĞŵŝƉƚĞƌĂ͗ WƐĞƵĚŽĐŽĐĐŝĚĂĞͿ Vitor Cezar Pacheco da Silva 1, *, Aline Nondillo 2, Elisangela Caroline Weber Galzer 2, Mauro Silveira Garcia 1, Marcos Botton 2

ďƐƚƌĂĐƚ The obscure mealybug Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is one of the most important damaging mealybugs in vineyards ǁŽƌůĚǁŝĚĞĂŶĚŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚŵĞƌŝĐĂŶƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚĞĨƌƵŝƚƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͘dŚĞůŝĨĞŚŝƐƚŽƌLJŽĨ P. viburni ŽŶϯĨƌƵŝƚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐǁĂƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƵŶĚĞƌůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌLJĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ͘ Leaves of apple DĂůƵƐĚŽŵĞƐƟĐĂ (Borkh.), persimmon Diospyros kaki L., and grapevine sŝƟƐůĂďƌƵƐĐĂ L., were used as host plants. Mealybugs were able to develop, survive, and reproduce on all 3 hosts; however, persimmon and grape leaves were most suitable for P. viburni development and ƌĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͘dŚĞĐƵŵƵůĂƟǀĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƟŵĞ;ŶLJŵƉŚƚŽĂĚƵůƚŚŽŽĚͿƌĂŶŐĞĚĨƌŽŵĂďŽƵƚϯϱĚŽŶƉĞƌƐŝŵŵŽŶĂŶĚŐƌĂƉĞůĞĂǀĞƐƚŽϰϬ͘ϴϳцϬ͘ϱϯĚŽŶ ĂƉƉůĞůĞĂǀĞƐĨŽƌĨĞŵĂůĞƐ͕ĂŶĚĨƌŽŵϯϬ͘ϲϴцϬ͘ϰϰĚŽŶƉĞƌƐŝŵŵŽŶƚŽĂďŽƵƚϯϰĚŽŶĂƉƉůĞĂŶĚŐƌĂƉĞůĞĂǀĞƐĨŽƌŵĂůĞƐ͘dŚĞŽďƐĐƵƌĞŵĞĂůLJďƵŐĞdžŚŝďŝƚĞĚ ďŝƉĂƌĞŶƚĂůŽǀŝƉĂƌŽƵƐƌĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞĨĞĐƵŶĚŝƚLJƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚůLJĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞĚŽŶĂƉƉůĞůĞĂǀĞƐĨƌŽŵĂŵĞĂŶŽĨϴϴĞŐŐƐƉĞƌĨĞŵĂůĞŽŶƉĞƌƐŝŵŵŽŶĂŶĚ ŐƌĂƉĞůĞĂǀĞƐƚŽϯϬ͘ϲϭцϮ͘ϵĞŐŐƐŽŶĂƉƉůĞůĞĂǀĞƐ͘dŚĞƉƌĞŽǀŝƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƉĞƌŝŽĚǁĂƐƐŚŽƌƚĞƐƚŽŶƉĞƌƐŝŵŵŽŶ;ϭϳ͘ϱϳцϬ͘ϱϵĚͿ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞƉĞƌŝŽĚ ǁĂƐůŽŶŐĞƐƚŽŶŐƌĂƉĞ;ϯϭ͘ϳϳцϬ͘ϵϮĚͿ͘dŚĞůŽŶŐĞǀŝƚLJŽĨŵĂƚĞĚĨĞŵĂůĞƐǁĂƐŚŝŐŚĞƌŽŶŐƌĂƉĞ;ϱϰ͘ϴϰцϭ͘ϮϯĚͿƚŚĂŶŽŶĂƉƉůĞĂŶĚƉĞƌƐŝŵŵŽŶ;ĂďŽƵƚ ϰϯĚͿ͘dŚĞƐĞƌĞƐƵůƚƐƐƵŐŐĞƐƚƚŚĂƚĂůůϯŚŽƐƚƐĐĂŶƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƚŚĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĂŶĚƌĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ P. viburni , but that persimmon and grape leaves are more suitable hosts.

Key Words: Biology, Coccoidea, mealybugs, obscure mealybug

ZĞƐƵŵĞŶ La cochinilla oscura, Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae,) es una de las cochinillas más perjudiciales en los viñedos de todo el mundo y en la producción sudamericana de frutas templadas. Se estudio la historia de vida de P. viburni sobre 3 especies de frutos bajo condiciones de laboratorio. Se usaron hojas de manzana DĂůƵƐĚŽŵĞƐƟĐĂ (Borkh.), caqui Diospyros kaki L. y vid sŝƟƐůĂďƌƵƐĐĂ L., como plantas hospederas. Las cochinillas podrian desarrollarse, sobrevivir y reproducirse sobre los 3 hospederos; sin embargo, el caqui y las hojas de uva fueron las más adecuadas para el desarrollo y la reproducción de P. viburni ͘ůƟĞŵƉŽĚĞĚĞƐĂƌƌŽůůŽĂĐƵŵƵůĂĚŽ;ŶŝŶĨĂĂůĂĞĚĂĚĂĚƵůƚĂͿǀĂƌŝſĞŶƚƌĞĂƉƌŽdžŝŵĂĚĂŵĞŶƚĞϯϱĚŝĂƐ ĞŶŚŽũĂƐĚĞĐĂƋƵŝLJĚĞƵǀĂĂϰϬ͕ϴϳцϬ͕ϱϯĚŝĂƐƐŽďƌĞŚŽũĂƐĚĞŵĂŶnjĂŶĂƉĂƌĂůĂƐŚĞŵďƌĂƐLJĚĞϯϬ͕ϲϴцϬ͕ϰϰĚĞŶŚŽũĂƐĚĞĐĂƋƵŝĂĂƉƌŽdžŝŵĂĚĂŵĞŶƚĞ ϯϰĚŝĂƐĞŶŚŽũĂƐĚĞŵĂŶnjĂŶĂLJĚĞƵǀĂƉĂƌĂůŽƐŵĂĐŚŽƐ͘>ĂĐŽĐŚŝŶŝůůĂŽƐĐƵƌĂĞdžŚŝďŝſůĂƌĞƉƌŽĚƵĐĐŝſŶďŝƉĂƌĞŶƚĂůŽǀŝƉĂƌĂLJůĂĨĞĐƵŶĚŝĚĂĚĚŝƐŵŝŶƵLJſ ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂƟǀĂŵĞŶƚĞĞŶůĂƐŚŽũĂƐĚĞŵĂŶnjĂŶĂĚĞƵŶƉƌŽŵĞĚŝŽĚĞϴϴŚƵĞǀŽƐƉŽƌŚĞŵďƌĂĞŶůĂƐŚŽũĂƐĚĞĐĂƋƵŝLJĚĞƵǀĂĂϯϬ͕ϲϭцϮ͕ϵŚƵĞǀŽƐĞŶŚŽũĂƐĚĞ ŵĂŶnjĂŶĂ͘ůƉĞƌşŽĚŽĚĞƉƌĞŽǀŝƉŽƐŝĐŝſŶĨƵĞŵĄƐĐŽƌƚŽĞŶĞůĐĂƋƵŝ;ϭϳ͕ϱϳцϬ͕ϱϵĚŝĂƐͿ͕LJĞůƉĞƌşŽĚŽƌĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŽĨƵĞŵĄƐƉƌŽůŽŶŐĂĚŽĞŶůĂƵǀĂ;ϯϭ͕ϳϳ цϬ͕ϵϮĚŝĂƐͿ͘>ĂůŽŶŐĞǀŝĚĂĚĚĞůĂƐŚĞŵďƌĂƐĂƉĂƌĞĂĚĂƐĨƵĞŵĂLJŽƌĞŶůĂƵǀĂ;ϱϰ͕ϴϰцϭ͕ϮϯĚͿƋƵĞĞŶůĂŵĂŶnjĂŶĂLJĞůĐĂƋƵŝ;ĂƉƌŽdžŝŵĂĚĂŵĞŶƚĞϰϯĚşĂƐͿ͘ Estos resultados sugieren que los 3 hospederos pueden apoyar el desarrollo y la reproducción de P. viburni, pero que el caqui y las hojas de uva son los hospederos más adecuados.

Palabras Clave: Biología, Coccoidea, cochinillas, cochinilla oscura

Mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) are sap-sucking insects in dĞŵƉĞƌĂƚĞĨƌƵŝƚƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŝƐĂŶŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĂĐƟǀŝƚLJŝŶƐŽƵƚŚĞƌŶƌĂ - a family with about 2,000 species (Garcia Morales et al. 2017). Some zil, totaling nearly US $300 million annually (Fachinello et al. 2011), as ŽĨƚŚĞŵĂƌĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĐƌŽƉƉĞƐƚƐ͕ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůLJŝŶǀŝŶĞLJĂƌĚƐ͕ŽƌĐŚĂƌĚƐ͕ ǁĞůůĂƐŝŶƌŐĞŶƟŶĂ͕ŚŝůĞ͕ĂŶĚhƌƵŐƵĂLJ;ZĞƚĂŵĂůĞƐΘ^ĞƉƷůǀĞĚĂϮϬϭϭͿ͘ and ornamentals, where they can cause severe damage due to honey- In southern Brazil, mealybug importance has increased during the last ĚĞǁƐĞĐƌĞƟŽŶ͕ƉƌŽŵŽƟŶŐƚŚĞŐƌŽǁƚŚŽĨƐŽŽƚLJŵŽůĚ͕ǁŚŝĐŚĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞƐ decade, especially in vineyards and on persimmon trees. In apples, photosynthesis and reduces the marketability of fruit (Franco et al. pears, and persimmons, nymphs and adult females develop on leaves, ϮϬϬϵ͖ĂĂŶĞĞƚĂů͘ϮϬϭϮͿ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŽƚƌĂŶƐŵŝƚǀŝƌƵƐĞƐ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐ ƚƌƵŶŬƐ͕ĂŶĚĨƌƵŝƚƐͶŽŶƚŚĞĐĂůLJdžĂŶĚƵŶĚĞƌŶĞĂƚŚƐĞƉĂůƐͶĂŶĚŝŶŐƌĂƉĞƐ grapevine leafroll-associated virus (GLRaV-3) (Golino et al. 2002; Naidu ƚŚĞLJĐĂŶĨĞĞĚŽŶƐƚĞŵƐ͕ůĞĂǀĞƐ͕ĂŶĚďĞƌƌŝĞƐ͕ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐƐĞǀĞƌĞĂĞƐƚŚĞƟĐ et al. 2014). ĚĂŵĂŐĞ;ŝĂŵƉŽůŝŶŝĞƚĂů͘ϮϬϬϮ͖ĂƉŽƚŽĞƚĂů͘ϮϬϭϭ͖ĂĂŶĞĞƚĂů͘ϮϬϭϮͿ͘

1WůĂŶƚWƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ'ƌĂĚƵĂƚĞWƌŽŐƌĂŵ͕WůĂŶƚWƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚ͕ĂŵƉƵƐĂƉĆŽĚŽ>ĞĆŽ͕h&WĞů͕WĞůŽƚĂƐͲZ^͕ƌĂnjŝů͘ͲŵĂŝů͗ǀŝƚŽƌĐĞnjĂƌΛŐŵĂŝů͘ĐŽŵ;s͘͘W͘Ě^͘Ϳ͖ ŐĂƌĐŝĂƐŵĂƵƌŽΛLJĂŚŽŽ͘ĐŽŵ͘ďƌ;D͘^͘'͘Ϳ 2ŵďƌĂƉĂhǀĂĞsŝŶŚŽ͕>ŝǀƌĂŵĞŶƚŽ͕ϱϭϱ͕ŽŶĐĞŝĕĆŽ͕ĞŶƚŽ'ŽŶĕĂůǀĞƐͲZ^͕ƌĂnjŝů͘ͲŵĂŝů͗ĂůŝŶŽŶĚŝůůŽΛŐŵĂŝů͘ĐŽŵ;͘E͘Ϳ͖ĐĂƌŽůͺͺŐĂůnjĞƌΛŚŽƚŵĂŝů͘ĐŽŵ;͘͘t͘'͘Ϳ͖ ŵĂƌĐŽƐ͘ďŽƩŽŶΛĞŵďƌĂƉĂ͘ďƌ;D͘͘Ϳ ΎŽƌƌĞƐƉŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƵƚŚŽƌ͖ͲŵĂŝů͗ǀŝƚŽƌĐĞnjĂƌΛŐŵĂŝů͘ĐŽŵ

718 2017 — Florida Entomologist — Volume 100, No. 4 WĂĐŚĞĐŽĚĂ^ŝůǀĂĞƚĂů͗͘,ŽƐƚƉůĂŶƚƐĂīĞĐƚƚŚĞďŝŽůŽŐLJŽĨ Pseudococcus viburni  ϳϭϵ The obscure mealybug Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret) is a po- ŐƌŽǁŝŶŐLJĞĂƌ͕ŝŶĐŽŶƚƌŽůůĞĚĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚƌŽŽŵƐĂƚĂƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽĨϮϱ ůLJƉŚĂŐŽƵƐŝŶƐĞĐƚƌĞĐŽƌĚĞĚĨƌŽŵϮϯϲŚŽƐƚͲƉůĂŶƚŐĞŶĞƌĂŝŶϴϵĨĂŵŝ - цϭΣ͕ϭϮ͗ϭϮŚ>͗ĐLJĐůĞĂŶĚϳϬцϭϬйƌĞůĂƟǀĞŚƵŵŝĚŝƚLJ;Z,Ϳ͘dŚĞƐƚƵĚLJ ůŝĞƐ;'ĂƌĐŝĂDŽƌĂůĞƐĞƚĂů͘ϮϬϭϳͿ͘ŝīĞƌĞŶƚĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞƐƐƵŐŐĞƐƚƚŚĂƚ P. was conducted with leaves from adult plants of apple Malus domes- viburni originated in southern South America (Charles 2011; Correa ƟĐĂ ͚&Ƶũŝ^ƵƉƌĞŵĂ͛ (Rosaceae), persimmon Diospyros kaki ͚&ƵLJƵ͛;ď - ĞƚĂů͘ϮϬϭϱͿ͘/ƚŝƐĂƉĞƐƚŽĨƐĞǀĞƌĂůƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚĞĨƌƵŝƚƐ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂƉƉůĞƐ͕ enaceae), and grape sŝƟƐůĂďƌƵƐĐĂ ͚EŝĄŐĂƌĂZŽƐĂĚĂ͛;sŝƚĂĐĞĂĞͿ͘>ĞĂǀĞƐ ƉĞĂƌƐ͕ĂŶĚŐƌĂƉĞǀŝŶĞƐ;ŝĂŵƉŽůŝŶŝĞƚĂů͘ϮϬϬϮ͖/ƌĂĐŚĞƚĂϮϬϬϰ͖ĂƉŽƚŽ ǁĞƌĞĐŽůůĞĐƚĞĚĨƌŽŵĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĮĞůĚƐĨƌĞĞŽĨŝŶƐĞĐƟĐŝĚĞĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ ĞƚĂů͘ϮϬϭϭͿ͘/ŶǀŝŶĞLJĂƌĚƐŝƚŝƐĂŬĞLJƉĞƐƚŝŶĂůŝĨŽƌŶŝĂ;ĂĂŶĞĞƚĂů͘ ĂƚŵďƌĂƉĂhǀĂĞsŝŶŚŽ^ƚĂƟŽŶ͘>ĞĂǀĞƐǁĞƌĞǁĂƐŚĞĚŝŶĂƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽĨ ϮϬϬϴͿ͕ŚŝůĞ;ŽƌƌĞĂĞƚĂů͘ϮϬϭϮͿ͕ĂŶĚƌĂnjŝů;WĂĐŚĞĐŽĂ^ŝůǀĂĞƚĂů͘ water and sodium hypochlorite (10 ml per L) for 2 min and dried with a 2014), mainly because P. viburni is known to transmit GLRaV-3 (Go- ƉĂƉĞƌƚŽǁĞůďĞĨŽƌĞƚŚĞLJǁĞƌĞŽīĞƌĞĚƚŽƚŚĞŵĞĂůLJďƵŐƐ͘ lino et al. 2002). dŚĞůŝĨĞĐLJĐůĞŽĨĨĞŵĂůĞŵĞĂůLJďƵŐƐĐŽŶƐŝƐƚƐŽĨĂŶĞŐŐ͕ŽŌĞŶůĂŝĚ ŝŶƐŝĚĞĂĮůĂŵĞŶƚŽƵƐŽǀŝƐĂĐ͕ϯŶLJŵƉŚĂůƐƚĂŐĞƐ͕ĂŶĚĂǁŝŶŐůĞƐƐŶĞŽƚĞŶ - s>KWDEdE^hZs/sKZ^,/W ŝĐĂĚƵůƚƐƚĂŐĞ;&ƌĂŶĐŽĞƚĂů͘ϮϬϬϵ͖ĂĂŶĞĞƚĂů͘ϮϬϭϮͿ͘dŚĞůŝĨĞĐLJĐůĞŽĨ EĞŽŶĂƚĞĐƌĂǁůĞƌƐǁĞƌĞƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĮŶĞƉĂŝŶƚďƌƵƐŚŝŶƚŽWĞ - the male includes 4 nymphal stages, of which the 3rd instar is consid- ƚƌŝĚŝƐŚĞƐ;ϲĐŵĚŝĂŵпϭ͘ϱĐŵŚƚͿĐŽŶƚĂŝŶŝŶŐĂůĞĂĨĚŝƐŬ;ϯ͘ϱĐŵĚŝĂŵͿ ered the prepupal stage and the 4th instar the pupal stage; followed ĐƵƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŚŽƐƚƉůĂŶƚĂŶĚƉůĂĐĞĚŽŶĂƚŚŝŶůĂLJĞƌ;ϭϱŵůͿŽĨǁĂƚĞƌͲ ďLJƚŚĞĨƵůůLJĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚĂĚƵůƚ;ŽƌŐĞƐĚĂ^ŝůǀĂĞƚĂů͘ϮϬϬϵ͖&ƌĂŶĐŽĞƚĂů͘ ĂŐĂƌŽƐĞ;ĂŐĂƌϭ͘ϱйĂŶĚϬ͘ϭϱйŵĞƚŚLJůƉĂƌĂďĞŶͿŝŶŽƌĚĞƌƚŽŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶ ϮϬϬϵͿ͘ZĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶĐĂŶŽĐĐƵƌƐĞdžƵĂůůLJ͕ƉĂƌƚŚĞŶŽŐĞŶĞƟĐĂůůLJ͕ŽƌďLJ ƚŚĞƚƵƌŐŝĚŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞůĞĂǀĞƐ͘WĞƚƌŝĚŝƐŚĞƐǁĞƌĞĐůŽƐĞĚǁŝƚŚWĂƌĂĮůŵ º. ĨĂĐƵůƚĂƟǀĞƉĂƌƚŚĞŶŽŐĞŶĞƐŝƐ;ŽƌŐĞƐĚĂ^ŝůǀĂĞƚĂů͘ϮϬϭϬ͖tĂƚĞƌǁŽƌƚŚ The leaf disk was cut to keep at least 1 large vein in the center of the et al. 2011). disk. The scales were placed on the upper side of the leaf, and most ĞƐƉŝƚĞƚŚĞĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨ P. viburni , knowledge of its of them moved to the underside. For the 1st instar, 30 crawlers were life history remains fragmented. Knowledge of the pest bio-ecology is ƉůĂĐĞĚŝŶĞĂĐŚWĞƚƌŝĚŝƐŚĂŶĚŬĞƉƚƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌƵŶƟůƚŚĞĮƌƐƚŵŽůƚ͘ŌĞƌ mandatory for successful pest management. Here, we present the re- ŵŽůƟŶŐ͕ĞĂĐŚŵĞĂůLJďƵŐǁĂƐƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌƌĞĚƚŽŝƚƐŽǁŶůĞĂĨĚŝƐŬ;WĞƚƌŝ ƐƵůƚƐŽĨĂƐƚƵĚLJŽĨƚŚĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƟŵĞ͕ůŽŶŐĞǀŝƚLJ͕ĨĞĐƵŶĚŝƚLJ͕ĨĞƌƟůŝƚLJ͕ dish). There were about 200 nymphs (replicates) for each host-plant and survivorship of P. viburni reared on leaves of apple Malus domes- treatment. Weekly (or before when the leaves started to show symp- ƟĐĂ (Borkh.), persimmon Diospyros kaki L., and grape sŝƟƐůĂďƌƵƐĐĂ L. ƚŽŵƐŽĨĚĞŐƌĂĚĂƟŽŶͿůĞĂĨĚŝƐŬƐǁĞƌĞĐŚĂŶŐĞĚĂŶĚƚŚĞ ŵĞĂůLJďƵŐƐ transferred to new leaves to ensure a supply of fresh food. In order to avoid damage to mouthparts, the mealybugs were transferred with DĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐĂŶĚDĞƚŚŽĚƐ ĂƉĂŝŶƚďƌƵƐŚŽŶůLJǁŚĞŶƚŚĞLJǁĞƌĞŵŽǀŝŶŐ͘tŚĞŶƚŚĞLJǁĞƌĞƐĞƩůĞĚ͕ the old leaf disk was cut around the mealybug (about 1 cm 2) and placed on the fresh leaf. Mealybugs were observed daily under a ste- ^DW>K>>d/KEE/E^dZZ/E' ƌĞŽŵŝĐƌŽƐĐŽƉĞĂŶĚĞĐĚLJƐŝƐǁĂƐĐŽŶĮƌŵĞĚďLJƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĞdžƵǀŝĂĞ A colony of P. viburni ǁĂƐŝŶŝƟĂƚĞĚŝŶKĐƚϮϬϭϮǁŝƚŚŶLJŵƉŚƐ͕ĂĚƵůƚ ŶĞĂƌŶLJŵƉŚƐ͘ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĂůƟŵĞĨŽƌĞĂĐŚŝŶƐƚĂƌǁĂƐƌĞĐŽƌĚĞĚďLJ females, and ovisacs collected from infested “fruits” of organically ĐŚĞĐŬŝŶŐĚĂŝůLJĨŽƌƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĞdžƵǀŝĂĞ͘&ŽƌŵĂůĞƐ͕ƚŚĞĚƵƌĂƟŽŶ managed strawberry Fragaria x ananassa ƵĐŚ͚͘ƌŽŵĂƐ͛ĂŶĚ͚ůďŝŽŶ͛ of development of the prepupal and pupal stages was determined by ĮĞůĚƐůŽĐĂƚĞĚŝŶ&ĂƌƌŽƵƉŝůŚĂŝƚLJ͕ZŝŽ'ƌĂŶĚĞĚŽ^Ƶů͕ƌĂnjŝů͘dŚŽƵƐĂŶĚƐ ĐŚĞĐŬŝŶŐĨŽƌĞdžƵǀŝĂĞƉƵƐŚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĞŶĚŽĨƚŚĞƚƵďƵůĂƌƚĞƐƚƐ;ŚŽŶŐ ŽĨŶĞǁŝŶƐĞĐƚƐǁĞƌĞĐŽŶƟŶƵĂůůLJĂĚĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĐŽůŽŶLJƵŶƟůƚŚĞĞŶĚŽĨ et al. 2003). ƚŚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐ͘/ĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨĂĚƵůƚĨĞŵĂůĞƐ;ĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĐŽůŽŶLJĂŶĚ In each treatment, the life cycle was monitored by recording the ĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐͿǁĞƌĞĐŽŶĮƌŵĞĚĂƐ P. viburni ďLJƚŚĞĮƌƐƚĂƵƚŚŽƌĂŶĚ:ĞĂŶͲ ŵĞĂŶƐĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĚƵƌĂƟŽŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƚĞĚĨŽƌĞĂĐŚŝŶƐƚĂƌĂƐĨŽůůŽǁƐ͗ &ƌĂŶĕŽŝƐ'ĞƌŵĂŝŶĨƌŽŵE^^͕>ĂďŽƌĂƚŽŝƌĞĚĞůĂ^ĂŶƚĠĚĞƐsĠŐĠƚĂƵdž͕ ƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨĚĨƌŽŵĞŐŐŚĂƚĐŚŝŶŐƵŶƟůĞŵĞƌŐĞŶĐĞ͕ƚŚĞƐƵƌǀŝǀĂůƌĂƚĞ DŽŶƞĞƌƌŝĞƌͲƐƵƌͲ>Ğnj͕&ƌĂŶĐĞ͕ďĂƐĞĚŽŶƚŚĞŬĞLJŽĨtŝůůŝĂŵƐΘ'ƌĂŶĂƌĂ ŽĨĞĂĐŚŝŶƐƚĂƌ͕ƌĞĐŽƌĚĞĚďLJĐŽƵŶƟŶŐƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƐƚŚĂƚƐƵĐ - ĚĞtŝůůŝŶŬ;ϭϵϵϮͿ͘ ĐĞƐƐĨƵůůLJŵŽůƚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞŶĞdžƚŝŶƐƚĂƌ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨĞŵĞƌŐŝŶŐĂĚƵůƚ The colony was maintained in the laboratory on sprouted potatoes males and females. Solanum tuberosum >͘ŝŶĂĐŽŶƚƌŽůůĞĚĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚƌŽŽŵĂƚϮϱцϭΣ͕ ϳϬцϭϬйZ,ĂŶĚĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĚĂƌŬŶĞƐƐ͘WŽƚĂƚŽĞƐǁĞƌĞƐƚŽƌĞĚŝŶĂĐŽůĚ >KE's/dzEZWZKhd/KE ĐŚĂŵďĞƌĂƚϰцϭΣŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĚĂƌŬŶĞƐƐƵŶƟůƚŚĞƐƚĂƌƚŽĨƐƉƌŽƵƚ - ŝŶŐ͘tŚĞŶŶĞĞĚĞĚ͕ƉŽƚĂƚŽĞƐǁĞƌĞƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌƌĞĚƚŽŝŶĐƵďĂƚŽƌƐĂƚϮϱц dŚĞŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞŽĨƚŚĞŚŽƐƚƉůĂŶƚŽŶƚŚĞĨĞĐƵŶĚŝƚLJ͕ƌĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞƉĞ - ϭΣŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĚĂƌŬŶĞƐƐƚŽƐƟŵƵůĂƚĞĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞƐƉƌŽƵƟŶŐ͘ĂĐŚǁĞĞŬ͕ riod, and adult longevity of P. viburni was studied with adult mealybugs newly sprouted potatoes were infested passively by allowing crawlers ĐŽůůĞĐƚĞĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĂŶĚƐƵƌǀŝǀŽƌƐŚŝƉĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚ͘EĞǁůLJ ƚŽƐĞƩůĞ͘/ŶĨĞƐƚĞĚƉŽƚĂƚŽĞƐ;ϯʹϱͿǁĞƌĞŬĞƉƚŝŶϭ>ƉůĂƐƟĐĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞƌƐ emerged virgin females were placed in individual Petri dishes with a ĐůŽƐĞĚǁŝƚŚĂůŝĚǁŝƚŚĂǀĞŶƟůĂƟŽŶŚŽůĞĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƚĞůLJϭϬĐŵŝŶĚŝĂŵ ůĞĂĨĚŝƐŬ;ĂƐĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞĚƉƌĞǀŝŽƵƐůLJͿƚŽĂƐƐĞƐƐƌĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͘dǁĞŶƚLJĨĞ - ĂŶĚĐŽǀĞƌĞĚǁŝƚŚǀŽŝůĞƚŽƉƌĞǀĞŶƚĐƌĂǁůĞƌƐĨƌŽŵĞƐĐĂƉŝŶŐ͘dŚĞďŽƩŽŵƐ ŵĂůĞƐǁĞƌĞŚĞůĚĂůŽŶĞƚŽĂƐƐĞƐƐƚŚĞŶŽŶͲŵĂƟŶŐƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ͕ĂŶĚϯϬ of the containers were covered with paper towels to absorb honeydew. were provided with 2 to 4 newly emerged males reared from each host ƌĂǁůĞƌƐƵƐĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚǁĞƌĞŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵŶĞǁůLJĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚ ƉůĂŶƚƚŽĞŶƐƵƌĞĨĞƌƟůŝnjĂƟŽŶ͘dŚĞĨĞĐƵŶĚŝƚLJ͕ĨĞƌƟůŝƚLJ͕ƉƌĞŽǀŝƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ͕ĂŶĚ ŽǀŝƐĂĐƐǁŚŝĐŚǁĞƌĞƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌƌĞĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞĂƌŝŶŐĂƌĞĂƚŽŐůĂƐƐƚƵďĞƐ;ϱ ŽǀŝƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƟŵĞƐǁĞƌĞƌĞĐŽƌĚĞĚĨŽƌĂůůŽǀŝƉŽƐŝƟŶŐĨĞŵĂůĞƐĨŽƌĞĂĐŚ ĐŵŚƚпϭĐŵĚŝĂŵͿĐůŽƐĞĚǁŝƚŚWĂƌĂĮůŵ ºĂŶĚĐŚĞĐŬĞĚĚĂŝůLJƵŶƟůƚŚĞ ŚŽƐƚƉůĂŶƚ͘&ĞŵĂůĞƐǁĞƌĞĐŚĞĐŬĞĚĞǀĞƌLJĚĂLJĨŽƌƐŝŐŶƐŽĨŽǀŝƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ͘ ĞŐŐƐŚĂƚĐŚĞĚ;ĂŌĞƌŚĂƚĐŚŝŶŐŶLJŵƉŚƐƚĞŶĚƚŽĐůƵƐƚĞƌƵŶĚĞƌƚŚĞŽǀŝƐĂĐ͕ tŚĞŶŽǀŝƐĂĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƐƚĂƌƚĞĚ͕ƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĞŐŐƐŝŶƚŚĞǁĂdžǁĂƐ which is easily seen through the glass). checked. The number of eggs was recorded every 2 d, removing part of the ovisac from the Petri dish at each count. The ovisacs removed ǁĞƌĞƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌƌĞĚƚŽŶĞǁWĞƚƌŝĚŝƐŚĞƐƵŶƟůĞŐŐƐŚĂƚĐŚĞĚ͕ĂŶĚĨĞƌƟůŝƚLJ HOST PLANTS was calculated by the percentage of viable eggs. Females that did not džƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐǁĞƌĞĐŽŶĚƵĐƚĞĚŝŶƚŚĞ>ĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌLJŽĨŶƚŽŵŽůŽŐLJŽĨ ƌĞƉƌŽĚƵĐĞǁĞƌĞĞdžĐůƵĚĞĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĚĂƚĂĂŶĂůLJƐĞƐ͘ĚƵůƚůŽŶŐĞǀŝƚLJǁĂƐ ŵďƌĂƉĂhǀĂĞsŝŶŚŽ͕ĞŶƚŽ'ŽŶĕĂůǀĞƐ͕ƌĂnjŝů͕ĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞϮϬϭϯʹϮϬϭϰ ƌĞĐŽƌĚĞĚĂƐƚŚĞĚƵƌĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂĚƵůƚĞŵĞƌŐĞŶĐĞĂŶĚĚĞĂƚŚ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚ - 720 2017 — Florida Entomologist — Volume 100, No. 4 ing females that did not reproduce. Mealybugs were considered dead persimmon and grape leaves were more suitable for its development ŝĨƚŚĞLJĚŝĚŶŽƚŵŽǀĞĂŌĞƌďĞŝŶŐƚŽƵĐŚĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĮŶĞͲƟƉďƌƵƐŚ͘dŚĞ ĂŶĚƌĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͘^ĞǀĞƌĂůĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐŽĨƚŚĞŚŽƐƚƉůĂŶƚƐ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐ ƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶŽĨĨĞŵĂůĞƐǁĂƐƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJƐĞdžƌĂƟŽ͕ĂŶĚǁĂƐĚĞ - ŵŽƌƉŚŽůŽŐLJ͕ŶƵƚƌŝƟŽŶĂůǀĂůƵĞƐ͕ĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚƐ͕ termined by dividing the number of adult females by the total number ŵĂLJŚĂǀĞĂīĞĐƚĞĚƚŚĞďŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂůƌĞƐƉŽŶƐĞƐŽĨ P. viburni . However, the of adults on each host plant. ĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĞĨĂĐƚŽƌƐƵƉŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƚŚŝƐƐƉĞĐŝĞƐƌĞŵĂŝŶƐƉĞĐ - ƵůĂƟǀĞ͘ŚĞŵŝĐĂůĂŶĚŵŽƌƉŚŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐŽĨƚŚĞƉůĂŶƚƐ͕ĂƐ STATISTICAL ANALYSIS well as nitrogen levels, are known to be related to insect development dŚĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨƚŚĞŚŽƐƚƉůĂŶƚŽŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƟŵĞ͕ƐƵƌǀŝǀŽƌƐŚŝƉ͕ ;ŽĐĐŽĞƚĂů͘ϮϬϭϰ͖^ĐŚŽŽŶŚŽǀĞŶĞƚĂů͘ϮϬϬϱͿ͘ ůŽŶŐĞǀŝƚLJ͕ĂŶĚƌĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ P. viburni were determined with 1-way KƵƌƐƚƵĚLJƐŚŽǁĞĚƚŚĂƚĂƚϮϱΣĂĨĞŵĂůĞ P. viburni can complete analyses of variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukey test to separate ŝƚƐůŝĨĞĐLJĐůĞŝŶĂďŽƵƚϰϮĚŽŶƉĞƌƐŝŵŵŽŶĂŶĚŐƌĂƉĞůĞĂǀĞƐĂŶĚϱϬĚ ŵĞĂŶƐĂƚĂƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚƚŚƌĞƐŚŽůĚŽĨϬ͘Ϭϱ͘dŚĞŚŽŵŽŐĞŶĞŝƚLJŽĨǀĂƌŝĂŶĐĞƐ ŽŶĂƉƉůĞůĞĂǀĞƐ͕ǁŝƚŚĂďŽƵƚϵĚĨŽƌŝŶĐƵďĂƟŽŶ͘dŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƌĞƐƵůƚƐĂƌĞ ŽĨƚŚĞĚĂƚĂǁĂƐĞdžĂŵŝŶĞĚďLJ>ĞǀĞŶĞ͛ƐƚĞƐƚ͘dŚĞĂŶĂůLJƐĞƐǁĞƌĞƵŶĚĞƌ - ĐŽŶŐƌƵĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƉƌĞǀŝŽƵƐƐƚƵĚŝĞƐŽŶ͚<ƌŝƉƉƐƌĞĚ͛ĂƉƉůĞͲƉŽƩĞĚƉůĂŶƚƐ ƚĂŬĞŶǁŝƚŚ^W^^^ƚĂƟƐƟĐƐǀ͘ϮϮ͘ ǁŝƚŚϰϱƚŽϰϳĚĨŽƌĨĞŵĂůĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ;ĞŐŐƚŽĂĚƵůƚͿĂƚϮϱΣ;DƵ - ĚĂǀĂŶŚƵϮϬϬϵͿ͘ŌĞƌŚĂƚĐŚŝŶŐƚŚĞŶLJŵƉŚƐƌĞŵĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚŚĞŽǀŝƐĂĐĨŽƌ ϯƚŽϰĚďĞĨŽƌĞƐƚĂƌƟŶŐƚŽĚŝƐƉĞƌƐĞ͘^ĞĐŽŶĚͲĂŶĚϯƌĚŝŶƐƚĂƌƐĂŶĚĂĚƵůƚ ZĞƐƵůƚƐ females tend to remain in place, feeding near a leaf vein, and moving ŽŶůLJǁŚĞŶĚŝƐƚƵƌďĞĚŽƌĂŌĞƌŵŽůƟŶŐ͘dŚĞůŝĨĞĐLJĐůĞŽĨ Pseudococcus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) species can be longer compared to the s>KWDEdE^hZs/sKZ^,/W main mealybug pest of vineyards, WůĂŶŽĐŽĐĐƵƐĮĐƵƐ (Signoret), which ĐŽŶƐĞƋƵĞŶƚůLJĂīĞĐƚƐƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĂLJĞĂƌ͘/ŶǀŝŶĞLJĂƌĚƐ͕ All stages of development of P. viburni ĂƌĞƐŚŽǁŶŝŶ&ŝŐ͘ϭ͘ĞǀĞů - WƐĞƵĚŽĐŽĐĐƵƐŵĂƌŝƟŵƵƐ Ehrhorn is predicted to have only 2 genera- opment of P. viburni ǁĂƐƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚůLJŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞĚďLJƚŚĞŚŽƐƚƉůĂŶƚ;dĂ - ƟŽŶƐƉĞƌLJĞĂƌ;'ĞŝŐĞƌΘĂĂŶĞϮϬϬϭͿ͕ǁŚŝůĞ W͘ĮĐƵƐ ĐĂŶĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞϱƚŽ ble 1). The 1st instar development period was shortest on persimmon ϲŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶƐ;tĂůƚŽŶΘWƌŝŶŐůĞϮϬϬϱͿĚĞƉĞŶĚŝŶŐŽŶƚŚĞƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ͘ and longest on grape leaves for both females and males. In contrast, KƵƌƌĞƐƵůƚƐƐƵŐŐĞƐƚƚŚĂƚĂƚϮϱΣ P. viburni could complete 3 to 4 gen- the female 2nd nymphal developmental period was shortest on grape ĞƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĂLJĞĂƌ͕ǁŚŝĐŚĐŽƌƌŽďŽƌĂƚĞƐĮŶĚŝŶŐƐŝŶĂůŝĨŽƌŶŝĂǀŝŶĞLJĂƌĚƐ ůĞĂǀĞƐ;ϵ͘ϴϰцϬ͘ϮϴĚͿ;dĂďůĞϭͿ͘dŚĞϯƌĚŝŶƐƚĂƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƉĞƌŝŽĚǁĂƐ ĂŶĚƉĞĂƌŽƌĐŚĂƌĚƐŝŶƌŐĞŶƟŶĂ;ĂƉŽƚŽĞƚĂů͘ϮϬϭϭ͖ĂĂŶĞĞƚĂů͘ϮϬϬϴͿ͕ 3 to 4 d longer for P. viburni developing on apple leaves compared to ďƵƚŵŽƌĞƐƚƵĚŝĞƐŵƵƐƚďĞƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĞĚƚŽĞǀĂůƵĂƚĞƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚĞŵƉĞƌĂ - ƚŚĞŽƚŚĞƌƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚƐ͘dŚĞĐƵŵƵůĂƟǀĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƟŵĞĨŽƌƚŚĞĨĞ - ture on P. viburni biology. Knowledge of the biology of P. viburni is help- ŵĂůĞŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚŽŶĂƉƉůĞůĞĂǀĞƐ;ϰϬ͘ϴϳцϬ͘ϱϯĚͿĂŶĚǁĂƐƐŝŵŝůĂƌŽŶ ĨƵůŝŶƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌĂŶĚƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŽĨĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ͕ ƉĞƌƐŝŵŵŽŶĂŶĚŐƌĂƉĞǀŝŶĞůĞĂǀĞƐ;dĂďůĞϭͿ͘dŚĞŝŶĐƵďĂƟŽŶƉĞƌŝŽĚĚŝĚ ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨƉŚĞƌŽŵŽŶĞƚƌĂƉƐ͕ĂŶĚƟŵŝŶŐŽĨƌĞůĞĂƐĞŽĨŶĂƚƵƌĂůĞŶĞŵŝĞƐ͘ ŶŽƚĚŝīĞƌĂŵŽŶŐƚŚĞŚŽƐƚƉůĂŶƚƐ͘ DĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŵĞĂůLJďƵŐƐŽŌĞŶƌĞůŝĞƐŽŶƚŚĞĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŝŶƐĞĐƟ - dŚĞŚŽƐƚƉůĂŶƚƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚůLJŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞĚƐƵƌǀŝǀŽƌƐŚŝƉŽĨϮŶĚŝŶƐƚĂƌ ĐŝĚĞƐƚĂƌŐĞƟŶŐŝŵŵĂƚƵƌĞƐƚĂŐĞƐĚƵĞƚŽƚŚĞŝƌŚŝŐŚĞƌƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂŶ females (Table 2). Total mortality of P. viburni nymphs was low on all ůĂƚĞƌƐƚĂŐĞƐ;ĂĂŶĞĞƚĂů͕ϮϬϭϮͿ͘^ŝŵŝůĂƌůLJ͕ŶĂƚƵƌĂůĞŶĞŵŝĞƐ͕ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJ host species, with the highest mortality rate (nymph to adult) on apple ƉĂƌĂƐŝƚŽŝĚƐ͕ĂƌĞƐĞůĞĐƟǀĞĂƐƚŽŽƉƟŵĂůŚŽƐƚƐƚĂŐĞ;ĂĚĠĞΘsĂŶůƉŚĞŶ ůĞĂǀĞƐ;ϯϬйͿ͕ďƵƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞƐĂŵŽŶŐƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚƐǁĞƌĞŶŽƚƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚ ϭϵϵϳͿ͕ĂŶĚŵƵƐƚďĞƌĞůĞĂƐĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĮĞůĚŝŶƚŚĞƉĞƌŝŽĚĐŽƌƌĞƐƉŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽ (Table 2). the preferred mealybug developmental stages. >KE's/dzEZWZKhd/KE dŚĞƌĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨ P. viburni ŝƐĞdžĐůƵƐŝǀĞůLJďŝƉĂƌĞŶƚĂů͕ĂŶĚƵŶŵĂƚ - ed females produced empty and poorly formed ovisacs but no eggs. Pseudococcus viburni ƌĞƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĚƐĞdžƵĂůůLJ͘sŝƌŐŝŶĨĞŵĂůĞƐĚŝĚŶŽƚ WƌĞǀŝŽƵƐƐƚƵĚŝĞƐƌĞƉŽƌƚĞĚƚŚĂƚϱϰƚŽϵϯйŽĨƵŶŵĂƚĞĚĨĞŵĂůĞƐĐŽƵůĚ lay eggs on any of the three host species, although some produced produce ovisacs without eggs (Borges da Silva et al. 2010; Waterworth ĞŵƉƚLJŽǀŝƐĂĐƐ͘ďŽƵƚϵϬйŽĨƚŚĞĨĞŵĂůĞƐŽīĞƌĞĚŵĂůĞƐƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĞŐŐƐ Ğƚ Ăů͘ ϮϬϭϭͿ͕ Žƌ ƐŽŵĞƟŵĞƐ ǁŝƚŚ ŝŶĨĞƌƟůĞ ĞŐŐƐ ;ϭϱй ŽĨ ƵŶŵĂƚĞĚ ĨĞ - ;ϵϭйŽŶƉĞƌƐŝŵŵŽŶ͕ϴϵйŽŶŐƌĂƉĞǀŝŶĞ͕ĂŶĚϴϴйŽŶĂƉƉůĞůĞĂǀĞƐͿ͘dŚĞ males) (Borges da Silva et al. 2010). ŚŽƐƚƉůĂŶƚƐƚƌŽŶŐůLJĂīĞĐƚĞĚƚŚĞĨĞĐƵŶĚŝƚLJ͕ƉƌĞŽǀŝƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƟŵĞ͕ĂŶĚƌĞ - &ĞĐƵŶĚŝƚLJǁĂƐƐƚƌŽŶŐůLJĂīĞĐƚĞĚŝŶŵĞĂůLJďƵŐƐĨĞĚŽŶĂƉƉůĞůĞĂǀĞƐ͘ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƟŵĞ;dĂďůĞϯͿ͘&ĞŵĂůĞƐĨĞĞĚŝŶŐŽŶĂƉƉůĞůĞĂǀĞƐƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ On persimmon and grape leaves, the mean number of eggs laid per ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚůLJĨĞǁĞƌĞŐŐƐ;ϯϬ͘ϲϭцϮ͘ϵϮĞŐŐƐƉĞƌĨĞŵĂůĞ͖ƌĂŶŐĞϱʹϲϰͿ͕ ĨĞŵĂůĞǁĂƐĂďŽƵƚϴϴ͕ƌĞĂĐŚŝŶŐĂŵĂdžŝŵƵŵŽĨϮϬϭĞŐŐƐ͘KƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚŝĞƐ ǁŚŝůĞŽŶƉĞƌƐŝŵŵŽŶĨĞŵĂůĞƐůĂŝĚĂŵĞĂŶŽĨϵϯ͘ϱϴцϲ͘ϴϳĞŐŐƐ;ƌĂŶŐĞ of P. viburni ĨĞĐƵŶĚŝƚLJǀĂƌŝĞĚŐƌĞĂƚůLJĨƌŽŵĂďŽƵƚϳϬƚŽĂŵĂdžŝŵƵŵŽĨ ϮϭʹϮϬϭͿ͕ĂŶĚŽŶŐƌĂƉĞ͕ϴϯ͘ϵϬцϲ͘ϴϭĞŐŐƐ;ƌĂŶŐĞϭϵʹϭϳϴͿ;dĂďůĞϯͿ͘EŽ ϯϬϬĞŐŐƐŽŶƐƉƌŽƵƚĞĚƉŽƚĂƚŽĞƐ;/ƌĂĐŚĞƚĂϮϬϬϰ͖ĞƩĞŶĐŽƵƌƚΘ^ŝŵƁĞƐ ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞǁĂƐĨŽƵŶĚŝŶƚŚĞĨĞƌƟůŝƚLJŽĨĞŐŐƐ͘dŚĞƉƌĞŽǀŝƉŽƐŝ - ϮϬϬϴͿ͕ĂŶĚŝŶĂƉƉůĞͲƉŽƩĞĚƉůĂŶƚƐĨĞŵĂůĞƐůĂŝĚϮϰϬĞŐŐƐ;DƵĚĂǀĂŶŚƵ ƟŽŶƉĞƌŝŽĚǁĂƐƐŚŽƌƚĞƌŽŶƉĞƌƐŝŵŵŽŶ;ϭϳ͘ϱϳцϬ͘ϱϵĚͿƚŚĂŶŽŶĂƉƉůĞ ϮϬϬϵͿ͘'ƌŝŵĞƐΘŽŶĞ;ϭϵϴϱͿƐƵŐŐĞƐƚĞĚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨĐŽƉƵůĂ - ĂŶĚŐƌĂƉĞůĞĂǀĞƐ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƉĞƌŝŽĚǁĂƐŚŝŐŚĞƐƚŽŶŐƌĂƉĞ ƟŽŶƐĐĂŶƐƟŵƵůĂƚĞĞŐŐƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͕ďƵƚtĂƚĞƌǁŽƌƚŚĞƚĂů͘;ϮϬϭϭͿŽď - ůĞĂǀĞƐ;ϯϭ͘ϳϳцϬ͘ϵϮĚͿ;dĂďůĞϯͿ͘>ŽŶŐĞǀŝƚLJǁĂƐƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚůLJĂīĞĐƚĞĚďLJ ƐĞƌǀĞĚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨŵĂƟŶŐƐĚŽĞƐŶŽƚĂīĞĐƚƚŚĞƚŽƚĂů P. viburni host species . The longevity of mated females was higher on grapevine ĨĞĐƵŶĚŝƚLJ͘dŚĞƌĞƐƵůƚŽďƐĞƌǀĞĚŚĞƌĞŝƐĐŽŶŐƌƵĞŶƚǁŝƚŚĮĞůĚŽďƐĞƌǀĂ - ƚŚĂŶŽŶĂƉƉůĞĂŶĚƉĞƌƐŝŵŵŽŶůĞĂǀĞƐ͘>ŽŶŐĞǀŝƚLJǁĂƐƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚůLJůŽŶ - ƟŽŶƐŽĨĨĞŵĂůĞƐĐŽůůĞĐƚĞĚĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJĨƌŽŵĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂůƐƚƌĂǁďĞƌƌLJĮĞůĚƐ ger in unmated females on apple and grape leaves than on persimmon ƚŚĂƚůĂŝĚĂŵĞĂŶŽĨϳϲ͘ϰϮĞŐŐƐƉĞƌŽǀŝƐĂĐ͕ƌĂŶŐŝŶŐĨƌŽŵϱϭƚŽϭϭϮĞŐŐƐ leaves, and the longevity of males on persimmon was higher than on (unpublished data). grape and apple leaves (Table 3). The longevity of mated females was only about half that of un- ŵĂƚĞĚĨĞŵĂůĞƐ͕ĂŶĚƚŚŝƐǁĂƐĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĂƚŽǀŝƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŝŶǀŽůǀĞƐ ĂŚŝŐŚŵĞƚĂďŽůŝĐĐŽƐƚĨŽƌĨĞŵĂůĞƐ;'ƌŝŵĞƐΘŽŶĞϭϵϴϱ͖tĂƚĞƌǁŽƌƚŚ ŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶ ΘDŝůůĂƌϮϬϭϮͿ͘tĂƚĞƌǁŽƌƚŚĞƚĂů͘;ϮϬϭϭͿŽďƐĞƌǀĞĚƐŝŵŝůĂƌůŽŶŐĞǀŝƚLJ for unmated P. viburni ĨĞŵĂůĞƐŽŶƐƉƌŽƵƚĞĚƉŽƚĂƚŽĞƐ;ϭϬϱ͘ϰцϮ͘ϳĚͿ͘ ŝīĞƌĞŶƚŚŽƐƚƉůĂŶƚƐƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚůLJĂīĞĐƚĞĚƚŚĞďŝŽůŽŐLJŽĨ P. viburni . The life span of adult males was about 3 d, also observed on sprouted The species was able to reproduce on all host plants studied; however, potatoes by Iracheta (2004). WĂĐŚĞĐŽĚĂ^ŝůǀĂĞƚĂů͗͘,ŽƐƚƉůĂŶƚƐĂīĞĐƚƚŚĞďŝŽůŽŐLJŽĨ Pseudococcus viburni 721

&ŝŐ͘ϭ . Life cycle of Pseudococcus viburni ;^ŝŐŶŽƌĞƚͿ͘;ͿϭƐƚŝŶƐƚĂƌ͖;ͿϮŶĚŝŶƐƚĂƌ͖;ͿϯƌĚŝŶƐƚĂƌĨĞŵĂůĞ͖;ͿĂĚƵůƚĨĞŵĂůĞ͖;ͿĂĚƵůƚŵĂůĞƚĞƐƚƐ͖;&ͿĂĚƵůƚŵĂůĞ͖;'Ϳ ovisac; (H) eggs inside an ovisac. Scale: 1 mm. 722 2017 — Florida Entomologist — Volume 100, No. 4 134 11.31 цϯ͘ϰϲ ͘ϲϬцϬ͘ϲϰď 3.012 Ϭ͘ϬϱϮ ď ϯϰ͘ϱϴцϬ͘ϴϯď ϯϬϵ ϯϲ͘ϱϳ < 0.0001< 0.0001 < pupa Female Male Ϭ͘ϳϱϴ ͘ϮϬĂ ϰ͘ϰϴцϬ͘ϭϰ ϯϰ͘ϰϯцϬ͘ϲϬĂ ϯϬ͘ϲϴцϬ͘ϰϰĂ Ϯ͘ϱϭϱ ϭ͘ϵϵϱ 0.084 0.137 ͗ϭϮŚ>͗ĂŶĚϳϬцϭϬйZ,͘ Ϭ͘ϯϮ ϵϬ͘ϮϰцϬ͘ϯϮĂ ϲϵ͘ϯϳцϰ͘ϮϮ ϴϭ͘ϳϯцϴ͘ϲϰ 44.81 171.36 0.277 цϬ͘ϬϬ ϭϬϬ͘ϬϬцϬ͘ϬϬĂ ϳϰ͘ϱϱцϰ͘ϵϰ ϵϳ͘ϯϯцϮ͘ϲϲ ͗ϭϮŚ>͗ĂŶĚϳϬцϭϬйZ,͘ цϬϰϮ ϭϮ͘ϵϮцϬ͘ϯϮĂ ϳ͘ϴϮцϬ͘ϮϮď ϰ͘ϰϰцϬ͘ϭϬ ϯϲ͘ϬϮцϬ͘ϱϬĂ ϯϯ Ϯ͘Ϭϵ ϭцϬ͘ϲϴ ϭϲ͘ϮϴцϬ͘ϯϵď ϯ͘ϯϮцϭ͘ϭϵĂ ϰ͘ϱϰцϬ͘Ϯϱ ϰϬ͘ϴϳцϬ͘ϱϯ 360 166 162 447 170 Ϭ͘ϵϵϵ Ϭ͘ϯϭϱ Female Male Maleadult Nymphto 3rd instar 3rd pre-pupa pupa Female Male ϵϱ͘ϬϳцϬ͘ϭϴ ϵϳ͘ϮϮцϬ͘ϭϵ ϵϮ͘ϴϲцϬ͘ϯϭĂ ϴϯ͘ϯϯцϰ͘ϰϭ ϴϳ͘ϲϭ a ŽŶƉĞƌƐŝŵŵŽŶ͕ĂƉƉůĞ͕ĂŶĚŐƌĂƉĞůĞĂǀĞƐ͕ĂƚϮϱцϭΣ͕ϭϮ ϱϵϲ 7.00 0.001 1.162 0.001 ͘ϬϱͿĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽdƵŬĞLJƚĞƐƚ͘ ͘ϬϱͿĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽdƵŬĞLJƚĞƐƚ͘ 148 302 137 286 124 116 11.63 6.67 ŽŶƉĞƌƐŝŵŵŽŶ͕ĂƉƉůĞ͕ĂŶĚŐƌĂƉĞůĞĂǀĞƐ͕ĂƚϮϱцϭΣ͕ϭϮ ϭϭ͘ϱϯцϬ͘ϭϴĂ ϭϭ͘ϬϰцϬ͘ϮϳĂ ϭϮцϬ͘ϰϯ ϭϭ͘ϴϬцϬ͘ϯϰĂ ϯ͘ϭϲцϬ Pseudococcus viburni Pseudococcus a Ϭ͘ϵϯϬ Ϭ͘ϯϵϱ 1st instar 1st instar 2nd ϯϵϮ ϯϰ͘ϭϱ Pseudococcus viburni Pseudococcus Female Male Female Male Female Male Maleadult Nymphto < 0.0001< 0.0001 < 0.001 < 0.1270.0001 < 0.0001 < 1st instar 1st instar 1st instar 2nd instar 2nd instar 3rd Pre-pupa

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 331 620 2.218 0.110 ^ĞdžƌĂƟŽ 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 31 Ϭ͘ϲϯцϬ͘ϭϱ ϵϲ͘ϯϴцϬ͘ϳϳ ϵϬ͘ϯϮцϯ͘ϭϯĂď ϵϱ͘ϬϰцϬ͘Ϯϭ ϭϬϬ͘ϬϬ Ϭ͘ϳϲцϬ͘Ϭϵ ϵϱ͘ϭϭцϭ͘ϱϮ ϴϭ͘ϲϳцϯ͘ϵϲď ϵϱ͘ϬϴцϬ͘ϭϵ ϵϱ͘ϯϱц Ϭ͘ϳϬцϬ͘ϭϴ ϵϳ͘ϲϭцϭ͘ϭϳ ϵϯ͘ϲϮцϮ͘ϯϮĂ 2.323 Ϭ͘ϭϭϱ period /ŶĐƵďĂƟŽŶ ϴ͘ϬϲцϬ͘ϲϯ ϭϭ͘ϴϴцϬ͘ϭϰĂ ϳ͘ϲϬцϬ͘ϲϴ ϭϰ͘ϮϵцϬ͘ϮϲĐ ϭϯ͘ϯϮцϬ͘ϯϭď ϵ͘ϴϰцϬ͘Ϯϴď ϭϭ͘ϵϯ ϭϬ͘ϰϬцϬ͘ϵϮ ϭϮ͘ϴϮцϬ͘Ϯϭď ϭϮ͘ϰϲцϬ͘ϯϰĂď ϭϭ͘ϱϱцϬ͘ϯϱĂ ϭϯ͘ϰ ^ĞdžƌĂƟŽĂŶĚƐƵƌǀŝǀŽƌƐŚŝƉ;йͿŽĨ ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĂůƉĞƌŝŽĚ;DĞĂŶц^ŝŶĚĂLJƐͿŽĨ DĞĂŶƐĨŽůůŽǁĞĚďLJƚŚĞƐĂŵĞůĞƩĞƌĂƌĞŶŽƚƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚůLJĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ;WфϬ DĞĂŶƐĨŽůůŽǁĞĚďLJƚŚĞƐĂŵĞůĞƩĞƌĂƌĞŶŽƚƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚůLJĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ;WфϬ a a 2 1 1 2 F df sŝƟƐůĂďƌƵƐĐĂ DĂůƵƐĚŽŵĞƐƟĐĂ Host plant Host P dĂďůĞϮ͘ df Diospyros kaki Diospyros Diospyros kaki Diospyros sŝƟƐůĂďƌƵƐĐĂ df F P df DĂůƵƐĚŽŵĞƐƟĐĂ dĂďůĞϭ͘ Host plant Host WĂĐŚĞĐŽĚĂ^ŝůǀĂĞƚĂů͗͘,ŽƐƚƉůĂŶƚƐĂīĞĐƚƚŚĞďŝŽůŽŐLJŽĨ Pseudococcus viburni 723 dĂďůĞϯ͘ ZĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐ;DĞĂŶƐц^ͿĂŶĚůŽŶŐĞǀŝƚLJ;ĚĂLJƐͿŽĨ Pseudococcus viburni ŽŶƉĞƌƐŝŵŵŽŶ͕ĂƉƉůĞ͕ĂŶĚŐƌĂƉĞůĞĂǀĞƐ͕ĂƚϮϱцϭΣ͕ϭϮ͗ϭϮŚ>͗ ĂŶĚϳϬцϭϬйZ,͘

Longevity WƌĞŽǀŝƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ ZĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ Host plant Fecundity &ĞƌƟůŝƚLJ;йͿ period (d) period (d) Males DĂƩĞĚĨĞŵĂůĞƐ Unmated females Diospyros kaki ϵϯ͘ϱϴцϲ͘ϴϳĂ a ϵϴ͘ϴϰцϬ͘ϴϬ ϭϳ͘ϱϳцϬ͘ϱϵĂ Ϯϰцϭ͘ϯϭď ϲ͘ϬϳцϬ͘ϮϭĂ ϰϮ͘ϯϯцϭ͘ϳϭĂ ϵϭцϮ͘ϯϮĂ DĂůƵƐĚŽŵĞƐƟĐĂ ϯϬ͘ϲϭцϮ͘ϵϮď ϵϮ͘ϰϲцϯ͘Ϭϴ Ϯϯ͘ϴϭцϭ͘ϱϳď ϮϮ͘Ϭϱцϭ͘ϭϬď ϯ͘ϴϱцϬ͘ϰϱď ϰϰ͘ϭϲцϮ͘ϯϭĂ ϭϬϬцϯ͘ϱϭď sŝƟƐůĂďƌƵƐĐĂ ϴϯ͘ϵϬцϲ͘ϴϭĂ ϵϵ͘ϭϭцϬ͘Ϯϯ ϮϮ͘ϭϰцϭ͘Ϭϵď ϯϭ͘ϳϳцϬ͘ϵϮĂ ϰ͘ϴϳцϬ͘ϮϮď ϱϰ͘ϴϰцϭ͘ϮϮϳď ϭϬϯ͘ϭϱцϯ͘ϲϰď F 31.84 ϱ͘ϭϬ ϭϭ͘ϭϱϰ ϭϰ͘ϱϵϴ ϭϰ͘ϴϱϰ 13.80 3.702 df 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 df 2 78 78 64 ϱϱ 61 64 ϭϱϯ P < 0.0001 0.008 < 0.0001 0.001 0.0001 < 0.0001 0.027

aDĞĂŶƐĨŽůůŽǁĞĚďLJƚŚĞƐĂŵĞůĞƩĞƌĂƌĞŶŽƚƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚůLJĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ;WфϬ͘ϬϱͿĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽdƵŬĞLJƚĞƐƚ͘

ůƚŚŽƵŐŚĂƉƉůĞůĞĂǀĞƐĚŝĚŶŽƚŐŝǀĞƚŚĞďĞƐƚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĨŽƌ P. viburni ŽƌŐĞƐĚĂ^ŝůǀĂ͕DĞŶĚĞů͕&ƌĂŶĐŽ:͘ϮϬϭϬ͘ĂŶĨĂĐƵůƚĂƟǀĞƉĂƌƚŚĞŶŽŐĞŶĞƐŝƐ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĂŶĚƌĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͕ƚŚĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƚŚĞĐƵůƟǀĂƌ͚&Ƶũŝ^Ƶ - ŽĐĐƵƌŝŶďŝƉĂƌĞŶƚĂůŵĞĂůLJďƵŐƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ͍WŚLJƚŽƉĂƌĂƐŝƟĐĂϯϴ͗ϭϵʹϮϭ͘ ƉƌĞŵĂ͛ ŵĂLJ ďĞ ƌĞůĂƚĞĚ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ůŽǁ ĨĞĐƵŶĚŝƚLJ ŽďƐĞƌǀĞĚ ŚĞƌĞ͘ KŶ ƚŚĞ ŽƌŐĞƐĚĂ^ŝůǀĂ͕DŽƵĐŽ:͕ŶƚƵŶĞƐZ͕DĞŶĚĞů͕&ƌĂŶĐŽ:͘ϮϬϬϵ͘DĂƚĞůŽĐĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚƐĞdžƵĂůŵĂƚƵƌŝƚLJŽĨĂĚƵůƚŵĂůĞŵĞĂůLJďƵŐƐ͗ŶĂƌƌŽǁǁŝŶĚŽǁŽĨŽƉƉŽƌƚƵ - ͚<ƌŝƉƉƐƌĞĚ͛ĐƵůƟǀĂƌĂŚŝŐŚĞƌĨĞĐƵŶĚŝƚLJĂŶĚƐŚŽƌƚĞƌƉƌĞͲŽǀŝƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƉĞ - ŶŝƚLJŝŶĂƐŚŽƌƚůŝĨĞƟŵĞ͕ƉƉ͘ϯʹϵ In Pheromones and other semiochemicals in ƌŝŽĚǁĂƐŽďƐĞƌǀĞĚ;DƵĚĂǀĂŶŚƵϮϬϬϵͿ͘/ŶĂƉƉůĞĐƌŽƉƐŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ /ŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚWƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͕>ƵŶĚ͕^ǁĞĚĞŶ͕ϵʹϭϰ^ĞƉϮϬϬϳ͘/KtWZ^Ƶůůϰϭ͘ P. viburni ƵƐƵĂůůLJƉƌĞĨĞƌƐŚŝĚĚĞŶůŽĐĂƟŽŶƐƵŶĚĞƌŶĞĂƚŚƚŚĞďĂƌŬ͕ĐƌĂĐŬƐ͕ ĂĚĠĞE͕sĂŶůƉŚĞŶ::D͘ϭϵϵϳ͘,ŽƐƚƐĞůĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚƐĞdžĂůůŽĐĂƟŽŶŝŶ Leptomas- and crevices of trunks and old stems as a site for feeding and develop- ƟĚĞĂĂďŶŽƌŵŝƐ , a parasitoid of the citrus mealybug Planococcus citri . Ento- ŵŽůŽŐŝĂdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůŝƐĞƚƉƉůŝĐĂƚĂϴϯ͗ϮϳϳʹϮϴϰ͘ ŵĞŶƚ͕ŵŝŐƌĂƟŶŐƚŽƚŚĞůĞĂǀĞƐĂŶĚĨƌƵŝƚƐŽŶůLJŝŶůĂƚĞƐĞĂƐŽŶ;DƵĚĂǀĂŶŚƵ Casco Mila MN. 2012. Pseudococcus ƐƉ͘ƉƌſdžŝŵŽĂ sociabilis (Hemiptera: Pseu- ϮϬϬϵͿ͘dŽďĞƩĞƌƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚƚŚŝƐĞīĞĐƚ͕ŵŽƌĞƐƚƵĚŝĞƐǁŝƚŚŽƚŚĞƌĂƉƉůĞ dococcidae): desarrolo estacional y determinación de momentos más apro- ĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĚŽŶĞ͘/ŶƐŽƵƚŚĞƌŶƌĂnjŝů͕ƚŚĞŵŽƐƚŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĂƉƉůĞ ƉŝĂĚŽƐƉĂƌĂĞůĐŽŶƚƌŽůĞŶŵĂŶnjĂŶŽƐLJƉĞƌĂůĞƐ͘hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝĚĂĚĚĞůĂZĞƉƷďůŝĐĂ͘ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƌĞŐŝŽŶŝŶƚŚĞĐŽƵŶƚƌLJ;&ĂĐŚŝŶĞůůŽĞƚĂů͘ϮϬϭϭͿ͕ŵĞĂůLJďƵŐƐ 73 p. ĂƌĞŶŽƚŽŌĞŶŽďƐĞƌǀĞĚŝŶĂƉƉůĞŽƌĐŚĂƌĚƐ͕ďƵƚƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĐŽŶĐĞƌŶĂďŽƵƚ ŚĂƌůĞƐ:'͘ϮϬϭϭ͘hƐŝŶŐƉĂƌĂƐŝƚŽŝĚƐƚŽŝŶĨĞƌĂŶĂƟǀĞƌĂŶŐĞĨŽƌƚŚĞŽďƐĐƵƌĞŵĞĂůLJ - bug, Pseudococcus viburni ͕ŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚŵĞƌŝĐĂ͘ŝŽŽŶƚƌŽůϱϲ͗ϭϱϱʹϭϲϭ͘ the emergence of mealybugs pests in this crop due to its importance in ŚŽŶŐ:͕KĞƫŶŐZ͕sĂŶ/ĞƌƐĞůDt͘ϮϬϬϯ͘dĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽŶƚŚĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉ - neighboring countries, such as Uruguay (Casco Mila 2012). Our results ŵĞŶƚ͕ƐƵƌǀŝǀĂů͕ĂŶĚƌĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞDĂĚĞŝƌĂŵĞĂůLJďƵŐ͕ Phenacoccus ƐŚŽǁƚŚĂƚ͚&Ƶũŝ^ƵƉƌĞŵĂ͛ŵĂLJŶŽƚďĞĂƐƵŝƚĂďůĞŚŽƐƚĨŽƌ P. viburni , but madeirensis Green (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), on Chrysanthemum . An- it can complete its development and reproduce when fed on apple ŶĂůƐŽĨƚŚĞŶƚŽŵŽůŽŐŝĐĂů^ŽĐŝĞƚLJŽĨŵĞƌŝĐĂϵϲ͗ϱϯϵʹϱϰϯ͘ ŝĂŵƉŽůŝŶŝD͕>ƵƉŝ͕^ƺƐƐ>͘ϮϬϬϮ͘ Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret) (Hemiptera: leaves in the laboratory. Thus, we should not discard the hypothesis ŽĐĐŽŝĚĞĂͿŶŽĐŝǀŽŝŶĨƌƵƫĐŽůƚƵƌĂŶĞůů͛/ƚĂůŝĂĐĞŶƚƌĂůĞ͘ŽůůĞƫŶŽĚŝŽŽůŽŐŝĂ that P. viburni may eventually become a pest of apple. ŐƌĂƌŝĂĞĚŝĂĐŚŝĐŽůƚƵƌĂϯϰ͗ϵϳʹϭϬϴ͘ Besides the importance of P. viburni in South American vineyards, ŽĐĐŽ͕DĂƌƌĂƐWD͕DƵƐĐĂƐ͕DƵƌĂ͕>ĞŶƟŶŝ͘ϮϬϭϰ͘sĂƌŝĂƟŽŶŽĨůŝĨĞͲŚŝƐƚŽƌLJ the ability of this species to develop and reproduce on apple and persim- parameters of WůĂŶŽĐŽĐĐƵƐĮĐƵƐ (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in response mon leaves suggests that it is a threat to fruit crops grown in this region. ƚŽ ŐƌĂƉĞǀŝŶĞ ŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶ ĨĞƌƟůŝnjĂƟŽŶ͘ :ŽƵƌŶĂů ŽĨ ƉƉůŝĞĚ ŶƚŽŵŽůŽŐLJ ϭϯϵ͗ ϱϭϵʹϱϮϴ͘ With rapid development and high survival rates, P. viburni can cause sig- ŽƌƌĞĂD'͕'ĞƌŵĂŝŶ:Ͳ&͕DĂůĂƵƐĂd͕ĂǀŝĞnjŽd͘ϮϬϭϮ͘DŽůĞĐƵůĂƌĂŶĚŵŽƌƉŚŽ - ŶŝĮĐĂŶƚĚĂŵĂŐĞƚŽŵĂŶLJĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĂůůLJŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĐƌŽƉƐ͘/ĨƚŚĞĞĐŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ůŽŐŝĐĂů ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŵĞĂůLJďƵŐƐ ;,ĞŵŝƉƚĞƌĂ͗ WƐĞƵĚŽĐŽĐĐŝĚĂĞͿ ĨƌŽŵ ĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐĂƌĞƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ͕ĂĨĞŵĂůĞ P. viburni can complete its development ŚŝůĞĂŶǀŝŶĞLJĂƌĚƐ͘ƵůůĞƟŶŽĨŶƚŽŵŽůŽŐŝĐĂůZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚϭϬϮ͗ϱϮϰʹϱϯϬ͘ in about a month, and produce up to 200 eggs. Knowledge of the biol- ŽƌƌĞĂD'͕>ŽŵďĂĞƌƚ͕DĂůĂƵƐĂd͕ƌŽĐŚĂƌĚ͕ůǀĞĂƌ͕ĂǀŝĞnjŽd͕&ĞƌƌĂŶ WĂůĞƌŽ͘ϮϬϭϱ͘DĞĂůLJďƵŐƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĨƌŽŵŚŝůĞĂŶĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂůůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞƐĂŶĚ ogy of an insect pest is important for improving programs for pest man- ŵĂŝŶĨĂĐƚŽƌƐŝŶŇƵĞŶĐŝŶŐƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƟĐƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨ Pseudococcus viburni . Sci- ĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͕ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐƚŚĞƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶĞŵĞƌŐĞŶĐĞĂŶĚĂďƵŶĚĂŶĐĞ͕ĂŶĚĨŽƌ ĞŶƟĮĐZĞƉŽƌƚƐϱ͗ϭʹϭϬ͘ ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐƚŚĞƟŵŝŶŐŽĨŝŶƐĞĐƟĐŝĚĞĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ͕ƌĞůĞĂƐĞŽĨŶĂƚƵƌĂůĞŶ - ĂĂŶĞ͕^ĨŽƌnjĂZ͕tĂůƚŽŶsD͕ĂǀŝĞnjŽd͘ϮϬϭϮ͘ŝŽůŽŐLJĂŶĚŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ŽĨŵĞĂůLJďƵŐƐŝŶǀŝŶĞLJĂƌĚƐ͕ƉƉ͘ϮϳϭʹϯϬϲ In ŽƐƚĂŶŝĂŶE:͕sŝŶĐĞŶƚ͕/ƐĂĂĐƐ Z΀ĚƐ͘΁͕ƌƚŚƌŽƉŽĚDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚŝŶsŝŶĞLJĂƌĚƐ͘^ƉƌŝŶŐĞƌEĞƚŚĞƌůĂŶĚƐ͕Žƌ - drecht, The Netherlands. ĐŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐŵĞŶƚƐ ĂĂŶĞ͕dƌŝĂƉŝƚƐLJŶ^s͕tĂůƚŽŶsD͕zŽŬŽƚĂ'z͕,ĂǀŝůĂŶĚZ͕ĞŶƚ - ůĞLJt:͕'ŽĚĨƌĞLJ<͕tƵŶĚĞƌůŝĐŚ>Z͘ϮϬϬϴ͘sŝŶĞLJĂƌĚŵĂŶĂŐĞƌƐĂŶĚƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ - tĞĂƌĞŐƌĂƚĞĨƵůƚŽsĂŶŝĂDĂƌŝĂ^ŐĂŶnjĞƌůĂŵďƌŽƐŝĂŶĚƚŚĞĞŶƟƌĞ ĞƌƐƐĞĞŬƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŵĞĂůLJďƵŐƐ͕ĂĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐƉĞƐƚĐŽŵƉůĞdž;ďͿ͘ team from the Laboratory of Entomology of Embrapa Uva e Vinho ĂůŝĨŽƌŶŝĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞϲϮ͗ϭϲϳʹϭϳϲ͘ ĂƉŽƚŽ'>͕KůĂǀĞ͕ŽŶĚŽŶŝD͕'ŝŐĂŶƟ,͘ϮϬϭϭ͘KďƐĐƵƌĞŵĞĂůLJďƵŐ; Pseudo- ĨŽƌƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ͖ƚŽ:ĞĂŶͲ&ƌĂŶĕŽŝƐ'ĞƌŵĂŝŶĨƌŽŵE^^ĨŽƌŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐƚŚĞ coccus viburni ) in pear trees in the Alto Valle of Rio Negro and Neuquen, mealybug and other valuable help; and to CAPES - Coordenação de ƌŐĞŶƟŶĂ͘ĐƚĂ,ŽƌƟĐƵůƚƵƌĂϵϬϵ͗ϰϵϳʹϱϬϰ͘ Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior for the scholarship &ĂĐŚŝŶĞůůŽ:͕WĂƐĂDĚĂ^͕^ĐŚŵŝƟnj:͕ĞƚĞŵƉƐ>͘ϮϬϭϭ͘^ŝƚƵĂĕĆŽĞƉĞƌƐƉĞĐ - ĂǁĂƌĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĮƌƐƚĂƵƚŚŽƌ͘ ƟǀĂƐĚĂĨƌƵƟĐƵůƚƵƌĂĚĞĐůŝŵĂƚĞŵƉĞƌĂĚŽŶŽƌĂƐŝů͘ZĞǀŝƐƚĂƌĂƐŝůĞŝƌĂĚĞ&ƌƵ - ƟĐƵůƚƵƌĂ͗ϭϬϵʹϭϮϬ͘ &ƌĂŶĐŽ:͕ĂĚĂ͕DĞŶĚĞů͘ϮϬϬϵ͘EŽǀĞůĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐĨŽƌƚŚĞŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨ ŵĞĂůLJďƵŐƉĞƐƚƐ͕ƉƉ͘ϮϯϯʹϮϳϴ In /ƐŚĂĂLJĂ/͕,ŽƌŽǁŝƚnjZ΀ĚƐ͘΁͕ŝŽƌĂƟŽŶĂů ZĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐŝƚĞĚ ŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨƌƚŚƌŽƉŽĚWĞƐƚƐ͘^ƉƌŝŶŐĞƌEĞƚŚĞƌůĂŶĚƐ͕ŽƌĚƌĞĐŚƚ͕dŚĞEĞƚŚĞƌ - lands. ĞƩĞŶĐŽƵƌƚ^y͕^ŝŵƁĞƐD͘ϮϬϬϴ͘ŝŽĞĐŽůŽŐLJŽĨ Pseudococcus viburni in the 'ĂƌĐŝĂDŽƌĂůĞƐD͕ĞŶŶŽ͕DŝůůĞƌZ͕DŝůůĞƌ'>͕ĞŶͲŽǀz͕,ĂƌĚLJE͘ϮϬϭϳ͘ njŽƌĞƐ͕ƉƉ͘ϮϱϭʹϮϱϮ In WƌŽĐĞĞĚŝŶŐƐŽĨy//ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů^LJŵƉŽƐŝƵŵŽŶ^ĐĂůĞ ^ĐĂůĞEĞƚ͗ĂůŝƚĞƌĂƚƵƌĞͲďĂƐĞĚŵŽĚĞůŽĨƐĐĂůĞŝŶƐĞĐƚďŝŽůŽŐLJĂŶĚƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐƐ͘ /ŶƐĞĐƚ^ƚƵĚŝĞƐ͕KĞŝƌĂƐ͕WŽƌƚƵŐĂů͕ϮϰʹϮϳ^ĞƉϮϬϬϳ͘ ǁǁǁ͘ƐĐĂůĞŶĞƚ͘ŝŶĨŽ;ůĂƐƚĂĐĐĞƐƐĞĚϭϵ:ƵůϮϬϭϳͿ͘ 724 2017 — Florida Entomologist — Volume 100, No. 4

'ĞŝŐĞƌ͕ĂĂŶĞK^KEϵ͗ϭʹϭϯ͘ 301. ZĞƚĂŵĂůĞƐ:͕^ĞƉƷůǀĞĚĂ:͘ϮϬϭϭ͘&ƌƵŝƚƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŝŶŚŝůĞ͗ďƌŝŐŚƚƉĂƐƚ͕ƵŶĐĞƌ - 'ŽůŝŶŽ͕^ŝŵ^d͕'ŝůůZ͕ZŽǁŚĂŶŝ͘ϮϬϬϮ͘ĂůŝĨŽƌŶŝĂŵĞĂůLJďƵŐƐĐĂŶƐƉƌĞĂĚ ƚĂŝŶĨƵƚƵƌĞ͘ZĞǀŝƐƚĂƌĂƐŝůĞŝƌĂĚĞŶƚŽŵŽůŽŐŝĂ͗ϭϳϯʹϭϳϴ͘ ŐƌĂƉĞǀŝŶĞůĞĂĨƌŽůůĚŝƐĞĂƐĞ͘ĂůŝĨŽƌŶŝĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞϱϲ͗ϭϵϲʹϮϬϭ͘ ^ĐŚŽŽŶŚŽǀĞŶ͕>D͕sĂŶ>ŽŽŶ::͕ŝĐŬĞD͘ϮϬϬϱ͘/ŶƐĞĐƚWůĂŶƚŝŽůŽŐLJ͘KdžĨŽƌĚ͕ 'ƌŝŵĞƐt͕ŽŶĞtt͘ϭϵϴϱ͘ŽŶƚƌŽůŽĨƚŚĞŐƌĂƉĞŵĞĂůLJďƵŐ Pseudococcus mari- KdžĨŽƌĚhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJWƌĞƐƐ͕KdžĨŽƌĚ͕hŶŝƚĞĚ<ŝŶŐĚŽŵ͘ϰϮϭƉ͘ ƟŵƵƐ ͕;,Žŵ͗͘WƐĞƵĚŽĐŽĐĐŝĚĂĞͿŽŶĐŽŶĐŽƌĚŐƌĂƉĞŝŶtĂƐŚŝŶŐƚŽŶ͘:ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨ tĂůƚŽŶsD͕WƌŝŶŐůĞ<>͘ϮϬϬϱ͘ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĂůďŝŽůŽŐLJŽĨǀŝŶĞŵĞĂůLJďƵŐ͕ Pla- ŶƚŽŵŽůŽŐŝĐĂů^ŽĐŝĞƚLJŽĨƌŝƟƐŚŽůƵŵďŝĂϴϮ͗ϯʹϴ͘ nococcus ĮĐƵƐ (Signoret) (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae), and its parasitoid /ƌĂĐŚĞƚĂD^K͘ϮϬϬϰ͘dĂdžŽŶŽŵşĂLJŽďƐĞƌǀĂĐŝŽŶĞƐďŝŽůſŐŝĐĂƐĚĞůĐŚĂŶĐŚŝƚŽďůĂŶ - Coccidoxenoides permitus ;dŝŵďĞƌůĂŬĞͿ;,LJŵĞŶŽƉƚĞƌĂ͗ŶĐLJƌƟĚĂĞͿ͘ĨƌŝĐĂŶ co de los frutales, Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococ- ŶƚŽŵŽůŽŐLJϭϯ͗ϭϰϯʹϭϰϳ͘ ĐŝĚĂĞͿ͘hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝĚĂĚĚĞŚŝůĞ͘ϴϱƉ͘ tĂƚĞƌǁŽƌƚŚZ͕DŝůůĂƌ:'͘ϮϬϭϮ͘ZĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞďŝŽůŽŐLJŽĨPseudococcus ŵĂƌŝƟ - DƵĚĂǀĂŶŚƵW͘ϮϬϬϵ͘ŶŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶŝŶƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚƉĞƐƚŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨ mus ;,ĞŵŝƉƚĞƌĂ͗WƐĞƵĚŽĐŽĐĐŝĚĂĞͿ͘,ŽƌƟĐƵůƚƵƌĂůŶƚŽŵŽůŽŐLJϭϬϱ͗ϵϰϵʹϵϱϲ͘ the obscure mealybug, Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseu- tĂƚĞƌǁŽƌƚŚZ͕tƌŝŐŚƚ/D͕DŝůůĂƌ:'͘ϮϬϭϭ͘ZĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞďŝŽůŽŐLJŽĨƚŚƌĞĞĐŽƐ - dococcidae), in pome fruit orchards in the Western Cape Province, South mopolitan mealybug (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) species, Pseudococcus ĨƌŝĐĂ͘hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJŽĨ^ƚĞůůĞŶďŽƐĐŚ͘ϵϲƉ͘ longispinus , Pseudococcus viburni , and WůĂŶŽĐŽĐĐƵƐĮĐƵƐ . Annals of the En- EĂŝĚƵZ͕ZŽǁŚĂŶŝ͕&ƵĐŚƐD͕'ŽůŝŶŽ͕DĂƌƚĞůůŝ'W͘ϮϬϭϰ͘'ƌĂƉĞǀŝŶĞůĞĂĨƌŽůů͗ ƚŽŵŽůŽŐŝĐĂů^ŽĐŝĞƚLJŽĨŵĞƌŝĐĂϭϬϰ͗ϮϰϵʹϮϲϬ͘ ĂĐŽŵƉůĞdžǀŝƌĂůĚŝƐĞĂƐĞĂīĞĐƟŶŐĂŚŝŐŚͲǀĂůƵĞĨƌƵŝƚĐƌŽƉ͘WůĂŶƚŝƐĞĂƐĞϵϴ͗ tŝůůŝĂŵƐ :͕ 'ƌĂŶĂƌĂ ĚĞ tŝůůŝŶŬ D͘ ϭϵϵϮ͘ DĞĂůLJďƵŐƐ ŽĨ ĞŶƚƌĂů ĂŶĚ ^ŽƵƚŚ ϭϭϳϮʹϭϭϴϱ͘ ŵĞƌŝĐĂ͘/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů͕tĂůůŝŶŐĨŽƌĚ͕hŶŝƚĞĚ<ŝŶŐĚŽŵ͘ϲϯϱƉ͘

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