DOCSLIB.ORG

Statement of Originality

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Statement of Originality Statement of Originality I hereby certify that this study, which I now submit for the requirement of a Master’s degree in Language Studies, is completely my own work and has not been taken from the work of others unless such work has been cited and acknowledged by means of references. Signed by: Ilyes SI MOHAMMED i Dedication First and foremost, I am grateful to the Almighty God for his guidance and blessings without which we would not finish this work. I wholeheartedly dedicate this work to my beloved mother and father who have been my main source of encouragement all along my academic journey. And my dear brother. ii Acknowledgments I owe a special debt of gratitude to my teacher and supervisor Pr. ZoubirDendane, for his constant support, patience, motivation and immense knowledge. I would also express my sincere gratitude to members of the jury, and all the teachers in the English department for their inspiration. iii Abstract Allah, Ellohim, don’t they sound similar?. Salam, Shalom, maybe another coincidence, Tisa’ah, Tesh, three coincidences? , but the logical mind does not believe in coincidences therefore I daresay this is definitely worth a research. In many languages you hear words pronounced similarly, especially within languages that have the same origin, or the same language family, belonging to the same tree language, or in general words to the same roots. Semitic languages have marked a historical and continuous effects from the most ancient to the most modern, or to new languages or dialects and that might have caused death of other languages because of eras, and whole other factors throughout history of human tongue. Arabic and Hebrew are two main Semitic sister languages that do still exist today, the two represent more than language slight differences but also a huge cultural religious contrast. Because of the same roots they share, I got curious in this research about the level of closeness historically speaking of development and on the language system itself, up to the current status. Arabic as the language of Quran improved the tribes tongue and united them with one miraculous language, and became the language of classical Arabic and still in modern world. Hebrew and its people, in other words, mostly Jews, they experienced with the language different path despite of the historical religious depth back to the primitive Hebrew. Arabic as well have developed, but not forcibly similar to Hebrew, periodically and linguistically speaking. Which means historical part, and the language on how it is spoken, which means basically how It is structured and formed depending on a particular general period of time, and on comparison level with the other sister Semitic language, the whole latter is the goal of this research. iv List of contents Statement of Originality………………………………………………………………… I Dedication……………………………………………………………………………… II Acknowledgments……………………………………………………………………….. III Abstract …………………………………………………………………………… IV List of Tables……………………………………………………………………………. V General introduction……………………………………………………………………. 01 Chapter 1 : Historical development of Arabic and Hebrew……………………………... 08 1.1 Introduction:…………………………………………………………………….. 08 1.2 Arabic language throughout time……………………………………………………. 09 1.2.1 on early times:…………………………………………………………………….. 09 1.2.2 The coming of Quran:……………………………………………………………... 12 1.3 Historical development of Hebrew language……………………………………….. 18 1.3.1 Hebrew; the language, between Early and medieval ages:……………………… 21 1.3.2 From Medieval to Modern time…………………………………………………… 23 Use of Hebrew at home:……………………………………………………………….. 26 School :………………………………………………………………………………….. 27 v Newspapers……………………………………………………………………………….. 28 1.4 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………….. 30 ChapterII Comparative view between Arabic and Hebrew Morphologies………. 2.1 Introduction:…………………………………………………………………………. 34 2-2 General morphology of Arabic………………………………………………………. 34 2-2.1 The role of Morphology and Prosodic theory:……………………………………. 34 2.2.2 The relevancy with Arabic Morphology:………………………………………….. 35 2.2.3 Moras:……………………………………………………………………………… 35 2.2.4 Stress:……………………………………………………………………………… 36 .…………………………………………………………………:الصرف Arabic Sarf 2.2.5 38 2.2.6 Scales of Sarf:……………………………………………………………………… 40 4-1The Hebrew‘’Binyan’’:……………………………………………………………… 42 2.3.1 Five main benyanim:………………………………………………………………. 43 2.3.2 Verbs and nouns………………………………………………………………….. 43 2.4- Comparison of the two Morphologies………………………………………………. 48 vi 2.4.1 Phonological comparison:………………………………………………………… 48 2.4.2 Gender:…………………………………………………………………………… 51 2.4.3 Plural:……………………………………………………………………………… 53 2.4.4 The construct:…………………………………………………………………….. 53 2.4.5 Adjectives:………………………………………………………………………….. 54 2.4.6 Verbs……..……………………………………………………………………….. 55 5-2Morphological comparison…………………………………………………………… 59 6-Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………... 63 General conclusion……………………………………………………………………… 64 References:……………………………………………………………………………… 68 vii List of Tables Table 1: Arabic sarf scale ......................................................................... - 41 - - scale ........................................................................... - 42 ( ل) Table 2: Letter Table 3: active-verb binyanim .................................................................. - 44 - Table 4 : Hebrew Mishkal patterns ........................................................... - 45 - Table 5: Printed form & Word pattern ...................................................... - 47 - Table 6: Arabic & Hebrew pronouns ........................................................ - 62 - viii ix General Introduction General introduction According to the Oxford dictionary, the word Hebrew means ‘’A member of an ancient people living in what is now ‘’Israel’’ and Palestine, and, according to biblical tradition, they descended from the patriarch Jacob, grandson of Abraham. After the Exodus (c.1300 BC) they established the kingdoms of Israel and Judah, and their scriptures and traditions form the basis of the Jewish religion’’ There is a relation between the word Hebrew and the religion of Judaism, it is not any simple word, it is something heavy in sense in the Jewish culture, and basically; the religion. Meaning the language and the people referring to the Israelites. Religiously speaking The term Hebrew was mentioned thirty four times in the Hebrew bible from more than thirty verses, the word Hebrew or Hebrews, does not particularly refer to the language but also to a group of Semitic speaking communities, especially when they were a living nomads, during what’s known as the monarchic period. In the biblical signification, the word Hebrew means to ‘’pass over’’ or ‘’traverse’’, yet the meaning is not so precise. In the roman era the equivalent Greek word for Hebrew which is Hebraios did mean the Jews as a whole especially those settling in the Roman province of Judea, Judea’s modern location would be round the southern mountains of Palestine. Book of torah, which is what it is believed to be Moses’s book, torat Moshe, and in different words ‘’laws of Moses’, the symbol figure of Judaism, this is believed to be divine book from heavens was originally presented in Hebrew language, Hebrew as Arabic in Quran, it is to be a sacred language because of religious background and legitimacy because it is simply the language that talks of ideals represented as language of perfect and it talks to every believer in the content of the Torah. Religion and especially in antique times and fresh earliest centuries that followed the relevancy of non secular texts, people were more spiritual than ever, and - 1 - General Introduction nothing much powerful than word of god in belief, in eras witnessing the relevancy of these sacred books as a savior against common bad and evil. And so people recited and practiced and used in daily lives. Torah like Quran brought lot of secular knowledge about life. And people adapted these words and recreated poetries and literatures backed up by a whole spiritual and linguistic mightiness. Arabic of Quran, the book revealed to the prophet Mohamed, the symbol man of Islam that faithfully appreciated the book of his god ‘’Allah’’ sent to him. And so did the rest of his believers, they had faith in the words of Allah and read the words by heart, and prayed with words that is to be without any alike source of power within the words of identity, identity of Islam in Arabic tongue. The sensitivity between Arab speakers of Arabic and Jews speakers of Hebrew wasn’t always a negative thing, because despite of the massive cultural religious contrast, one language affected the other, no matter of what took a lion part in affecting or on a pre-existence. But the spark was there, and still there, if you go to the middle east, and Jerusalem you will see such, when though each language has its class division , without shedding the political light over the superior significance of one language over the other, but over the linguistics, one might say it’s something normal if nearby communities have linguistically in common because of geographical positioning of these speakers, and interactions, even though sometimes forcible. To be objective both Hebrew and Arabic have been given justice to be what they are considering all historical cultural political events, even if the track wasn’t practically the same to each. Comparing to Arabic along the time, Hebrew language has seemed to be more soft and able to change though times since the sacred revelation. And sometimes you find it difficult
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Norse Element in the Orkney Dialect Donna Heddle
    The Norse element in the Orkney dialect Donna Heddle 1. Introduction The Orkney and Shetland Islands, along with Caithness on the Scottish mainland, are identified primarily in terms of their Norse cultural heritage. Linguistically, in particular, such a focus is an imperative for maintaining cultural identity in the Northern Isles. This paper will focus on placing the rise and fall of Orkney Norn in its geographical, social, and historical context and will attempt to examine the remnants of the Norn substrate in the modern dialect. Cultural affiliation and conflict is what ultimately drives most issues of identity politics in the modern world. Nowhere are these issues more overtly stated than in language politics. We cannot study language in isolation; we must look at context and acculturation. An interdisciplinary study of language in context is fundamental to the understanding of cultural identity. This politicising of language involves issues of cultural inheritance: acculturation is therefore central to our understanding of identity, its internal diversity, and the porousness or otherwise of a language or language variant‘s cultural borders with its linguistic neighbours. Although elements within Lowland Scotland postulated a Germanic origin myth for itself in the nineteenth century, Highlands and Islands Scottish cultural identity has traditionally allied itself to the Celtic origin myth. This is diametrically opposed to the cultural heritage of Scotland‘s most northerly island communities. 2. History For almost a thousand years the language of the Orkney Islands was a variant of Norse known as Norroena or Norn. The distinctive and culturally unique qualities of the Orkney dialect spoken in the islands today derive from this West Norse based sister language of Faroese, which Hansen, Jacobsen and Weyhe note also developed from Norse brought in by settlers in the ninth century and from early Icelandic (2003: 157).
    [Show full text]
  • Seminar 5 Comparative Reconstruction and Language Families
    Seminar 5 Comparative reconstruction and language families Contents A Linguistic descent and relatedness . 1 B Step 1: Compilation of cognate sets . 2 C Step 2: Establishment of correspondence sets . 3 D A word of warning: false cognates and unsystematic correspondences . 3 E Step 3: Reconstruction of proto-phonemes . 4 F Step 4: Resolution of overlapping correspondence sets . 6 G Step 5: Reconstruction of phonotactics . 7 H Step 6: Sanity checks against language typology . 7 I Families and subgrouping . 8 J A note on grammars . 9 K Review . 12 L Further reading . 12 A Linguistic descent and relatedness §1 A language (more precisely, a grammar) L is said to descend from another language (grammar) L0 if L is connected to L0 by a series of first-language (L1) ac- quisition events. In this case we also say that L0 is an ancestor of L. Examples: • Modern French descends from Old French • Old French descends from Latin • (By transitivity:) Modern French descends from Latin, also from Proto-Indo- European, and so on… • My grammar of Finnish descends from my parents’ grammar of Finnish • Finnish does not descend from Latin — it is impossible to show that there is a sequence of L1 acquisition events between the two. §2 How can we know anything about the ancestors of currently spoken languages? One strategy is to take a handful of languages we suspect to be closely related, com- pare them, and from this comparison try to infer properties of their ancestor. This is known as comparative reconstruction or the Comparative Method (henceforth, CM). H. Kauhanen, Historical Linguistics (WS 2017–2018, U.
    [Show full text]
  • The Arabic Origins of English and European Lexical Roots
    International Journal on Studies in English Language and Literature (IJSELL) Volume 7, Issue 8, August 2019, PP 1-13 ISSN 2347-3126 (Print) & ISSN 2347-3134 (Online) http://dx.doi.org/10.20431/2347-3134.0708001 www.arcjournals.org Arabic as a Resolution to Etymological Uncertainty and Controversy in English and Indo-European Lexicography: A Consonantal Radical Theory Approach to the Roots 'Frk, Vrg, Vrt, Frg' Zaidan Ali Jassem* Department of English Language and Translation, Qassim University, KSA *Corresponding Author: Zaidan Ali Jassem, Department of English Language and Translation, Qassim University, KSA Abstract: This paper examines the Arabic origins of the common word root fork and its related derivatives like forchette, bifurcate as well as related words like diverge, diverse, adverse, averse, divorce, divert, avert, fragmentation, fraction in English, German, French, Latin, Greek, Russian, and Sanskrit from a consonantal radical or lexical root theory perspective. More precisely, the data consists of three sets of 30 such words as shall be seen below. Despite their different spellings and forms, they all share a common, core meaning of 'separation, division, and opposition'. The results clearly show that all such related words have true Arabic cognates, with the same or similar forms and meanings whose different forms, however, are all found to be due to natural and plausible causes and different courses of linguistic change. Furthermore, they show the failure of English and European historical lexicography and linguistics in manifesting the close genetic relationships between Arabic and such languages. As a consequence, the results indicate, contrary to traditional Comparative Method and Family-Tree Model claims, that Arabic, English, and all the so-called Indo-European languages belong to the same language, let alone the same family.
    [Show full text]
  • Developments of the Lateral in Occitan Dialects and Their Romance and Cross-Linguistic Context Daniela Müller
    Developments of the lateral in occitan dialects and their romance and cross-linguistic context Daniela Müller To cite this version: Daniela Müller. Developments of the lateral in occitan dialects and their romance and cross- linguistic context. Linguistics. Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2011. English. NNT : 2011TOU20122. tel-00674530 HAL Id: tel-00674530 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00674530 Submitted on 27 Feb 2012 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. en vue de l’obtention du DOCTORATDEL’UNIVERSITÉDETOULOUSE délivré par l’université de toulouse 2 - le mirail discipline: sciences du langage zur erlangung der doktorwürde DERNEUPHILOLOGISCHENFAKULTÄT DERRUPRECHT-KARLS-UNIVERSITÄTHEIDELBERG présentée et soutenue par vorgelegt von DANIELAMÜLLER DEVELOPMENTS OF THE LATERAL IN OCCITAN DIALECTS ANDTHEIRROMANCEANDCROSS-LINGUISTICCONTEXT JURY Jonathan Harrington (Professor, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München) Francesc Xavier Lamuela (Catedràtic, Universitat de Girona) Jean-Léonard Léonard (Maître de conférences HDR, Paris
    [Show full text]
  • Plural Markers in World Languages and Their Arabic Cognates Or Origins
    Zaidan Ali Jassem The Arabic Cognates or Origins of Plural Markers in World Languages: A Radical Linguistic Theory Approach THE ARABIC COGNATES OR ORIGINS OF PLURAL MARKERS IN WORLD LANGUAGES: A RADICAL LINGUISTIC THEORY APPROACH Zaidan Ali Jassem Department of English Language and Translation, Qassim University, P.O.Box 6611, Buraidah, KSA Email: [email protected] APA Citation: Jassem, Z. A. (2015). The Arabic cognates or origins of plural markers in world languages: a radical linguistic theory approach. Indonesian EFL Journal, 1(2), 144-163 Received: 02-12-2014 Accepted: 01-05-2015 Published: 01-07-2015 Abstract: This paper traces the Arabic origins of "plural markers" in world languages from a radical linguistic (or lexical root) theory perspective. The data comprises the main plural markers like cats/oxen in 60 world languages from 14 major and minor families- viz., Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan, Afro-Asiatic, Austronesian, Dravidian, Turkic, Mayan, Altaic (Japonic), Niger-Congo, Bantu, Uto-Aztec, Tai-Kadai, Uralic, and Basque, which constitute 60% of world languages and whose speakers make up 96% of world population. The results clearly show that plural markers, which are limited to a few markers in all languages comprised of –s/-as/-at, -en, -im, -a/-e/-i/-o/-u, and Ø, have true Arabic cognates with the same or similar forms and meanings, whose differences are due to natural and plausible causes and different routes of linguistic change. Therefore, the results reject the traditional classification of the Comparative Method and/or Family Tree Model of such languages into separate, unrelated families, supporting instead the adequacy of the radical linguistic theory according to which all world languages are related to one another, which eventually stemmed from a radical or root language which has been preserved almost intact in Arabic as the most conservative and productive language.
    [Show full text]
  • Proto-Ong-Be (PDF)
    PROTO-ONG-BE A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAIʻI AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN LINGUISTICS DECEMBER 2018 By Yen-ling Chen Dissertation Committee: Lyle Campbell, Chairperson Weera Ostapirat Rory Turnbull Bradley McDonnell Shana Brown Keywords: Ong-Be, Reconstruction, Lingao, Hainan, Kra-Dai Copyright © 2018 by Yen-ling Chen ii 知之為知之，不知為不知，是知也。 “Real knowledge is to know the extent of one’s ignorance.” iii Acknowlegements First of all, I would like to acknowledge Dr. Lyle Campbell, the chair of my dissertation and the historical linguist and typologist in my department for his substantive comments. I am always amazed by his ability to ask mind-stimulating questions, and I thank him for allowing me to be part of the Endangered Languages Catalogue (ELCat) team. I feel thankful to Dr. Shana Brown for bringing historical studies on minorities in China to my attention, and for her support as the university representative on my committee. Special thanks go to Dr. Rory Turnbull for his constructive comments and for encouraging a diversity of point of views in his class, and to Dr. Bradley McDonnell for his helpful suggestions. I sincerely thank Dr. Weera Ostapirat for his time and patience in dealing with me and responding to all my questions, and for pointing me to the directions that I should be looking at. My reconstruction would not be as readable as it is today without his insightful feedback. I would like to express my gratitude to Dr. Alexis Michaud.
    [Show full text]
  • Data and Historical Linguistics
    Data and Historical Linguistics Ȝe [you] knowe ek [also] that in [the] fourme [form] of speche [speech] is chaunge [change] With-inne a thousand ȝeer [years], and wordes tho [then] That hadden pris [value] now wonder [wonderfully] nyce [stupid] and straunge [strange] Us thenketh hem [we think of them], and ȝet [yet] thei spake [spoke] hem [them] so, And spedde [managed] as wel in loue [love] as men now do. (Geoffrey Chaucer [1340—1400], Troilus and Criseyde , book II, line 22—26) Rough translation You also know that there is change in the form of speech within a thousand years, and words that had value then now wonderfully stupid and strange seem to us, and yet they spoke them so, and managed equally well in love as men now do. 1. Introduction History and all things historical have always fascinated us humans. Chaucer, who spoke Middle English and was not a historian by profession, not a linguist and certainly not a historical linguist, was not the first one to notice that languages change over time. In the short passage above Chaucer makes the right observation that the meaning of words changes over time, and back in the time when they were used they had a meaning that now may seem obsolete and strange to us. Yet, they served the same purpose that words have always done: communication. Communication never breaks up between successive generations of speakers of the same language, yet the language itself is continuously changing. This seems a contradiction at first sight. Of course, not all the changes are semantic in nature, although for beginner historical linguists semantic change seems most intriguing (cf.
    [Show full text]
  • Language Borrowing and the Indices of Adaptability and Receptivity
    Intercultural Communication Studies XIV: 2 2005 Hoffer - Language Borrowing Language Borrowing and the Indices of Adaptability and Receptivity Bates L. Hoffer Trinity University Introduction One of the most easily observable results of intercultural contact and communication is the set of loanwords that is imported into the vocabulary of each language involved. The field of cultures and languages in contact (Weinreich 1953) has grown a great deal over the past fifty years. From the early studies, a 'Scale' or 'Index of Receptivity' has been posited for languages which more readily accept borrowings. Alongside that scale, a 'Scale of Adaptability' has been posited. The study of a language's adaptability and receptivity of borrowed words, especially those from International English, provides some interesting case studies. Major languages such as English, Spanish, Japanese and Chinese make good case studies for the discussion of the indices of adaptability and receptivity. Language Borrowing Processes Language borrowing has been an interest to various fields of linguistics for some time. (Whitney 1875, deSaussure 1915, Sapir 1921, Pedersen 1931, Haugen 1950, Lehmann 1962, Hockett 1979, Anttila 1989) In the study language borrowing, loanwords are only one of the types of borrowings that occur across language boundaries. The speakers of a language have various options when confronted with new items and ideas in another language. Hockett (1958) has organized the options as follows. (1) Loanword Speakers may adopt the item or idea and the source language word for each. The borrowed form is a Loanword. These forms now function in the usual grammatical processes, with nouns taking plural and/or possessive forms of the new language and with verbs and adjectives receiving native morphemes as well.
    [Show full text]
  • Fasold R., Connor-Linton J
    0521847680pre_pi-xvi.qxd 1/11/06 3:32 PM Page i sushil Quark11:Desktop Folder: An Introduction to Language and Linguistics This accessible new textbook is the only introduction to linguistics in which each chapter is written by an expert who teaches courses on that topic, ensuring balanced and uniformly excellent coverage of the full range of modern linguistics. Assuming no prior knowledge, the text offers a clear introduction to the traditional topics of structural linguistics (theories of sound, form, meaning, and language change), and in addition provides full coverage of contextual linguistics, including separate chapters on discourse, dialect variation, language and culture, and the politics of language. There are also up-to-date separate chapters on language and the brain, computational linguistics, writing, child language acquisition, and second language learning. The breadth of the textbook makes it ideal for introductory courses on language and linguistics offered by departments of English, sociology, anthropology, and communications, as well as by linguistics departments. RALPH FASOLD is Professor Emeritus and past Chair of the Department of Linguistics at Georgetown University. He is the author of four books and editor or coeditor of six others. Among them are the textbooks The Sociolinguistics of Society (1984) and The Sociolinguistics of Language (1990). JEFF CONNOR-LINTON is an Associate Professor in the Department of Linguistics at Georgetown University, where he has been Head of the Applied Linguistics Program and Department
    [Show full text]
  • A Sociolinguistic History of Scotland
    A SOCIOLINGUISTIC HISTORY OF SCOTLAND ROBERT MCCOLL MILLAR A SOCIOLINGUISTIC HISTORY OF SCOTLAND A SOCIOLINGUISTIC HISTORY OF SCOTLAND Robert McColl Millar Edinburgh University Press is one of the leading university presses in the UK. We publish academic books and journals in our selected subject areas across the humanities and social sciences, combining cutting-edge scholarship with high editorial and production values to produce academic works of lasting importance. For more information visit our website: edinburghuniversitypress.com © Robert McColl Millar, 2020 Edinburgh University Press Ltd The Tun – Holyrood Road 12(2f) Jackson’s Entry, Edinburgh EH8 8PJ Typeset in 11/15 Adobe Garamond by Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Stockport, Cheshire, and printed and bound in Great Britain. A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978 1 4744 4854 3 (hardback) ISBN 978 1 4744 4856 7 (webready PDF) ISBN 978 1 4744 4857 4 (epub) The right of Robert McColl Millar to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, and the Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003 (SI No. 2498). CONTENTS List of Maps vi Acknowledgements vii Some Preliminaries ix 1 Introduction: The Sociology of Language and the Scottish Historical Ecology 1 2 Diversity: The Early Historical Period 21 3 Incipient Linguistic Homogenisation: Medieval Scotland 42 4 Social, Political and Cultural Metamorphosis: A Country in Crisis? 71 5 Homogenisation and Survival: The Languages of Scotland
    [Show full text]
  • Tai Kadai Languages of India: a Probe Into the Seventh Language Family
    Tai Kadai languages of India: A probe into the Seventh Language Family Anvita Abbi Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi India is represented by six language families, Indo-Aryan, Dravidian, Austroasiatic and Tibeto-Burman in the mainland India and two, Asutronesian, (the Angan group, i.e. Jarawa- Onge) (Blevins 2008) and Great Andamanese (Abbi 2006, 2008) in the Andaman Islands. Each of these language families is historically and typologically distinct from each other. The Northeast of India is marked by intense linguistic diversity and functional multilingualism as it houses speakers from the Indo-Aryan, Tibeto-Burman and Austroasiatic Mon-Khmer languages. In addition, there are endangered languages of the Tai Kadai group such as Khamyang, Phake, Turung, Aiton, Nora-an extinct language, and nearly extinct language Tai- Ahom. The linguistic structures of the languages belonging to the Tai Kadai are very distinct from those of the Tibeto-Burman, although contact with Burmese and Indo-Aryan language such as Assamese cannot be ruled out. The current paper draws out attention to the distinctive features of the Tai-Kadai group of languages spoken in India as well as those which are the result of areal pressures. Some of the typologically distinct markers for the Tai languages seem to be contour tone system, isolating morphology, SVO word order (Das 2014), lack of distinction between alienable and inalienable possession, presence of associative plurals, presence of enclitics, and words indicating tense, aspect, and mood attached at the end of the verb phrase, i.e. adjunct to the complements. This presentation is an attempt to draw examples from various Tai Kadai languages but particularly from Tai Khamti and Tai Ahom languages to present a case for a distinct language family from the rest of the six language families of India both genealogically and typologically.
    [Show full text]
  • A History of the English Language
    A History of the English Language Fifth Edition Baugh and Cable’s A History of the English Language has long been considered the standard work in the field. A History of the English Language is a comprehensive exploration of the linguistic and cultural development of English, from the Middle Ages to the present day. The book provides students with a balanced and up-to-date overview of the history of the language. The fifth edition has been revised and updated to keep students up to date with recent developments in the field. Revisions include: • a revised first chapter, ‘English present and future’ • a new section on gender issues and linguistic change • updated material on African-American Vernacular English A student supplement for this book is available, entitled Companion to A History of the English Language. Albert C.Baugh was Schelling Memorial Professor at the University of Pennsylvania. Thomas Cable is Jane and Roland Blumberg Centennial Professor of English at the University of Texas at Austin. THE COUNTIES OF ENGLAND A History of the English Language Fifth Edition Albert C.Baugh and Thomas Cable First published 1951 by Routledge & Kegan Paul Second edition 1959 Third edition 1978 Fourth edition published 1993 by Routledge Authorized British edition from the English language edition, entitled A History of the English Language, Fifth Edition by Albert C.Baugh and Thomas Cable, published by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2002 Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005.
    [Show full text]