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Cardiovascular Responses to Locomotor Activity and Feeding in Unrestrained Three-Toed Sloths, Bradypus Variegatus

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Cardiovascular Responses to Locomotor Activity and Feeding in Unrestrained Three-Toed Sloths, Bradypus Variegatus Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research (2004) 37: 1557-1561 Cardiovascular responses to behavioral activity in sloths 1557 ISSN 0100-879X Short Communication Cardiovascular responses to locomotor activity and feeding in unrestrained three-toed sloths, Bradypus variegatus D.P.F. Duarte, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, A.M. Jaguaribe, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil M.A.C. Pedrosa, A.C.C.R. Clementino, A.A. Barbosa, A.F.V. Silva, D.P. Gilmore and C.P. Da Costa Abstract Correspondence Heart rate (HR) and systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP) and mean (MBP) Key words D.P.F. Duarte blood pressure were recorded by biotelemetry in nine conscious • Tree-toed sloth Departamento de Fisiologia e unrestrained sloths for 1 min every 15 min over a 24-h period. The • Heart rate Farmacologia, UFPE animals were allowed to freely move in an acoustically isolated and • Blood pressure Av. Professor Morais Rego, s/n temperature-controlled (24 ± 1ºC) experimental room with light-dark • Locomotor activity 50670-901 Recife, PE • Feeding behavior Brasil cycle (12/12 h). Behavior was closely monitored through a unidirec- Fax: +55-81-2126-8976 tional visor and classified as resting (sitting or suspended), feeding E-mail: [email protected] (chewing and swallowing embauba leaves, Cecropia adenops), or locomotor activity around the tree trunk or on the room floor. Locomo- Research supported by Fundação de tor activity caused statistically significant increases in SBP (+8%, Amparo à Ciência e Tecnologia do from 121 ± 22 to 131 ± 18 mmHg), DBP (+7%, from 86 ± 17 to 92 ± Estado de Pernambuco (FACEPE, No. 10 mmHg), MBP (+8%, from 97 ± 19 to 105 ± 12 mmHg), and HR APQ-23-CBIO-03/2001-01/01-2). (+14%, from 84 ± 15 to 96 ± 15 bpm) compared to resting values, indicating a possible major influence of the autonomic nervous system on the modulation of cardiac function during this behavior. During Received November 28, 2003 feeding, the increase in blood pressure was even higher (SBP +27%, Accepted June 14, 2004 from 119 ± 21 to 151 ± 21 mmHg; DBP +21%, from 85 ± 16 to 103 ± 15 mmHg; MBP +24%, from 96 ± 17 to 119 ± 17 mmHg), while HR remained at 14% (from 84 ± 15 to 96 ± 10 bpm) above resting values. The proportionally greater increase in blood pressure than in HR during feeding suggests an increase in peripheral vascular resistance as part of the overall response to this behavior. In mammals, different aspects of behav- hours a day (7), show low levels of motor ioral activity are associated with a wide vari- activity. These animals seem to have high ety of physiological changes. These include levels of sympathetic discharge (8) and ex- alterations in blood pressure (BP), heart rate hibit some aberrant reactions to certain com- (HR), and blood flow to and from those monly used drugs (9). tissues and organs that participate in neural The aim of the present study was to deter- and hormonal functions (1-5). Sleep, for ex- mine the effect of locomotor activity and ample, is an activity accompanied by a fall in feeding on BP and HR in unrestrained three- BP (6). Sloths are slow-moving mammals toed sloths (Bradypus variegatus). Biotele- that, besides sleeping or resting for up to 20 metric measurements of BP were obtained Braz J Med Biol Res 37(10) 2004 1558 D.P.F. Duarte et al. for nine adult sloths (four males and two available ad libitum. The artificial light-dark females weighing on average 4.4 ± 0.6 kg), period was 12/12 h (light on at 6:00 h) and over a period of 48 h. In three other males the room temperature was maintained at 24 ± trials were interrupted after 26 h for techni- 1ºC. The animal’s behavior was closely moni- cal reasons such as blood clotting and loss of tored through the visor for 1 min at intervals the BP signal. Biotelemetry has the advan- of 15 min and classified as resting (sitting or tage that the animals are conscious, unre- suspended), feeding (chewing and swallow- strained and require no handling during the ing the embauba leaves supplied), or show- experiments and provides a continuous re- ing locomotor activity on the tree trunk pro- cording of hemodynamic functions. vided or on the floor of the room, which was The nine sloths were obtained from the covered with sand. Every 15 min the ob- forest in the vicinity of Recife, PE, Brazil, server recorded the behavior that was taking and kept in the vivarium of the University for place during the 1-min monitoring period. two weeks prior to the experiment. Body BP signals sampled at 200 Hz were col- temperature and weight were measured daily, lected over a 24-h period, during which the and the animals were observed for different animal’s behavior was also observed. The aspects of their behavior as described by systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood Silva (10). On the day before surgery, the pressure were recorded beat to beat using the sloths were shaved in those regions on which Windaq 200 Calculate software (Dataq In- silver plate electrodes were to be attached to struments, Akron, OH, USA) and analyzed record the electrocardiogram (EKG). Heart with the Microsoft Excel software. Mean rate was measured from lead II and was used blood pressure (MBP) was calculated as DBP as an indicator of post-surgical stress. The plus one third of the difference between SBP right common carotid artery was cannulated and DBP. under local anesthesia induced by 10 ml 2% Data are reported as means ± SD. HR lidocaine (Xylocaine®; Astra Química do values before and after surgery were com- Brasil, São Paulo, SP, Brazil) administered pared by the Student t-test for paired data, subcutaneously as described by Duarte at al. while SBP, DBP, MBP, and HR values at (8). The cannula was filled with heparinized rest and during locomotor activity, and be- physiological saline (Liquemine®; Roche, fore and during feeding, were compared by Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil) and then sealed. the Student t-test for unpaired data. The The carotid artery was chosen because of the level of significance was set at P < 0.05. presence of a rete mirabile in the limb ves- The cannulae were removed at the con- sels of the animals which prevents peripher- clusion of the study and, after a period of al cannulation. After a 24-h period, EKG recovery, the sloths were released back into electrodes were applied and their position the wild. The experiments were carried out was maintained by dressing the animals in a with previous approval of the Ethics Com- tight-fitting jacket. The jacket also carried a mittee of Centro de Ciências Biológicas, BP biotelemetry transmitter previously cali- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco and brated and connected to the arterial cannula. with license from Instituto Brasileiro do Meio The animal was released into an acoustically Ambiente (IBAMA, No. 075/98, DIFAS). isolated experimental room with a unidirec- HR during resting behavior before (70 ± tional visor for observation. The room con- 17 bpm) and after (73 ± 16 bpm) surgery did tained a large branched tree trunk for the not differ significantly (P > 0.05, paired animal to climb. The sloth was able to move Student t-test), suggesting that the animals around freely, and food (fresh embauba were unstressed. Locomotor activity (Figure leaves, Cecropia adenops) and water were 1A) was recorded on 35 occasions repre- Braz J Med Biol Res 37(10) 2004 Cardiovascular responses to behavioral activity in sloths 1559 senting 2% of the total number of 1485 mmHg, +24%), and HR (84 ± 15 to 96 ± 10 observations. This rate was much lower than bpm, +14%). During feeding, there was abun- the 13% reported by Silva (10) for sloths in dant salivation and the elevated levels of BP captivity. However, this difference of 2% vs remained high while it persisted. 13% in locomotor activity may be accounted The ingestion and digestion of food by for by the different methodologies employed mammals is associated with many physi- in the two studies. ological alterations including those in the Sunquist and Montgomery (11) reported nervous, cardiovascular and endocrine sys- that the genus Bradypus does not have a tems. Alterations in the cardiovascular sys- cyclic pattern of diurnal and nocturnal activ- tem before, during and after feeding have ity. On the other hand, Moura Filho et al. been investigated in various animals. Ex- (12) found a reduction in activity at the end periments on cats (5) and rabbits (15) have of the dark period. Studies carried out by demonstrated that the presentation of food to Silva (13), recording the EKG by short range the animal without its subsequent consump- biotelemetry and observing motor activity in tion does not bring about any changes in sloths maintained in the laboratory, showed either BP or HR. Our results indicate that the that motor activity increased at the begin- situation is the same in B. variegatus, i.e., ning of the night (maximum at 20:00 h) and that the availability of food ad libitum or the was correlated with an increase in HR. presentation of embauba leaves to the ani- In the present study, locomotor activity (Figure 1A) evoked significant increases Figure 1. Systolic (SBP), diastolic A 170 170 123 (DBP) and mean (MBP) blood (P < 0.05, unparied Student t-test) in SBP Resting (N = 1450) pressure and heart rate (HR; 150 Locomotor activity (N = 35) 150 (121 ± 22 to 131 ± 18 mmHg; +8%), DBP * mean ± SD) of Bradypus varie- gatus at rest and during locomo- (86 ± 17 to 92 ± 10 mmHg, +7%), MBP (97 130 1234 130 1234 tor activity (A) and before and 1234 * ± 19 to 105 ± 12 mmHg, +8%), and HR 110 1234 110 during feeding (B).
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