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Chapman University Chapman University Digital Commons Biology, Chemistry, and Environmental Sciences Biology, Chemistry, and Environmental Sciences Faculty Articles and Research 2-1996 The iV sceral Retia Mirabilia of Tuna and Sharks: An Annotated Translation and Discussion of the Eschricht and Müller 1835 Paper and Related Papers Douglas S. Fudge Chapman University, [email protected] E. Don Stevens University of Guelph Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/sees_articles Part of the Marine Biology Commons Recommended Citation Fudge DS, and Stevens ED (1996) The visceral retia mirabilia of tuna and sharks: An annotated translation and discussion of the Eschricht and Müller 1835 paper and related papers. Guelph Ichthyology Reviews, No. 4, 92 pp. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Biology, Chemistry, and Environmental Sciences at Chapman University Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Biology, Chemistry, and Environmental Sciences Faculty Articles and Research by an authorized administrator of Chapman University Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The iV sceral Retia Mirabilia of Tuna and Sharks: An Annotated Translation and Discussion of the Eschricht and Müller 1835 Paper and Related Papers Comments This article was originally published in Guelph Ichthyology Reviews, volume 4, in 1992. Copyright The uthora s This article is available at Chapman University Digital Commons: http://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/sees_articles/157 ISSN 1181-8549 GUELPH ICHTHYOLOGY REVIEWS Number4 February 1996 The visceral retia mirabilia of tuna and sharks: an annotated translation and discussion of the Eschricht & Müller 1835 paper and related papers by Douglas S. Fudge & E. Don Stevens 1996 Axelrod Institute of Ichthyology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada A wonderful network A wonderful network of people - tuna biologists, But in 1835 the seminal papers on retia mirabilia in tunas and librarians, translators, photographers, historians, and publishers. sharks were published. It is a testament to the standards of those A wonderful network of historical records, anatomical papers that we can continue to learn from them - especially from reconstruction, and new observations. A remarkable example of the superb illustrations. true scholarship seldom seen in current science. The saddest part of this review is the knowledge that it It is with great pleasure that we publish this review by may be almost too late. Don and his co-workers required a Don Stevens and his student Doug Fudge. Their painstaking special govemment permit to collect the four bluefm tuna used attention to detail shows in every facet of the work, from in their dissections. It is now an endangered species. Pursued accuracy of translation of the original German language articles, since at least the time of the Phoenicians, the prized catch of to verification of the frrst published citations, to exquisite trophy anglers, and eagerly purchased at astronomical priees for photographs and illustrations of fresh preparations that sashimi, the giant bluefin faces an uncertain future. Sorne might reconstruct the key points of those frrst studies. This is a review argue, however, that at priees as high as US $50 000 for a single in the true, scholarly sense of that term - and so of course it leads fish their fate is inevitable. to new insights, new interpretations and increased understanding. The large sharks may fare no better. They are even less Almost every biology textbook states that tunas and well-known than the tunas, less likely to attract the attention sorne sharks have a limited ability to regulate the temperature of directed towards large charismatic vertebrates such as whales, parts of their bodies above ambient. The concession usually and subjected to largely unregulated harvest for fms, cartilage, appears to be grudging, perhaps in light of the thinly disguised and other trinkets. dogma that only birds and mammals are "true11 homeotherms - as With this issue of Guelph Ichthyology Reviews we be.fits their position on the pinnacle of the scala natura. Shades continue our efforts to bring together in the Axelrod Institute of of Aristotle! With the notable exception of the most recent Ichthyology the full range of interests in scholarly activities in edition of a major ichthyological textbook, the true wonders of ichthyology. Those who would judge the worth of science often this property of tunas and sorne sharks has been sadly place a great deal of emphasis on the irnmediacy of its impact in overlooked. At best it was a curiosity to trip up unwary students citations. Here we see the value of excellent research that can be on comprehensive qualifying examinations. timeless and extend far beyond the technical and conceptual In 1835 Charles Darwin was still voyaging on the limits of the originators. We can also see that without an Beagle, and Victoria was not yet Queen of England. In the awareness and understanding of the history of our discipline we United States Andrew Jackson was President and their Civil W ar can be little more than technicians. How will our science be was still 26 years in the future. Canadà would not become a judged 160 years from now? country for another 3 2 years. It would be 18 years before the American Admirai Peny and his Black Ships forced their way Guelph, 2 February 1996 David L. G. Noakes into Japan. Germany was a confederation of states under Austria. Guelph lchthyol. Rev. 4: 1-92 The visceral retia mirabilia of tuna and sharks: an annotated translation and discussion of the Eschricht & Müller 1835 paper and related papers Douglas S. Fudge & E. Don Stevens Axelrod Institute of Ichthyology and Department of Zoology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario NIG 2Wl, Canada CONTENTS Synopsis ........................................................................................................................................... 3 Prelude ............................................................................................................................................. 4 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 5 2. Reader's guide to the Eschricht & Müller translations 2.1 Brief notes on Eschricht & Müller ............................................................................... 7 2.2 Miscellaneous notes on the translation ........................................................................ 7 2.3 Taxonomie guide .......................................................................................................... 7 3. An annotated translation of D.F. Eschricht and J. Müller's "On the arterial and venous retia mirabilia of the li ver and a peculiar structure of that organ in the tuna, Thunnus thynnus." Translated with the assistance of Elisabeth Niimi ................................ 11 1. Purpose of the study .. ... .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ..... .. .. .. .. ... .. ......... .. .. ... 11 II. General description of the digestive system in T. thynnus ......................................... 13 III. Radiating structure of the li ver veins. Retia mirabilia of the portal vein system ..... 13 IV. Retia of the arteries of the digestive system. Relationship of these to the retia of the portal vein and to the liver veins ............................................................. 15 V. Characteristics of the other visceral organs and vessels .. ... ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ......... 18 VI. Retia in other fishes . .. ... .... ... ... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .... ..... .. .. ... ... .. ......... ......... ... .. .......... 19 VII. Signifieance of the retia ............................................................................................. 20 VIII. Analogs of the peculiar structure of the liver vessels ................................................ 23 4. An annotated translation of D.F. Eschricht and J. Müller's supplement to the article on the retia mirabilia on the liver of the tuna. "On the retia mirabilia of the digestive system of Squalus vulpes L., Alopecias vulpes Nob." Translated with the assistance of Elisabeth Niimi .................................................................................. 25 5. Plates from the Eschricht & Müller paper and a supplementary figure ................................ 27 6. Supplementary figures .......................................................................................................... 35 1 1. The lirstmcmion in the scientilic lileraiUrc thattunas arc warm-bloo<lcd: Two historie papers and their :1blitracts hy John Davy. .. ....................................................... 42 t\clmowledgemcnL' ....................................................................................................................... 51 8. References citec.l ................................................................................................. ................... 52 9. f.acsimile of the original rext of the IZ...chricht & Müller papcr on tu na relia ...................... 54 1O . Facsimilc of the original text of the Eschricht & MUller paper on shark min ..................... 88 fi'ig. 1. Schcmat1 c o(blucrin viscua and gills sbo\\i.ng lhè five m.:tjor r~llo 11nd chcir coonec:tions lo the II\'Cr and \'Î$tcrat otg:cns. T1te rwo colon rqnscntrcllttivc temperature. with blue dcnolîng cold end red dcnoting wann. Not

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