DOCSLIB.ORG

The Italian Occupation of Southeastern France in the Second World War, 1940–1943

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Italian Occupation of Southeastern France in the Second World War, 1940–1943 Italiani Brava Gente? The Italian occupation of southeastern France in the Second World War, 1940-1943 by Emanuele Sica A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2011 © Emanuele Sica 2011 Author's Declaration I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. ii Abstract Many academic works have focused on the German occupation of France in the Second World War, both from the perspective of the occupiers and the occupied. Only a few monographs however had dealt so far with the Italian military occupation of southeastern France between 1940 and 1943. My dissertation strives to fill this historiographical gap, by analyzing the Italian occupation policy established by both Italian civilian and military authorities. Compared to the German occupation policy, the Italian occupation was considerably more lenient, as no massacres were perpetrated and wanton violence was rare. In fact, the Italian occupation of France contrasts sharply with the occupation in the Balkans, where Italians resorted to brutal retaliation in response to guerilla activities. Indeed, softer measures in France stemmed from pragmatic reasons, as the Italian army had not the manpower to implement a draconian occupation, but also due to an humanitarian mindset, especially with regards to the Jewish population in southeastern France. This work endeavors to examine the occupation and its impact on southeastern France, especially at a grassroots level, with a particular emphasis on the relations between the Italian soldiers and the Italian immigrants in the area. Furthermore, much light will be shed on the conflict opposing French officials to Italian ones, and on the differences in policy between Italian civilian authorities and Italian military officials. iii Acknowledgements For my PhD dissertation, I owe thanks to many and various people. First of all the archivists and personnel of the various archives: Fabrice Ospedale and all the personnel at the Archives départementales des Alpes-Maritimes. I spent three months in Nice in a very relaxed and supportive environment, and the archives are a treasure trove. In the Archivio Ufficio Storico Stato Maggiore dell'Esercito, I'm particularly indebted to Tenente-Colonello De Rosa for his kindness and Sergeant Ietri for his invaluable help. In the Archivio Storico Ministero Affari Esteri, Dr.ssa Stefania Ruggeri has kindly offered insights inot the Archivio and the materiel I could find therein. The archivists at the Archivio Centrale dello Stato were kind enough to locate hard-to-find documents for me. I'm particularly indebted to Elio Pesso for all his guidance, friendship and for helping me and my wife, Elena, settle in Nice. My dissertation is the product of six years in the PhD program at the University of Waterloo, a long trip which has proven terrific and which has taught me much both in terms of professionalism the importance of treating all with respect and humanity. I wish to thank first my fellow graduate students Heiko, Michael, Theresa, Jeff, Amir, Laura and Kathy for sharing their passionate insights on difficult, yet interesting monographs, and I would like to extend my thanks to all the other colleagues I met in the Department and at conferences. The professors in the Tri-History program deserve much credit for the completion of my PhD. First all, all the professors at the University of Waterloo department, all those whom I worked and Dr. Daniel Gorman for giving me the opportunity to work as Research Assistant, Dr. Tracy Penny Light and Professor Wendy Mitchinson for giving me the possibility to organize a workshop at a time of tight funding. All my Minor and Major field instructors were instrumental in the completion of my PhD. Professor Roger Sarty taught me that military history is much more than putting pawns on a map and encouraged me to pursue my PhD. Dr. Alan MacDougall made me discover the beauty of European cinema and brought excellent iv insights both my dissertation and my understanding of English football. Professor George Urbaniak dissected my dissertation thoroughly and provided invaluable expertise in European history. He should be praised even more for his efforts, for doing so while recovering from an illness. Dr. Gary Bruce not only supervised half of the Major Field on European History, but his door has been always open for a chat, as well as more serious business. Danke, Herr Bruce! Donna Lang and Nancy Birss, the two secretaries in the History department, deserve all the praise they can get. It is a truism that departments could not function properly without competent secretaries, but it is my humble opinion that their kindness in making new students home should be lauded by all. I would moreover be profoundly unjust if I did not mention Irene Majer, whose caring patience was crucial in helping me adjust to the academic life in Waterloo. Professor Robert Ventresca, the external member of my PhD committee, has provided extremely thought-provoking insights from the perspective of an established Italian historian. In thanking him for having accepted to examine my dissertation, I am looking forward to collaborating with him. Last but not least, Dr. Lynne Taylor, my supervisor, has my gratitude which goes beyond mere words. I not only met a super scholar and able teacher, but also a close friend who patiently coached an Italian PhD student with little knowledge of the North American academic system, through the ins and outs of a history department. More than that, she was extremely contagious in her love for history and definitely encouraged me to become a historian. I could not have asked for a better supervisor. At the end of this thanklist, I wish to mention the unwavering support across the ocean of both my family and Elena's family. My father Mario, my mother Odette, and my two brothers Francesco and Gianmichele and their families, as well as my in-laws Claudio and Maria, Elena's brother Vittorio, Nonno Vittorio and Nonna Eufrasia have always been eager to hear my progress v reports delivered by Skype. You know we miss you a lot, and are looking forward to spending some time with you in the future! vi Dedication This dissertation is dedicated first and foremost to my wife Elena, who have agreed to come with me in my fantastic journey in Canada to start a new family far away from our families and friends. I would have never been able to make it without you and this dedication is only a minuscule token of my love for you. Grazie di cuore, Amore mio. My final dedication is for Nonno Vittorio, Nonno Giovanni for sparing my Italian village Prata from German reprisals in the Second World War, and all the fallen Italian soldiers. vii Table of Contents Author's Declaration ............................................................................................................................. ii Abstract................................................................................................................................................iii Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................................. iv Dedication ........................................................................................................................................... vii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................... viii List of Figures ...................................................................................................................................... ix Chapter 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2 We used to be good friends: Italian immigration to Southern France and the deterioration of international relations, from the 1930s until June 1940 ...................................................................... 24 Chapter 3 The Coming of the Second World War and the Battle of the Alps ..................................... 54 Chapter 4 The Armistice period (June 1940-November 1942): the role of the CIAF.......................... 95 Chapter 5 The Italian occupation zone: an inchoate colonization?.................................................... 150 Chapter 6 The November 1942 Invasion .......................................................................................... 194 Chapter 7 The impact of the Italian occupation in southeastern France ............................................ 243 Chapter 8 The Italian occupation policy in France: the repressive forbearance of the Italian army .. 312 Chapter 9 "You have to consider them as individuals living in concentration camps:" The Italian Jewish Policy .................................................................................................................................... 371 Chapter 10 Easy Come Easy Go: the end of the Italian occupation .................................................. 392 Chapter 11 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 407 Appendix A Maps ............................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • N 1-11 Commissione D'inchiesta Per I Criminali Di Guerra Italiani Secondo
    (Stanza segreta I) ELENCO SOMMARIO DI CONSISTENZA DELL’ARCHIVIO DELLA COMMISSIONE D’INCHIESTA PER I CRIMINALI DI GUERRA ITALIANI SECONDO ALCUNI STATI ESTERI di ALESSANDRO GIONFRIDA (gli elenchi di versamento con la rispettiva segnatura data dall’Ufficio storico sta in fondo Ar., b. 11, fasc. 123). Elenco abbreviazioni - b.= busta, - fasc. = fascicolo, - ins. = inserto, - s. fasc. = sotto fascicolo, - commissione di stato jugoslava = “commissione di stato jugoslava per l’accertamento dei crimini degli occupatori e dei loro coadiutori”, 3 spazi tra fascicoli 6 tra bb. * i documenti del 1939-1943 sono copie di diari storico-militari e relativi allegati delle grandi e minori unità italiane nei territori occupati dalle truppe italiane in quel periodo (Jugoslavia, Montenegro, Albania, Grecia, Russia) - Quando manca la documentazion si usa questa formula: l’inserto (il fasc., sfasc.) al suo interno risulta privo di documentazione. - Nota interna sulla mancamza di documentazione. *Dal fasc. 130 sono indicati provvisoriamente anche i nomi. - Quando sono solo pubblicazioni o registri non mettere s.fasc., ins., ecc, ma solo, eventualmente, un elenco enumerato. Busta 2255 (1) fasc. 1 ”1. 2255, Generale Orlando Taddeo1” cc. 572 1941 aprile 16- 1948 gennaio 18 Documentazione, in copia, dello SME- Ufficio Informazioni. - s.fasc. 1 “A. 1. Generale di corpo d’armata Orlando Taddeo già comandante della Divisione Granatieri di Sardegna”. Nota biografica sul generale Orlando. 1 Fu comandante la Divisione Granatieri di Sardegna dal 1° marzo 1940 all’ottobre 1942. La Divisione fu invita a Lubiana nel maggio 1941 al settembre 1942, poi fu trasferita in Croazia nei 2 mesi successivi. Il generale Orlando durante l’attività di inchiesta della Commissione sui presunti criminali secondo alcuni stati esteri era presidente della commissione d’avanzamento per meriti di guerra degli ufficiali inferiori, nonché presidente della Commissione di avanzamento speciale.
    [Show full text]
  • Vichy France and the Jews
    VICHY FRANCE AND THE JEWS MICHAEL R. MARRUS AND ROBERT 0. PAXTON Originally published as Vichy et les juifs by Calmann-Levy 1981 Basic Books, Inc., Publishers New York Contents Introduction Chapter 1 / First Steps Chapter 2 / The Roots o f Vichy Antisemitism Traditional Images of the Jews 27 Second Wave: The Crises of the 1930s and the Revival of Antisemitism 34 The Reach of Antisemitism: How Influential Was It? 45 The Administrative Response 54 The Refugee Crisis, 1938-41 58 Chapter 3 / The Strategy o f Xavier Vallat, i 9 4 !-4 2 The Beginnings of German Pressure 77 Vichy Defines the Jewish Issue, 1941 83 Vallat: An Activist at Work 96 The Emigration Deadlock 112 Vallat’s Fall 115 Chapter 4 / The System at Work, 1040-42 The CGQJ and Other State Agencies: Rivalries and Border Disputes 128 Business as Usual 144 Aryanization 152 Emigration 161 The Camps 165 Chapter 5 / Public Opinion, 1040-42 The Climax of Popular Antisemitism 181 The DistriBution of Popular Antisemitism 186 A Special Case: Algeria 191 The Churches and the Jews 197 X C ontents The Opposition 203 An Indifferent Majority 209 Chapter 6 / The Turning Point: Summer 1Q42 215 New Men, New Measures 218 The Final Solution 220 Laval and the Final Solution 228 The Effort to Segregate: The Jewish Star 234 Preparing the Deportation 241 The Vel d’Hiv Roundup 250 Drancy 252 Roundups in the Unoccupied Zone 255 The Massacre of the Innocents 263 The Turn in PuBlic Opinion 270 Chapter 7 / The Darquier Period, 1942-44 281 Darquier’s CGQJ and Its Place in the Regime 286 Darquier’s CGQJ in Action 294 Total Occupation and the Resumption of Deportations 302 Vichy, the ABBé Catry, and the Massada Zionists 310 The Italian Interlude 315 Denaturalization, August 1943: Laval’s Refusal 321 Last Days 329 Chapter 8 / Conclusions: The Holocaust in France .
    [Show full text]
  • Le Immagini Dell'adunata Di Maggio
    Aut. Trib. Trieste n. 977 del 13 gennaio 1998 - Poste Italiane S.p.A. Spedizione in abbonamento postale - D.L. 353/2003 (convertito in Legge 27.02.2004 n. 46) Art. 1, Comma 2, DVB TS PORT PAYEE - TASSA RISCOSSA - TAXE PERCUE - TAX PAID Anno XLIII - n. 193 - LUGLIO 2018 Trimestrale inviato gratuitamente a Soci e Sezioni A.N.A. I “MULI” 3 IN QUESTO NUMERO A TRENTO Le vacanze finalmente 2 A piedi da Genova a Palermo 3 LE IMMAGINI DELL’ADUNATA DI MAGGIO Gita del coro 5 Alpini in barca a vela 7 La leva obbligatoria 10 Trincea Joffre 11 Troppo poco 15 L’adunata di Trento 16 5 Diario di Val Rauno 18 Com’era, com’è 20 Lettere al Direttore 23 La verità su Val Cismon 24 La staffetta della vittoria 26 La prei...storia si ripete? 28 I calci del Mulo 30 10 L’ALPIN DE TRIESTE Trimestrale dell’A.N.A. Sez. M.O. Guido Corsi - Trieste Fondato nel 1976 dal prof. Egidio Furlan Redazione Via della Geppa, 2 - 34132 TRIESTE Tel. 3475287753 - Fax 040662387 E.mail: [email protected] (per gli articoli: [email protected]) Il giornale è on-line nel sito www.anatrieste.it Direttore Responsabile dott. Dario Burresi Comitato di Redazione Dario Burresi, Livio Fogar, Giovanni Nieri, Matteo Racchi, Giuseppe Rizzo Correzione bozze Giuliana Magnarin Hanno collaborato a questo numero Giuliano Bianchi, Italico Cauteruccio, LE VACANZE Giampiero Chiapolino, Michele Corbelli, Claudio Susmel, Massimo Virno e … Titivillo. FINALMENTE L’anno scolastico si è concluso ed il suo Secondo quanto si credeva nel Medioevo, mondo è andato in vacanza lasciando Titivillo era un diavoletto malizioso e dispet- sul campo, per un po’, solo gli esaminan- toso che si divertiva e far commettere errori di e gli esaminatori.
    [Show full text]
  • Votre Guide Mobilité Your Public Transport Guide
    Votre guide mobilité Your public transport guide HIVER WINTER 2019-2020 Tous les horaires : du 14 décembre 2019 au 24 avril 2020 All schedules: from 14th December 2019 to 24th April 2020 Se la rouler douce… en Haute Maurienne Vanoise Travel easy... in Haute Maurienne Vanoise Nous mettons à votre service des lignes de trans- We provide you with public transport services so port en commun, pour vous permettre de vous you can explore all of our beautiful land. déplacer sur tout notre beau territoire. All the information you need for a great stay is L’ensemble des informations nécessaires pour available in this guide. un séjour agréable est compilé dans ce guide. If you require further information, we would be Si toutefois, vous avez besoin de précisions, nous delighted to answer your questions on: serons ravis de vous répondre au 04 79 05 99 06. +33 (0)4 79 05 99 06. L’ensemble de ces informations se trouve For more informations please go on www.haute- sur le site internet www.haute-maurienne- maurienne-vanoise.com/hiver/haute-maurienne- vanoise.com/hiver/haute-maurienne-vanoise/ vanoise/destination/se-deplacer-en-hmv/ destination/se-deplacer-en-hmv/ ou en flashant or scan the QR code above. le QR Code ci-contre : Informations générales 3 Tarifs et conditions de vente 4 Saint-André - Modane 8 Le Bourget - La Norma 9 Modane - Valfréjus (le samedi) 10 Modane - La Norma (le samedi) 11 Valfréjus - Modane - La Norma 12 SUMMARY SOMMAIRE M11 Modane - Aussois (le samedi) 15 M11 Modane - Aussois - Val Cenis Lanslebourg • Le dimanche : du 22 déc.
    [Show full text]
  • Vinciguerra Inviata Dal Carcere in Cui È Detenuto (Per Scontare L’Ergastolo), Al Sito “Archivio Guerra Politica”, Oggi Non Più Esistente
    La “Biblioteca del Covo” è lieta di mettere a disposizione dei propri lettori una parte della corrispondenza di Vincenzo Vinciguerra inviata dal carcere in cui è detenuto (per scontare l’ergastolo), al sito “Archivio Guerra Politica”, oggi non più esistente. Tale documentazione messa a disposizione a titolo gratuito, rappresenta una testimonianza d’eccezione sulla vita politica italiana del Novecento, che è indispensabile rendere di pubblica conoscenza, affinché la memoria collettiva del popolo italiano non venga defraudata della propria Storia. Al termine della corrispondenza di Vinciguerra abbiamo allegato il nostro articolo scritto in risposta alle recensioni che egli fece dei nostri lavori. LA “STRATEGIA DELLA TENSIONE” NELLA CORRISPONDENZA DAL CARCERE DI VINCENZO VINCIGUERRA. OMAGGIO ALLA “COERENZA”! Carcere di Opera, 15 maggio 2007. Dobbiamo rendere omaggio alla coerenza di personaggi come Gianfranco Fini, Franco Maria Servello, Pino Rauti, Gianni Alemanno, Ignazio La Russa, Teodoro Buontempo e tanti altri ancora. Perché non concordiamo con l’industriale Giuseppe Ciarrapico che, sulle pagine del “Corriere della Sera”, li ha definiti con disprezzo “rinnegati” (1). Il disprezzo lo meritano, ma non per quello che proclamano di essere oggi, bensì per quello che hanno affermato di essere per quasi mezzo secolo, durante il quale si sono presentati come gli eredi della Repubblica Sociale Italiana, i vessilliferi di quella bandiera sulla quale i combattenti fascisti avevano scritto la parola “Onore”. Costoro, alla pari di Giorgio Almirante, Arturo Michelini, Pino Romualdi, non hanno rinnegato l’onore, semplicemente perché sono sempre stati incompatibili con esso. Hanno affermato di avere un onore, ma non l’hanno mai avuto. “Sono veramente dispiaciuto – scriveva Gianfranco Fini ai reduci della Repubblica Sociale Italiana – di non poter partecipare…al VI congresso dell’Unione Nazionale Combattenti della Repubblica Sociale Italiana.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Political Reactions in Spain from the 1930S to the Present
    Comparative Political Reactions in Spain from the 1930s to the Present Undergraduate Research Thesis Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation with honors research distinction in Spanish in the undergraduate colleges of The Ohio State University by Benjamin Chiappone The Ohio State University April 2020 Project Advisor: Professor Eugenia Romero, Department of Spanish and Portuguese Co-Advisor: Professor Ignasi Gozalo-Salellas, Department of Spanish and Portuguese Table of Contents Introduction……………………………………………………………………3 1. The Franco Regime • Francoism & Fascist European Counterparts…………………………………………6 • Franco & the Coup d’état……………………………………………………10 • Memory of the Dictatorship…………………………………………………...12 2. Left-Wing Reactions • CNT & Anarchist Traditions…………………………………………14 • ETA’s Terrorism………………………………………………………………21 • The Catatonia Crisis…………………………………………………………31 • Catalonia & Protest Through the 1992 Olympic Games…………………..35 3. VOX: a Right-Wing Reaction • VOX’s Success & Politics……………………………..…………………...41 Conclusion……………………………………………………..……………..50 2 Introduction George Santayana, a 20th century philosopher once said, “Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.” In Spain’s Pacto de Olvido, the goal was just that, to forget. The pact was initially a political decision, but was given legal legitimacy in the Ley De Amnistía. The decree prevented any accountability for the people who were killed, tortured, and exiled during the civil war. It pardoned those (even far-right military commanders) who were involved in the regime, allowed those who were exiled to return to Spain, and has prevented the nation from investigating human rights violations under the dictatorship. Further, the pact prevented any observation of the war or any commission to look into who bore responsibility for the war (Encarnación). Regardless, memory is crucial in order to understand the past of a nation and its trajectory moving forward.
    [Show full text]
  • Communistes, Résistants. (1939-1945)
    Presse, délits d'opinion. Activités subversives : communistes, résistants. (1939-1945) Répertoire (BB/18/7005-BB/18/7107) Par Françoise ADNES Archives nationales (France) Pierrefitte-sur-Seine 2007 1 https://www.siv.archives-nationales.culture.gouv.fr/siv/IR/FRAN_IR_024169 Cet instrument de recherche a été encodé en 2012 par l'entreprise Numen dans le cadre du chantier de dématérialisation des instruments de recherche des Archives Nationales sur la base d'une DTD conforme à la DTD EAD (encoded archival description) et créée par le service de dématérialisation des instruments de recherche des Archives Nationales 2 Archives nationales (France) INTRODUCTION Référence BB/18/7005-BB/18/7107 Niveau de description fonds Intitulé Presse, délits d'opinion. Activités subversives : communistes, résistants. Date(s) extrême(s) 1939-1945 Localisation physique Pierrefitte 3 Archives nationales (France) Répertoire (BB/18/7005-BB/18/7107) BB/18/7005 2 BL 1 à 49 Condamnation du journal Le Libertaire, de Fernand Vintringer, gérant, et de Le Meillour, pour provocation à la violence et provocation de militaires à la désobéissance. 28 décembre 1938-23 novembre 1939. (2 BL 1 auquel est joint 2 BL 25). Information sur la diffusion de tracts critiquant la gestion d'Eugène Milliès-Lacroix, sénateur-maire de Dax. 29 décembre 1938-31 août 1939. (2 BL 2). Condamnation du journal La Commune pour provocation de militaires à la désobéissance dans un but de propagande anarchiste, et pour atteinte à l'intégrité du territoire national. 30 décembre 1938-16 mai 1939. (2 BL 3). Condamnation d'Edmond Bechtold, de Strasbourg, pour coups volontaires lors d'une réunion organisée par le Parti communiste.
    [Show full text]
  • The Algerian Armed Forces: National and International Challenges
    THE ALGERIAN ARMED FORCES: NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL CHALLENGES Carlos Echeverría Jesús Working Paper (WP) Nº 8/2004 1/4/2004 Area: Mediterranean & Arab World / Defence & Security – WP Nº 8/2004 (Trans. Spanish) 1/4/2004 The Algerian Armed Forces: National and international challenges ∗ Carlos Echeverría Jesús THE ROLE OF THE ARMED FORCES: FROM INDEPENDENCE TO THE FIRST STEPS TOWARD DEMOCRACY (1962-1988) The Algerian Armed Forces arose from the National Liberation Army (ALN), particularly from the so-called ‘border army’ which, as General Jaled Nezzar recalls in his Memoirs, began to play a dominant role under the command of Colonel Houari Boumedienne in late 1959: this army relentlessly waged war on the French forces deployed on the borders of Morocco and Tunisia until the conflict ended in 1962 (1). Although the creation of the ALN itself dates back to 1954, it was not until the Summam Congress, on August 20, 1956, that its structure was determined and it became considered an instrument for implementing the policies developed by the party: the National Liberation Front (FLN). The internal struggles within the FLN-ALN tandem, both in and outside Algeria, have been described by many authors: both the confrontations within the National Council of the Algerian Revolution (CNRA) and those at the various FLN congresses during and immediately after the war –the Summam Congress (1956), Tripoli Congress (1962) and Algiers Congress (1964)– aimed at taking control of the embryo of the future Armed Forces. According to Mohamed Harbi, the session of the CNRA held in December 1959 – January 1960 was crucial, as it abolished the Ministry of the Armed Forces, replacing it with an Inter-Ministerial War Committee (CIG), directed by military officers of a General Chiefs of Staff (EMG) led by Boumedienne, who went on to become Defense Minister of the first independent government and, starting in June 1965, President until his death in 1978.
    [Show full text]
  • The British Defence of Egypt 1935–1940
    The British Defence of Egypt 1935–1940 This book offers a comprehensive and challenging analysis of the British defence of Egypt, primarily against fascist Italy, in the critical lead-up period to the Second World War. The security of Egypt, a constant of British imperial strategy, is a curiously neglected dimension of the still burning appeasement debate. Yet it was a factor which demanded constant consider- ation by British policy-makers and figured in the crises of the period over Abyssinia, Czechoslovakia, Albania and Poland. By giving equal weight to the perspectives and assessments of the men on the spot, Steven Morewood adds to the originality of his interpretation by suggesting the old view should be reinstated: that Mussolini should and could have been stopped in his empire-building at the Abyssinian hurdle. Thereafter, as Nazi Germany tore the Versailles peace settlement to shreds, the drift to war accelerated as British resolve and credibility were brought into question. The fascist dictators in Rome and Berlin held no respect for weakness and Mussolini became the conduit through which Hitler could apply pressure to a sensitive British interest through reinforcing Libya at critical moments. Steven Morewood is lecturer in International History in the School of Historical Studies at the University of Birmingham. Cass series: Military history and policy Edited by John Gooch and Brian Holden Reid This series will publish studies on historical and contemporary aspects of land power, spanning the period from the eighteenth century to the present day, and will include national, international and comparative studies. From time to time, the series will publish edited collections of essays and ‘classics’.
    [Show full text]
  • The Re-Elaboration of Fascism and Its Impact on Right-Wing Populism In
    National Past and Populism: The Re-Elaboration of Fascism and Its Impact on Right-Wing Populism in Western Europe Daniele Caramani and Luca Manucci Department of Political Science University of Zurich Affolternstrasse 56 8050 Zurich Switzerland Email: [email protected] / [email protected] Phone: 0041 44 630 4010 Web: www.ipz.uzh.ch Abstract: The electoral performance of right-wing populism also depends on the type of re-elaboration of countries’ national past and their collective memories. Complementing socio-economic and political-institutional factors, the paper analyses cultural opportunity structures. Given the link between fascist and populist visions of power, it shows that different collective memories of the fascist past and World War II may open up or close down the space for right-wing populist parties. Theoretically, the typology includes four types of re-elaboration: culpabilization, victimization, heroization and cancellation. Results of a comparative analysis of eight West European countries based on a novel measurement method point to (1) culpabilization and heroization as types of re-elaboration limiting right-wing populist parties’ electoral performance, (2) cancellation as a type having an undetermined effect, and (3) victimization as a type triggering the success of right-wing populist parties. Keywords: populism, fascist past, re-elaboration, collective memory, cultural opportunity structures, comparative. 2 Introduction The success of Alternative for Germany in the 2017 federal elections came to many as a shock. Germany is a country that dealt critically with its past and developed a political culture making it unthinkable that right-wing populist discourses and parties would establish themselves.
    [Show full text]
  • Fascism on Display: the Afterlife of Material Legacies of the Dictatorship Flaminia Bartolini
    Print: ISBN 978-1-78969-873-2 Online: ISSN 2531-8810 EX NOVO Journal of Archaeology, Volume 5, December 2020: 19-32 19 Published Online: Dec 2020 Fascism on display: the afterlife of material legacies of the dictatorship Flaminia Bartolini McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research; Cambridge Heritage Research Centre, University of Cambridge Abstract The year 2015 marked the seventy-fifth anniversary of the end of World War II, a commemoration that prompted Italy to reconsider the complexity of the Fascist phenomenon and how the artistic creations and urbanism of the regime contributed to shaping city landscapes across the country. Fascist material legacies are an unequivocal presence in any Italian city, but the ways in which they have been preserved or not, reused or abandoned, provokes consideration of the complexities of the country’s renegotiation of its Fascist past, shifting from iconoclasm to present-day heritage status. Heritage designation and the restoration of Fascist works of art and architecture have posed questions regarding selectivity in heritage and whether Italy has yet to come to terms with its Fascist past. This paper will look at how Italy’s approach to Fascist heritage, which has recently been framed as ‘difficult heritage’ following Macdonald’s work on Nazi Germany, is an expression of the conflicting narratives that surround any renegotiation of the Fascist past, and how some recent conservation projects and exhibition have failed to demonstrate reflexivity over Fascism. It will also deconstruct the role of restoration and the heritage practices of preservation and management and will question the link between conservation and changes of attitude regarding a ‘difficult’ past.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring Occitan and Francoprovençal in Rhône-Alpes, France Michel Bert, Costa James
    What counts as a linguistic border, for whom, and with what implications? Exploring Occitan and Francoprovençal in Rhône-Alpes, France Michel Bert, Costa James To cite this version: Michel Bert, Costa James. What counts as a linguistic border, for whom, and with what implications? Exploring Occitan and Francoprovençal in Rhône-Alpes, France. Dominic Watt; Carmen Llamas. Language, Borders and Identity, Edinburgh University Press, 2014, Language, Borders and Identity, 0748669779. halshs-01413325 HAL Id: halshs-01413325 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01413325 Submitted on 9 Dec 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. What counts as a linguistic border, for whom, and with what implications? Exploring Occitan and Francoprovençal in Rhône-Alpes, France Michel Bert (DDL, Université Lumière/Lyon2) [email protected] James Costa (ICAR, Institut français de l’éducation/ENS de Lyon) [email protected] 1. Introduction Debates on the limits of the numerous Romance varieties spoken in what was once the western part of the Roman Empire have been rife for over a century (e.g. Bergounioux, 1989), and generally arose in the context of heated discussions over the constitution and legitimation of Nation-states.
    [Show full text]