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Anglicanism, Anti-Communism and Cold War Australia

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Anglicanism, Anti-Communism and Cold War Australia Anglicanism, Anti-communism and Cold War Australia Doris LeRoy School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Education and Human Development, Victoria University September 2010 Doctor of Philosophy Declaration "I, Doris LeRoy, declare that the PhD thesis entitled Anglicanism, Anti-communism and Cold War Australia, is no more than 100,000 words in length including quotes and exclusive of tables, figures, appendices, bibliography, references and footnotes. This thesis contains no material that has been submitted previously, in whole or in part, for the award of any other academic degree or diploma. Except where otherwise indicated, this thesis is my own work". Signature Date: 07/09/2010 Abstract The influence of the Anglican Church within Australia during the 1950s has received insufficient historical analysis, especially given its predominant numerical strength amongst Australian churches at that time. This thesis will rectify that oversight. The Anglican Communion worldwide exerted a singular ability to sway its adherents to follow the resolutions of the Lambeth Conferences, which were attended by the international hierarchy. Australian archbishops and bishops closely adhered to the deliberations of the Lambeth Conference in 1948. Subsequently, the Communion, under the leadership of Archbishop Fisher, adopted a decidedly conservative and anti-communist stance. The visits of Dean Hewlett Johnson, Queen Elizabeth II and Dr Billy Graham throughout the 1950s saw the reinforcement of that stance. The next Lambeth Conference, in 1958, displayed a realisation that some form of negotiation with the communist nations was necessary to circumvent nuclear war. It will be demonstrated that the hierarchy of the Anglican Church in Australia, and that of some laity, did not support this understanding. The thesis also traces, through church papers and observations of clergy, the increasingly close relationship between the Episcopal Church in America and the Australian church. By the end of the 1950s, the significant challenges faced by the Anglican Church had resulted in a diminution of its influence and numerical superiority, and a need to re-evaluate its position in Australian society. Anglicanism, Anti-communism and Cold War Australia Table of Contents Page No. Abbreviations ii Acknowledgements v Synopsis 1 Chapter 1 Contestations in Anglican history before the 1950s 3 Chapter 2 1950: Anglicans and the Peace Congress 32 Chapter 3 Anglican Establishment reactions to communism in Australia 73 Chapter 4 Reinforcing British hegemony in Australia: The Royal Visit of 1954 113 Chapter 5 The Church negotiates a heightened Cold War, 1954 – 1959 146 Chapter 6 1959: 'God's Super-salesman' and another Peace Congress. 220 Conclusion 271 Bibliography 277 i Abbreviations ABC Australian Broadcasting Commission ACC Australian Council of Churches ACR Australian Church Record ACQ Australian Church Quarterly ALP Australian Labor Party AMA American Medical Association APC Australian Peace Council ASIO Australian Security Intelligence Organisation ASCM Australian Student Christian Movement BBC British Broadcasting Commission BGEA Billy Graham Evangelistic Association BSL Brotherhood of St Laurence CAA Community Aid Abroad CACC Christian Anti-Communist Crusade CBS Columbia Broadcasting System CCIA Commission of the Churches on International Affairs CEB Counter Espionage Bureau CEMS Church of England Men's Society CICD Congress for International Co-operation and Disarmament CIS Commonwealth Investigation Service CMF Citizens Military Forces CMS Church Missionary Society ii CPA Communist Party (of Australia) CPD Commonwealth Parliamentary Debates CPSU Communist Party of the Soviet Union CWIHP Cold War International History Project Virtual Archive DLP Democratic Labor Party DPRK Democratic People's Republic of Korea EU Evangelical Union FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation GBRE General Board of Religious Education GFS Girls Friendly Society GGS Geelong Grammar School HUAC House Un-American Activities Committee KGB Committee for State Security – Russia KPA Korean People's Army MCG Melbourne Cricket Ground MCEGGS Melbourne Church of England Girls Grammar School MHR Member of the House of Representatives MMBW Melbourne Metropolitan Board of Works MU Mothers' Union NAA National Archives of Australia NCC National Council of Churches NSW New South Wales iii NZ New Zealand PECUSA Protestant Episcopal Church of the United States of America. PRC People's Republic of China RAAF Royal Australian Airforce ROCOR Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia SCM Student Christian Movement SCRUSSR The Society for Cultural Relations with the USSR SPG United Society for the Propagation of the Gospel UAP United Australia Party UMA University of Melbourne Archives VPC Victorian Peace Council VPP Victorian Parliamentary Proceedings VOKS All-Union Society for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries VTHC Victorian Trades Hall Council WA Western Australia WCC World Council of Churches WPC World Peace Council WW2 World War 2 WWP World Wide Pictures WVU West Virginia University YFC Youth for Christ iv Acknowledgements My thanks go to all at Victoria University who have encouraged and assisted me. I wish to thank especially Professor Phillip Deery for his infinite patience, guidance and availability as principal supervisor of my thesis, and also to Professor Rob Pascoe for his invaluable contribution as associate supervisor. The assistance of the librarians and staffs at Victoria University, especially Mark Armstrong- Roper for access to the archives, State Library Victoria, Trinity College Library, St Peter's church, the University of Melbourne Library and archives, Mitchell Library, Moore College Library, Lambeth Palace Library and University of Kent at Canterbury Library was an essential factor in the completion of the thesis. Thanks are due to those Anglican historians, archivists and members of the Anglican Communion who were prepared to proffer advice and share their recollections of the early Cold War period, in particular Archbishop Rayner, Bishop James Grant, Rev. Douglas Dargaville, Dr Ruth Frappell and Dr David Hilliard. The assistance of the archivists at General Synod and the diocese of Melbourne has been invaluable. I also need to acknowledge the legacy and example of hard work, scholarship and perseverance left by my late husband, Paul, and to recognize the forbearance of my family during the compilation of the thesis. v Anglicanism, Anti-communism and Cold War Australia Synopsis The overarching aim of this thesis is to examine the role of religion as a weapon against communism during the Cold War. The main emphasis will be on Australia throughout the 1950s. The thesis will represent the first systematic, scholarly attempt to investigate this issue. Specifically, the thesis will revolve around the local and national Anglican community, and its international links. Whilst the Communist Party, the Roman Catholic Church and the Peace movement within Australia have all received scrutiny from Cold War historians, the Anglican community remains a gap in the historiography. Moreover, whilst there has been recognition of the connection between religion and anti-communism in both Great Britain and the United States, it has been overlooked by Australian scholars. This thesis therefore seeks to fill that void through its analysis of a different, major and influential section of Australian society in the 1950s. This thesis will examine the interaction between the hierarchy of the church and the state in regard to anti-communism in the 1950s as well as the reaction of the clergy and the laity to the pressures from both hierarchy and state to establish an anti-communist attitude. While numerous studies have examined the role of the Catholic Church in fighting communism in the 1950s, little attention has been paid to the position of the Anglican Church in relation to Cold War anti-communism. This thesis demonstrates the willingness of the Anglican Church to join the anti-communist crusade, the impact on that willingness of overseas influences, and the pressure from the Church hierarchy on clergy and laity to conform. The thesis will examine how religion was used and harnessed in the anti-communist struggle by focusing on the visits to Australia of three leading religious figures: Dr Hewlett Johnson, the dean of Canterbury (1950), Queen Elizabeth II (1954) and Dr Billy Graham (1959). All attracted vast audiences and, for a great many Australians, their visits were pivotal historical moments. A close analysis of each of the three visits will throw new light on our understanding of the Cold War in Australia by illuminating, in particular, the Anglican community. Anglicans exercised a significant influence, even hegemony, in 1950s Australia by dint of their numerical predominance both within the population and amongst leading Establishment identities.1 Ultimately, the thesis will contribute to a broader understanding of 1 The use of the word 'Establishment' here indicates an established social order, a group which held a great deal of power and influence in Australian society. 1 social change that occurred in Australia throughout the 1950s and the part played by the Anglican community in this change. Despite its hegemony (shrinking as it was during this period) the Anglican Church was as much subject to the vicissitudes of secular political debate as any other institution in 1950s Australia. 2 Chapter 1 Contestations in Anglican history before the 1950s Establishment The tortured
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