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Extrinsic and Intrinsic Blood Supply and Histomorphological Changes

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Extrinsic and Intrinsic Blood Supply and Histomorphological Changes Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1970 Extrinsic and intrinsic blood supply and histomorphological changes associated with age in the cerebral arteries and brain nuclei in dog (Canis familiaris) and pig (Sus scrofa domestica) Bhupinder Singh Nanda Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Animal Structures Commons, and the Veterinary Anatomy Commons Recommended Citation Nanda, Bhupinder Singh, "Extrinsic and intrinsic blood supply and histomorphological changes associated with age in the cerebral arteries and brain nuclei in dog (Canis familiaris) and pig (Sus scrofa domestica)" (1970). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 4857. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/4857 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 71-14,245 NANDA, Bhupinder Singh, 1933- EXTRINSIC AND INTRINSIC BLOOD SUPPLY AND HISTOMORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH AGE IN THE CEREBRAL ARTERIES AND BRAIN NUCLEI IN DOG (CANIS FAMILIARIS) AND PIG (SUS SCROFA DOMESTICA). Iowa State University, Ph.D., 1970 Anatomy University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED Extrinsic and intrinsic blood supply and histomorphological changes associated with age in the cerebral arteries and brain nuclei in dog (Canis familiaris) and pig (Sus scrofa domestica) by Bhupinder Singh Nanda A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major Subject Veterinary Anatomy Approved : Signature was redacted for privacy. In Charge of Mg^or Work Signature was redacted for privacy. Head of Major Department Signature was redacted for privacy. Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1970 PLEASE NOTE: Several pages contain colored illustrations. Filmed in the best possible way. UNIVERSITY MICROFILMS ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 6 MATERIALS AND METHODS 42 OBSERVATIONS 51 DISCUSSION 200 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 333 BIBLIOGRAPHY 341+ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 386 APPENDIX A 389 APPENDIX B 424 APPENDIX C 469 1 INTRODUCTION The present investigation was envisaged to pursue studies on the brain as a part of the gerontological work being car­ ried on in the Department of Veterinary Anatomy at Iowa State University for the last twelve years. The project was devel­ oped to study normal aging process in the different organs of the dog and pig, specially maintained for such gerontologi­ cal studies. The present work was undertaken to study the extrinsic and intrinsic blood supply to the brain, histomorphological age change in the cerebral arteries and age-associated changes in different nuclei and cortices of the brain in the dog and pig. An attempt was also made to compare these changes with those reported in other species of domestic ani­ mais and in the human. The blood supply to the brain, in the above species, was included in view of the lack of information about its intrin­ sic distribution. The extrinsic blood vessels have been studied extensively by many authors dating as early as late nineteenth century. The works published so far do not con­ tain sufficient information regarding the internal distribu­ tion and nuclear areas supplied and do not recognize many branches which have already been recognized in the human. Various workers put forth conflicting terminology which 2 required clarification. N.A.V. (1968) attempted to form a universal nomenclature for all domestic animals in line with the already accepted one in the human. A number of books on Veterinary Anatomy mentioned about the blood supply to the brain in the dog and pig which was too concise and was from a comparison point of view with other domestic species. The only exception to the above was the publication by Miller, et al. (1964) who mentioned about the extrinsic blood supply in the case of dog. The present attempt, to study the ex­ trinsic and intrinsic blood supply to the brain in both spe­ cies, to discuss their nomenclature and to propose the accep­ tance of important extrinsic and intrinsic vessels present in the domestic animals, may serve useful for future work in this line. The intrinsic blood supply was incorporated to de­ tail out the different sources of the blood supply to differ­ ent nuclear areas and fiber tracts. The above investigation was thought useful because of its paucity in the literature as well as its significance not only from the academic point of view but also from its importance in the applied and ex­ perimental works in the field of neuroanatomy'-jneurophysiology, neuropharmaceology and biomedical sciences. It was thought that the above information will stimulate the correlative studies for further experimental work in the above fields for which the dog and pig serve as suitable experimental subjects. 3 Histomorphological age changes in the aorta and its major branches as well as the arteries of different organs of the dog and pig have been studied or are in the process of inves­ tigation in the Department of Veterinary Anatomy at Iowa State University. A number of studies on the cerebral arter­ ies have been reported by various authors, but invariably these studies were done on the tissues collected from autopsy or from the experimental animals. The studies done or in progress in the above-mentioned department were an exception to the latter as the animals included were specially raised for the normal aging studies, their diet and habitat were the same, their genetic history as well as other relevant records were maintained. The present work employed the dogs and pigs from the above colonies and formed a segment of the geronto­ logical project being conducted. The connective tissue changes in the arterial wall were incorporated. The recognition of the above changes was thought to be important in the aging _ cerebral arteries as such changes might be predisposing the arterial wall to undergo narrowing or hardening by developing fibrosis and intimai thickening. In addition to the above, the comparative evaluation of the changes in the vascular wall of the cerebral arteries in the dog and pig were incorporated to elucidate the difference in the response of the arterial wall to aging in these species. 4 A number of studies on the aging pigment (lipofuscin) in the nervous tissue have been reported in different animals. The studies on the lipofuscin pigment in the brain stem nuclei, spinal cord, dorsal root ganglia and paravertebral ganglia of the dog and pig have been conducted in this depart­ ment, These investigations contributed a great deal to the understanding of the possible origin of the pigment and its magnitude in different areas of the nervous tissue. The pres­ ent study was extended to investigate further into the prob­ lem by including the cortices and other nuclear areas in the above species. The study also included quantitative estima­ tion of the intraneuronal volume of the pigment in different areas, distribution of the pigment per unit area as well as the percentage of the neurones containing the pigment in dif­ ferent age groups. As indicated earlier, gerontological studies on the dif­ ferent organs and tissues of the dog and pig already conduct­ ed and being pursued in the Department of Veterinary Anatomy at Iowa State University will comprise a most valuable contri­ bution to the understanding of the aging process and will enable on A to distinguish between the pathological changes and age changes in the above species at different ages. The different gerontological studies in this department on brain, spinal cord, kidney, adrenal, pancreas, hypophysis. 5 female genital tract, salivary glands and blood vessels in­ cluding the aorta, were studied or being studied at present from the same animals in most of the cases. The age changes in the different organs and tissues when correlated and com­ piled together will form a most exhaustive and rare treatise on the age changes in the dog and pig. 6 REVIEW OF LITERATURE Blood Supply to the Brain of the Dog and Pig The study of the blood supply to the brain was first re­ corded by Alcmaeon (500 B.C.) who studied the optic nerve and distribution of the blood vessels to the brain, Hippocrates (400 B.C.) mentioned the blood vessels supplying the brain of goat in his treatise. He mentioned that the arteries con­ tained air. Herophilus (300-250 B.C.) recognized that the brain was the central organ of the nervous system, a seat of intelligence. He coined the term "rete mirabile" for the arterial plexus observed at the base of the brain, Leonardo- da-Vinci (1^52"1518) also described the rete in ruminants. Berengario-de-Carpi (1490) denied the presence of a rete mirabile at the base of the brain in man as was thought ear­ lier. He was supported by Yesalius (1538) Willis (1664), in his fundamental work on the anatomy of the brain confirmed the views of the above workers. He stressed the importance of the regulation against too sudden changes in the blood supply to the brain. He noted that the circulus arteriosus at the base of the brain was present for a smooth and continuous cerebral blood supply. Rapp (1827) attempted to generalize about the presence of the rete to function and thought that it was present in animals in which arteria vertebralis was not directed to 7 supply the brain, Tandler (1899) while studying the com­ parative blood supply to the mammalian head observed that the circulus arteriosus can be supplied either only through the arteria vertebralis or, in other extremes, by the ar- teria carotis interna but all possible intermediate stages can be observed in mammals.
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