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Gonzalez Et Al. 2017 602 NATURAL HISTORY NOTES that of the other ducks in the flock. After two hours, all the ducks flew away. Unfortunately, I do not know the fate of the duck in this observa- tion. Nonetheless, it is interesting that the duck was able to consume the newt, and that it did not exhibit symptoms of poisoning for at least two hours. Birds, including A. platyrhynchos, are reported to be highly susceptible to the toxin of T. granulosa (Storm 1948. Her- petology of Benton Co., Oregon. Ph.D. Thesis, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis. 280 pp.; Brodie 1968. Copeia 1968:307–313; Mobley and Stidham 2000. Wilson Bull. 112:563–564). Indeed, the only existing account of duck predation on T. granulosa relates an observation of a female A. platyrhynchos found dead with an adult male T. granu- losa in its crop (Storm, op. cit.). Existing data suggest that, were the duck affected by the newt’s poison, 15 min. is a sufficient interval in which to exhibit symptoms, particularly given the rapid meta- bolic rate of ducks and the relatively short time required to induce symptoms in much larger animals (Brodie, op. cit.; Bradley and FIG. 2. Ctenus sp. preying on a juvenile Adenomera hylaedactyla. Klika 1981. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 246:247; Rombough 2008. Herpetol. Rev. 39:336). Although regional variation in newt toxicity has been consuming frogs (Prado and Borgo 2003. Herpetol. Rev. 34:238– documented (Brodie and Brodie 1990. Evolution 44:651–659; Brodie 239; Toledo 2005. Herpetol. Rev. 36:395–400; Melo-Sampaio and Brodie 1991. Evolution 45:221–224), the reported susceptibil- et al. 2012. Herpetol. Rev. 43:636–637). At 2311 h on 5 August ity of birds suggests that the A. platyrhynchos would be expected to 2011 an adult Adenomera hylaedactyla was found being preyed show some symptoms of poisoning, even at relatively low levels of upon by an Ancylometes rufus in leaf litter (Fig. 1). Five minutes toxicity. Why this one did not is puzzling. It is also puzzling that the later, another spider (Ctenus sp.) was observed preying upon a newt’s noxious skin secretions did not repel the duck. It may be that juvenile A. hylaedactyla (Fig. 2). Both predation events occurred dipping the T. granulosa in the water was the duck’s attempt to rinse in a small forest fragment in Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil (9.911880°S, off these skin secretions, though this is speculation on my part. 67.767382°W, WGS 84; 173 m elev.). At the time of the observation, This observation adds to a growing body of literature that the spiders were immobilizing the frogs by biting on either side suggests amphibians might be seasonally important food sourc- of the body with their chelicerae and injecting venom into the es for ducks, particularly during periods of high protein need lateral portion near the groin. Our observations lasted 30 minutes (Wells 2007. Ecology and Behavior of Amphibians. University of using white headlamps. We did not observe any resistance or Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois. 1400 pp.; Rombough and Brad- fight behavior by the frogs, possibly due to the quick effect of the ley 2010. Herpetol. Rev. 41:203), an aspect of the birds’ life history spiders’ toxins. that might have been overlooked because of the timing and loca- PAULO ROBERTO MELO-SAMPAIO, Departamento de Vertebrados, tion of many previous studies of A. platyrhynchos diet. Museu Nacional, Quinta da Boa Vista – São Cristóvão – CEP: 20140-040, Rio I thank Michael O’Loughlin for reviewing this note. de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (e-mail: [email protected]); LO- CHRIS ROMBOUGH, Rombough Biological, P.O. Box 365, Aurora, RENA CORINA BEZERRA DE LIMA, Laboratório de Ecologia e Evolução, Oregon 97002, USA; e-mail: [email protected]. Instituto Butantan, Av. Dr. Vital Brazil, 1500 – Butantã – CEP: 05503-900 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (e-mail: [email protected]); ANURA — FROGS JÚNIOR MARCOS LIMA MACIEL, (e-mail: [email protected]); CAMILA MONTEIRO BRAGA DE OLIVEIRA, (e-mail: camila.mbo@gmail. ADENOMERA HYLAEDACTYLA (Napo Tropical Bullfrog). com); RAELLEN DA SILVA MOURA, União Educacional do Norte, BR 364 PREDATION. There are many published accounts of Giant Km 02 – Alameda Hungria, 200 – Jardim Europa II – CEP: 69.915-497, Rio Fishing Spiders (Ancylometes rufus) and other ctenid spiders Branco, Acre, Brazil (e-mail: [email protected]). ATELOPUS CARRIKERI (Guajira Stubfoot Toad) and ATELOPUS LAETISSIMUS (Santa Marta Harlequin Frog). INTERSPECIFIC AMPLEXUS. Amphibian reproduction is linked to the commu- nication strategies and the acoustic, visual, and chemical signals produced by breeding pairs (Bowcock et al. 2008. Anim. Behav. 75:1571–1579; Wells 2010. The Ecology and Behavior of Amphib- ians. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois. 1400 pp.). However, signals do not always guarantee intraspecific mating (Wells 2010, op. cit.). Here, we report the first observation of in- terspecific amplexus between Atelopus carrikeri and A. laetis- simus, two amphibian species endemic to the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia (SNSM). The SNSM is an isolated moun- tain range located on the northeastern Caribbean coast of Co- lombia. The SNSM National Park boasts extremely high levels of biodiversity and endemism and was recently ranked the world’s most irreplaceable protected site (Le Saout et al. 2013. Science FIG. 1. Ancylometes rufus preying on an adult Adenomera hylaedactyla. 342:803–805). Herpetological Review 48(3), 2017 NATURAL HISTORY NOTES 603 Atelopus carrikeri inhabits paramo ecosystems at high eleva- to reported hybridizations between Rhinella atacamensis and tions between 2900 and 4800 m elev. (Rueda-Solano 2012. Her- R. arunco (Correa et al. 2012. J. Herpetol. 46:568–577). However, petotropicos 8:61–66; Rueda-Solano et al. 2016. J. Therm. Biol. we are not certain hybridization will happen. Our new finding of 58:91–98), whereas A. laetissimus inhabits cloud forests and is the amplexus between interspecific Bufonids accompanies other usually found at lower elevations of 1500–2800 m elev. (Ruiz-Car- similar records within the family (Haddad et al. 1990. Rev. Bras. ranza et al. 1994. Revista Acad. Colomb. Ci. Exact. 19:153–163). Biol. 50:739–744; Machado and Bernarde 2011. Herpetol. Notes The species are listed as Critically Endangered and Endan- 4:167–169; Correa et al. 2012, op. cit.; Flores-Hernández and Mar- gered, respectively (http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010- tínez-Coronel 2014. Acta Zool. Mex. 30:395–398; Sodré et al. 2014. 2.RLTS.T54496A11143667.en; http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN. Herpetol. Notes. 7:287–288; Costa-Campos et al. 2016. Acta Zool. UK.2014-3.RLTS.T54519A3015811.en; 27 April 2017). Mex. 32:385–386). Nonetheless, this finding could have important We recorded interspecific amplexus between a male A. car- conservation implications for Atelopus populations in the SNSM. rikeri and female A. laetissimus (Fig. 1) at 2130 h on 20 June 2016, in cloud forest at a location locally known as the Pascual stream, in San Pedro de la Sierra, in the Cebolletas mountain range on the western slope of the SNSM, Cienaga, Colombia (10.91944°N, 73.93056°W, WGS 84; 2000 m elev.). During our two-day field expedition, we recorded a reproductive event of A. laetissimus, with more than 20 observations of intraspecific A. laetissimus amplexus (Fig. 2). We easily recognized the male A. carrikeri due to its smooth skin with bright coloring and big size with sturdy limbs, and darkened iris; which is very different than male A. la- etissimus. We are uncertain how this amplexus occurred since they are usually allopatric, utilizing different ecosystems in the SNSM. However, a plausible hypothesis is that the Pascual stream begins in the paramo and crosses a large part of the Cebolletas moun- tain range until it reaches the Sevilla river. This path creates zones of contact between the paramo and forested ecosystems, which would allow for A. carrikeri individuals to disperse into the distri- FIG. 1. Interspecific amplexus between a male Atelopus carrikeri (top) butional limits of A. laetissimus. This potential corridor may allow and a female Atelopus laetissimus (bottom) from Pascual stream, for the occurrences of interspecific amplexus between these two 2200 m cloud forest, during the reproductive season in June 2016, in Atelopus species. The result of this amplexus may be the hybrid- the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. ization or introgression of genes between the two species, similar FIG. 2. Multiple intraspecific amplexus between conspecific Atelopus laetissimus encountered in the Pascual stream, in San Pedro de la Sierra, during 20–21 June 2016, in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. Herpetological Review 48(3), 2017 604 NATURAL HISTORY NOTES JOSÉ LUIS PÉREZ GONZÁLEZ, Grupo de Investigación en Ecología Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, University del Magdalena, Santa Marta, Colombia (e-mail: [email protected]); NICO- LETTE ROACH, Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Ecological Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA; Global Wildlife Conservation, PO Box 129, Austin, Texas 78767, USA (e-mail: nroach@ tamu.edu); LUIS ALBERTO RUEDA SOLANO, Grupo de Investigación en Ecología Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, University of Magdalena, Santa Marta, Colombia; Grupo Biomics, Facultad de Ciencias, University de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia (e-mail: [email protected]). ATELOPUS SPUMARIUS (Pebas Stubfoot Toad). BEHAVIOR. Un- like the iconic Central American Atelopus species, little is known about the behavior of Amazonian Atelopus species. During field work in Amazonia I was able to observe and film, to my knowl- FIG. 1. Barycholos ternetzi being preyed upon by an Ancylometes con- edge, previously undescribed behavior of A. spumarius sensu color in the municipality of João Pinheiro, Minas Gerais, Brazil. lato (Lötters et al. 2002. Salamandra 38:95–104) in three different individuals of two different populations, one on each side of the Amapari River near the village of Serra do Navio, Amapá, Brazil especially as the origin of the liquid cannot be stated with cer- (A: at 1120 h on 6 April 2016 at 0.9426000°N, 51.9437667°W, 108 m tainty.
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