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Opportunistic Data Collection and Routing in Segmented Wireless Sensor Networks Juliette Garcia Alviz

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Opportunistic Data Collection and Routing in Segmented Wireless Sensor Networks Juliette Garcia Alviz Opportunistic data collection and routing in segmented wireless sensor networks Juliette Garcia Alviz To cite this version: Juliette Garcia Alviz. Opportunistic data collection and routing in segmented wireless sensor networks. Networking and Internet Architecture [cs.NI]. Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2020. English. NNT : 2020TOU30153. tel-03146428 HAL Id: tel-03146428 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03146428 Submitted on 19 Feb 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THÈSETHÈSE En vue de l’obtention du DOCTORAT DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE TOULOUSE Délivré par : l’Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier (UT3 Paul Sabatier) Présentée et soutenue le 07 Décembre 2020 par : Juliette Garcia Opportunistic Data Collection and Routing in Segmented Wireless Sensor Networks JURY Nathalie Mitton Inria Lille-Nord Europe Rapporteure Fabrice Valois Inria Agora / INSA Lyon Rapporteur Khaled Boussetta Université Paris 13 Examinateur Thierry Gayraud Université Paul Sabatier Examinateur Oana Iova INRIA / INSA Lyon Examinatrice Thierry Val IUT Blagnac Examinateur Alain Pirovano ENAC Toulouse Directeur de thèse Mickaël Royer ENAC Toulouse Co-directeur de thèse École doctorale et spécialité : EDSYS : Informatique 4200018 Unité de Recherche : École Nationale de l’Aviation Civile (ENAC), Toulouse Directeur(s) de Thèse : Alain Pirovano et Mickaël Royer Rapporteurs : Nathalie Mitton et Fabrice Valois Acknowledgments My deepest gratitude to God for giving me this great opportunity, along with life and health to achieve the success on it. Thanks to His support, this thesis became a reality. For God is all the glory. I also thank my advisors, Alain Pirovano and Mickaël Royer, for all the time they dedicated to helping me with the execution of my thesis, and for all their useful directions. Special thanks to Professors Fabrice Gamboa, Thierry Klein and François Bachoc for all the timely help you gave me at crucial moments throughout the thesis and my time in France. Thanks for your advices and also for your determination to take action and provide support. For you, my best wishes. I also express my gratitude to my family and to my husband’s family, for all your constant support. What a privilege I have to have meet such wonderful and lovely people. Your pa- tience, knowledge and love is priceless. Huge thanks to my husband, José, my life partner. I’m grateful for your unconditional sup- port, encouragement, care, and listening along this journey. You are the most intelligent person I know. Wish you the best in everything as you deserve nothing less. Finally, I want to thank all the people who contributed in some way and helped me complete this research successfully. ii iii Résumé La surveillance régulière des opérations dans les aires de manoeuvre (voies de circulation et pistes) et aires de stationnement d’un aéroport est une tâche cruciale pour son fonction- nement. Les stratégies utilisées à cette fin visent à permettre la mesure des variables environ- nementales, l’identification des débris (FOD) et l’enregistrement des statistiques d’utilisation de diverses sections de la surface. Selon un groupe de gestionnaires et contrôleurs d’aéroport interrogés, cette surveillance est un privilège des grands aéroports en raison des coûts élevés d’acquisition, d’installation et de maintenance des technologies existantes. Les moyens et petits aéroports se limitent généralement à la surveillance de quelques variables environ- nementales et des FOD effectuée visuellement par l’homme. Cette dernière activité impose l’arrêt du fonctionnement des pistes pendant l’inspection. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons une solution alternative basée sur les réseaux de capteurs sans fil (WSN) qui, contrairement aux autres méthodes, combinent les propriétés de faible coût d’installation et maintenance, de déploiement rapide, d’évolutivité tout en permettant d’effectuer des mesures sans interférer avec le fonctionnement de l’aéroport. En raison de la superficie d’un aéroport et de la difficulté de placer des capteurs sur des zones de transit, le WSN se composerait d’une collection de sous-réseaux isolés les uns des autres et du puits. Pour gérer cette segmentation, notre proposition s’appuie sur l’utilisation op- portuniste des véhicules circulants dans l’aéroport considérés alors comme un type spécial de nœud appelé Mobile Ubiquitous LAN Extension (MULE) chargé de collecter les données des sous-réseaux le long de son trajet et de les transférer vers le puits. L’une des exigences pour le déploiement d’un nouveau système dans un aéroport est qu’il cause peu ou pas d’interruption des opérations régulières. C’est pourquoi l’utilisation d’une approche opportuniste basé sur des MULE est privilégiée dans cette thèse. Par opportuniste, nous nous référons au fait que le rôle de MULE est joué par certains des véhicules déjà existants dans un aéroport et ef- fectuant leurs déplacements normaux. Et certains nœuds des sous-réseaux exploiteront tout moment de contact avec eux pour leur transmettre les données à transférer ensuite au puits. Une caractéristique des MULEs dans notre application est qu’elles ont des trajectoires struc- turées (suivant les voies de circulation dans l’aéroport), en ayant éventuellement un contact avec l’ensemble des nœuds situés le long de leur trajet (appelés sous-puits). Ceci implique la nécessité de définir une stratégie de routage dans chaque sous-réseau, capable d’acheminer les données collectées des nœuds vers les sous-puits et de répartir les paquets de données entre eux afin que le temps en contact avec la MULE soit utilisé le plus efficacement possible. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons un protocole de routage remplissant ces fonctions. Le protocole proposé est nommé ACME (ACO-based routing protocol for MULE-assisted WSNs). Il est basé sur la technique d’Optimisation par Colonies de Fourmis. ACME permet d’assigner des nœuds à des sous-puits puis de définir les chemins entre eux, en tenant compte de la minimisation de la somme des longueurs de ces chemins, de l’équilibrage de la quantité de paquets stockés par les sous-puits et du nombre total de retransmissions. Le problème est défini comme une tâche d’optimisation multi-objectif qui est résolue de manière distribuée sur la base des actions des nœuds dans un schéma collaboratif. Nous avons développé un environnement de simulation et effectué des campagnes de calculs dans OMNeT++ qui mon- trent les avantages de notre protocole en termes de performances et sa capacité à s’adapter à une grande variété de topologies de réseaux. iv Abstract The regular monitoring of operations in both movement areas (taxiways and runways) and non-movement areas (aprons and aircraft parking spots) of an airport, is a critical task for its functioning. The set of strategies used for this purpose include the measurement of environmental variables, the identification of foreign object debris (FOD), and the record of statistics of usage for diverse sections of the surface. According to a group of airport managers and controllers interviewed by us, the wide monitoring of most of these variables is a privilege of big airports due to the high acquisition, installation and maintenance costs of most common technologies. Due to this limitation, smaller airports often limit themselves to the monitoring of environmental variables at some few spatial points and the tracking of FOD performed by humans. This last activity requires stopping the functioning of the runways while the inspection is conducted. In this thesis, we propose an alternative solution based on Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) which, unlike the other methods/technologies, combines the desirable properties of low installation and maintenance cost, scalability and ability to perform measurements without interfering with the regular functioning of the airport. Due to the large extension of an airport and the difficulty of placing sensors over transit areas, the WSN might result segmented into a collection of subnetworks isolated from each other and from the sink. To overcome this problem, our proposal relies on a special type of node called Mobile Ubiquitous LAN Extension (MULE), able to move over the airport surface, gather data from the subnetworks along its way and eventually transfer it to the sink. One of the main demands for the deployment of any new system in an airport is that it must have little or no interference with the regular operations. This is why the use of an opportunistic approach for the transfer of data from the subnetworks to the MULE is favored in this thesis. By opportunistic we mean that the role of MULE will be played by some of the typical vehicles already existing in an airport doing their normal displacements, and the subnetworks will exploit any moment of contact with them to forward data to the sink. A particular characteristic of the MULEs in our application is that they move along predefined structured trajectories (given by the layout of the airport), having eventual contact with the set of nodes located by the side of the road (so-called subsinks). This implies the need for a data routing strategy to be used within each subnetwork, able to lead the collected data from the sensor nodes to the subsinks and distribute the data packets among them so that the time in contact with the MULE is used as efficiently as possible. In this thesis, we propose a routing protocol which undertakes this task. Our proposed protocol is named ACME, standing for ACO-based routing protocol for MULE- assisted WSNs.
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