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[email protected] CANBERRA ACT 0200 AUSTRALIA USE OF THESES This copy is supplied for purposes of private study and research only. Passages from the thesis may not be copied or closely paraphrased without the written consent of the author. THE AUSTRALIAN CHURCHES IN THE GREAT WAR ATTITUDES AND ACTIVITIES OF THE MAJOR CHURCHES by Michael McKernan A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Australian National University February 1975 This thesis is my own work Michael McKernan Ill CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v ABBREVIATIONS vi A NOTE ON TERMS vii INTRODUCTION ix CHAPTER 1 Churches in 1914 1 CHAPTER 2 August 1914 31 CHAPTER 3 Chaplains and the A.I .P. 54 CHAPTER 4 'These Glorious Days' January-June 1915 84 CHAPTER 5 The Failure of Recruiting 106 CHAPTER 6 Priorities 129 CHAPTER 7 The Conscription Years 155 CHAPTER 8 The Chaplain the Soldier and Religion 184 CHAPTER 9 Pacifists 208 CHAPTER 10 Peace 229 CHAPTER 11 Epilogue and Conclusion 253 APPENDICES 267 BIBLIOGRAPHY 309 ABSTRACT Australian churchmen accepted war when it came in August 1914 and sought to explain it to the Australian people. Their explanation relied on the belief that God could only permit what was ultimately good. They expected the war to convince the people that faith in material progress was inadequate and hoped that they would turn to faith in God.