L'armée De Vichy

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L'armée De Vichy 92515KUL_Vichy_Mep Page 2 Lundi, 9. février 2004 2:08 14 92515KUL_Vichy_Mep Page 3 Lundi, 9. février 2004 2:08 14 L’ARMÉE DE VICHY 92515KUL_Vichy_Mep Page 4 Lundi, 9. février 2004 2:08 14 DU MÊME AUTEUR Vichy France : Old Guard and New Order, 1940-1944, New York, A. A. Knopf, 1972 ; nouv. éd., New York, Columbia University Press, 2001. Traduction française : La France de Vichy : 1940-1944, Paris, Éd. du Seuil, 1973 (coll. « L’Univers historique ») ; nouv. éd. revue et mise à jour, 1997 (coll. « L’Univers historique »), 1999 (coll. « Points Histoire »). Europe in the Twentieth Century, New York, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1975 ; 4e éd., Fort Worth (Tx), Harcourt College Publishers, 2002. French Peasant Fascism : Henry Dorgères’ Greenshirts and the Crises of French Agriculture, 1929-1939, New York, Oxford University Press, 1997. Traduction française : Le Temps des chemises vertes : révoltes paysannes et fascisme rural, 1929-1939, Paris, Éd. du Seuil, 1996 (coll. « L’Univers his- torique »). Avec Michael R. Marrus, Vichy France and the Jews, New York, Basic Books, 1981. Traduction française : Vichy et les Juifs, Paris, Calmann- Lévy, 1981 (coll. « Diaspora ») ; rééd., LGF, 1990 (coll. « Le Livre de poche. Biblio essais »). Avec Nicholas Wahl, éd., De Gaulle and the United States : a Centennial Reappraisal, Oxford, Providence (RI), Berg Publ., 1994. 92515KUL_Vichy_Mep Page 5 Lundi, 9. février 2004 2:08 14 ROBERT O. PAXTON L’ARMÉE DE VICHY Le corps des officiers français, 1940-1944 Traduit de l’anglais (États-Unis) par Pierre de Longuemar Postface historiographique de Claude d’Abzac-Epezy TALLANDIER 92515KUL_Vichy_Mep Page 6 Lundi, 9. février 2004 2:08 14 Titre original : Parades and Politics at Vichy. The French Officer Corps under Marshal Pétain, Princeton (NJ), Princeton University Press, 1966. © Princeton University Press, pour l’édition originale. © Tallandier Éditions, 2004, pour l’édition française. Tallandier Éditions – 18, rue Dauphine 75006 Paris ISBN : 979-1-02101-699-6 92515KUL_Vichy_Mep Page 7 Lundi, 9. février 2004 2:08 14 À mes parents 92515KUL_Vichy_Mep Page 8 Lundi, 9. février 2004 2:08 14 92515KUL_Vichy_Mep Page 9 Lundi, 9. février 2004 2:08 14 SOMMAIRE Introduction .................................................................................... 11 Chapitre premier. Juin 1940. La survie de l’armée française ....... 19 Chapitre II. L’armée nouvelle ........................................................ 55 Chapitre III. Juillet-décembre 1940. Neutralité ou revanche ? ...... 81 Chapitre IV. « La peste soit des deux camps » ............................. 113 Chapitre V. Liberté sous contrainte ............................................... 163 Chapitre VI. Des officiers devenus maîtres d’école ...................... 207 Chapitre VII. 1941. La neutralité installée .................................... 239 Chapitre VIII. 1941-1942. Bons et mauvais usages de la liberté : les officiers « en politique » .................................... 279 Chapitre IX. Le parti de la revanche : la résistance dans l’Armée d’armistice .......................................... 307 Chapitre X. 1942. La neutralité menacée ...................................... 337 Chapitre XI. Novembre 1942. La neutralité défendue .................. 371 Chapitre XII. Après novembre 1942. Les officiers dispersés ....... 419 Chapitre XIII. Au cœur de l’armée traditionnelle ......................... 439 Annexes .......................................................................................... 463 Chronologie .................................................................................... 465 Liste des ministres, et secrétaires d’État aux armées (Défense, Guerre, Marine, Aviation), 1940-1944 .......................................... 475 La convention d’armistice franco-allemande du 22 juin 1940 .............................................................................. 477 Introduction à l’édition américaine (1966) .................................... 485 Notice bibliographique de l’édition américaine (1966) ................ 489 Liste des principaux entretiens de l’auteur .................................... 517 92515KUL_Vichy_Mep Page 10 Lundi, 9. février 2004 2:08 14 « À la recherche des officiers de 1940 » entretien avec Robert O. Paxton (2000) ........................................ 519 Postface historiographique, par Claude d’Abzac-Epezy ................ 537 Remerciements de l’éditeur ........................................................... 569 Index................................................................................................ 571 92515KUL_Vichy_Mep Page 11 Lundi, 9. février 2004 2:08 14 INTRODUCTION Ce livre puise ses origines dans une thèse de doctorat en his- toire soutenue à l’université de Harvard en 1963, et publiée en 1966 aux États-Unis, dans une version remaniée pour un public plus large1. Ce premier ouvrage d’un jeune historien encore inconnu est passé presque inaperçu en France. Une seule publica- tion française en fit le compte rendu – en huit lignes2. L’auteur a dû en offrir lui-même un exemplaire à la Bibliothèque nationale de France. On peut légitimement se demander pourquoi ce livre sort maintenant, après tant d’années, en traduction française. Une première raison en est le manque, encore aujourd’hui, d’ouvrages scientifiques en langue française sur les forces armées de Vichy. Seule l’armée de l’air de Vichy a fait l’objet d’une étude approfondie, portant sur ses dimensions politiques et sociales aussi bien que techniques et stratégiques, et fondée sur une connaissance complète des archives3. En ce qui concerne l’armée de terre, on dispose entre autres des analyses fines de 1. Robert O. PAXTON, Parades and Politics at Vichy, Princeton (NJ), Prin- ceton University Press, 1966. 2. Revue française de science politique, t. XVII, no 1, février 1967, p. 178- 179. 3. Claude d’ABZAC-EPEZY, L’Armée de l’air de Vichy, Vincennes, Service historique de l’armée de l’air, 1997. Version abrégée : L’Armée de l’air des années noires : Vichy, 1940-1944, Paris, Économica, 1998. 92515KUL_Vichy_Mep Page 12 Lundi, 9. février 2004 2:08 14 12 L’ARMÉE DE VICHY Christian Bachelier, mais elles sont présentées dans quelques articles relativement brefs4. Des ouvrages parus peu après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, fondés principalement sur les souve- nirs de participants, apportent une vision partielle du sujet, des- tinée avant tout à démontrer la contribution de l’Armée de l’armistice à la Résistance et à la libération de la France5. Si nous sommes bien informés de l’histoire des opérations de la marine française pendant le conflit grâce aux travaux de Phi- lippe Masson6 et d’autres, nous connaissons beaucoup moins bien ses aspects sociaux, culturels et politiques. Cette absence est d’autant plus regrettable que les forces armées furent des institutions centrales du régime de Vichy. Gouvernement issu des efforts des deux militaires français les plus illustres, le maréchal Pétain et le général Weygand, pour faire cesser la guerre contre l’Allemagne par un acte d’État, évitant ainsi une capitulation de l’armée française en rase cam- pagne et le transfert du gouvernement en Afrique du Nord, Vichy donne aux militaires un rôle de tout premier plan. Le chef de l’État et l’un des deux vice-présidents du Conseil – l’amiral Darlan – sont des officiers de haut rang. D’autres offi- ciers généraux deviennent ministres, préfets, ambassadeurs. Les forces armées se voient attribuer un nouveau rôle dans la for- mation de la jeunesse. La petite armée autorisée par la conven- tion d’armistice – l’Armée de l’armistice – se voue à la création d’une France nouvelle, se vantant d’incarner les valeurs de 4. Christian BACHELIER, « La nouvelle armée française », in La France des années noires, sous la dir. de Jean-Pierre AZÉMA et François BÉDARIDA, Paris, Éd. du Seuil, 1993, t. II, pp. 219-240 ; id., « L’Armée », in Le Régime de Vichy et les Français, sous la dir. de Jean-Pierre AZÉMA et François BÉDA- RIDA, Paris, Fayard, 1992, pp. 389-409. Pour un point plus complet sur les tra- vaux récents, voir la postface historiographique en fin de volume. 5. Étienne ANTHÉRIEUX, Le Drame de l’armée d’armistice, Paris, Les Quatre Vents, 1946 ; Raymond SEREAU, L’Armée de l’armistice, Paris, Nou- velles Éditions latines, 1961 ; Marcel LERECOUVREUX, Résurrection de l’armée française, de Weygand à Giraud, Paris, Nouvelles Éditions latines, 1955. Une bibliographie très complète figure dans C. d’ABZAC-EPEZY, L’Armée de l’air de Vichy, op. cit., p. 332, n. 10. 6. Philippe MASSON, La Marine française et la guerre, 1939-1945, Paris, Tallandier, 1991, entre autres. 92515KUL_Vichy_Mep Page 13 Lundi, 9. février 2004 2:08 14 INTRODUCTION 13 discipline, d’ordre et d’autorité méconnues – aux dires de ses chefs – par la Troisième République. D’ailleurs, l’Armée de l’armistice fut une des racines de l’armée française de la Libération. La très pétainiste Armée d’Afrique a été projetée dans la guerre contre l’Axe par le débarquement allié en Afrique du Nord, le 8 novembre 1942. Après une période d’hésitation, pendant laquelle ses chefs espèrent par leur neutralité épargner à Vichy une occupation totale du territoire métropolitain par les Allemands, elle contri- bue de manière décisive à la victoire alliée de mai 1943 en Tunisie. Fusionnée, non sans difficultés, avec les unités moins nombreuses des Forces françaises libres et des Forces fran- çaises de l’intérieur, elle participe brillamment aux campagnes d’Italie, de Normandie et de Provence, libère Paris et poursuit l’ennemi
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