France, Britain and the United States in the Twentieth Century: Volume 2, 1940 –1961 a Reappraisal Andrew J

STUDIES IN DIPLOMACY AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS France, Britain and the United States in the Twentieth Century: Volume 2, 1940 –1961 A Reappraisal Andrew J. Williams Studies in Diplomacy and International Relations Series Editors Donna Lee Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester, UK Paul Sharp College of Liberal Arts University of Minnesota Duluth, USA Marcus Holmes College of William & Mary Williamsburg, USA More information about this series at http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/14471 Andrew J. Williams France, Britain and the United States in the Twentieth Century: Volume 2, 1940–1961 A Reappraisal Andrew J. Williams School of International Relations University of St Andrews St Andrews, UK Studies in Diplomacy and International Relations ISBN 978-1-137-41443-4 ISBN 978-1-137-41444-1 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-41444-1 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2020 The author(s) has/have asserted their right(s) to be identifed as the author(s) of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifcally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microflms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifc statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affliations. Cover credit: Chuck Pefey/Alamy Stock Photo This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Limited The registered company address is: The Campus, 4 Crinan Street, London, N1 9XW, United Kingdom For Jean and Paulette, who inspired my love of France and for my grandson Oliver, who I hope will read this one day ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS As with all the people and institutions who helped me in the writing of the frst volume of this study, I have incurred some debts and made lots of friends. On the institutional and personal level, I again start my thanks with David Woolner, Resident Historian of the Roosevelt Institute at the Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Presidential Library in Hyde Park, New York. David really launched me into this project with his enthusi- asm and also with his fnancial and practical help, by encouraging me to apply for the Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. Historical Fellowship. Securing that made my several trips to Hyde Park possible. The Fellowship also helped greatly in my stays in New York City, where I consulted papers in the Butler Library of Columbia University, and where I was given very sound advice and assistance. The Presidential Libraries are in the greatest of American traditions of openness and hospitality. After Hyde Park, the John F. Kennedy Library in Boston also awarded me an Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. Research Fellowship, and were a delight to work with. The Harry S. Truman Presidential Library in Independence, Missouri and that of Dwight D. Eisenhower in Abilene, Kansas were equally wel- coming. Without them, this book would have been much more diffcult to research and write. In Washington, the Library of Congress and the National Archives helped smooth my path on a great number of occasions. Library staff at the University of Princeton (the Seeley G. Mudd Library) were extremely helpful with their advice on both my visits there. In France, I have always been given a generous welcome by the guardians of the vii viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Archives Diplomatiques of the French Foreign Ministry, both in its old site on the Quai d’Orsay and in its new home north of Paris at La Courneuve. Thanks must also go to the Archives Nationales at Pierreftte and particularly to the Offce Universitaire de Recherche Socialiste (OURS), both in Paris. In Britain, I would like to again thank the staff of the National Archives at Kew, the British Library and the library of the London School of Economics and Political Science, and also those of the Bodleian Library in Oxford and in Churchill College and King’s College, Cambridge. On a purely personal level, in New York I would like to renew my thanks to Neil and Judy Garrecht Williams whom I count among my oldest and closest friends. In Paris, Antoinette and John Groom always allow me to stay with them. Their generosity of spirit is legendary. Other American friends who have particularly inspired me for this volume, and who let me present chapters at their respective universities, are: David Clinton and his colleagues at Baylor University in Texas, David Mayers at Boston University, and Stephanie and Tom Seitz at the University of Wyoming. In France, I have many friends but the ones who have been most helpful for this volume are Bertrand Badie and Marie-Claude Smouts (as well as Blandine and Henri) in Paris and Jean- Louis Thiébault and Charles Tenenbaum in Lille. I would like to make a particular mention of my bookseller friend Patrice Bouquiniste, whose knowledge of French political and literary writing is the most encyclo- paedic I have ever encountered. Colin and Jill Baxter helped me relax in the Ardèche when the going got too tough, as did Richard and Gislaine Bower in Aix-en-Provence. Richard, another friend from way back, has managed to restrain my worst British impulses and it is down to him that I have become a true European, if not a totally frm admirer of the European Union. Christian and Carolyn Leffer have also nearly persuaded me. All those other friends and colleagues at St Andrews and elsewhere that I thanked in Volume I are also thanked in Volume II. My wife Jane and children Rebecca and Nick are the reason I can do any writing at all. They are my best friends and most ardent critics. CONTENTS 1 Introduction 1 2 Humiliation, Collaboration, Resistance, Liberation: France, 1940–1944 27 3 The ‘Anglo-Saxon’ New World Order and the French Riposte, 1940–1946 77 4 Europe: Reconstruction and Integration, 1945–1952 123 5 Unreliable Allies: Empire, 1952–1958 183 6 Conclusion: De Gaulle and the Anglo-Saxons, 1958–1961 239 Bibliography 281 Index 309 ix CHAPTER 1 Introduction This is the second volume of a series which examines the relationship between France, Britain and the United States in the twentieth century. The last two of these powers are widely referred to in France as the ‘Anglo-Saxon’ powers. The first volume started in 1900 and ended with the outbreak of the Second World War. That volume was aimed at showing how both the practice and the theory of international relations evolved in a period that included the First World War, the Great Depres- sion and the first serious attempt to create a power and rule-based New World Order after 1919. These major global developments led to unex- pected and disastrous conflicts and wars. This was partly as a result of an often-fraught relationship between French, British and American diplo- mats, politicians and thinkers about the ‘international’. The first volume also aimed to show that although Anglo-American relations have tended to dominate the analysis of the building of the post-Second World War order,1 the French input into the story of that relationship and its results is vitally important. This volume aims to bring the story up to 1961, the first year of the presidency of John F. Kennedy. The reasons for this foreshortening are numerous. To begin with, the calamitous defeat of France in June 1940, the period of the Second World War, the design of a new ‘New World Order’ through a prolonged period of post-war planning, and the attempted implementation of that planning, is a complex story. That is all the substance of the first two chapters. In © The Author(s) 2020 1 A. J. Williams, France, Britain and the United States in the Twentieth Century: Volume 2, 1940–1961, Studies in Diplomacy and International Relations, https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-41444-1_1 2 A. J. WILLIAMS addition the three countries on which we are focusing underwent massive changes after the Second World War. The French state, now freed of the war-time Vichy regime of Marshall Philippe Pétain, assumed a new form in the Fourth Republic (1946–1958), one that was accused of being even more chaotic than the pre-war Third Republic (1870–1940). Unfair as that characterization can be on occasion, perceptions of such chaos were to prove determinate, particularly in American dealings with France. The United Kingdom was also assailed by the difficulties of losing its Empire and simultaneously having to accept that the world had changed forever. It was no longer a ‘superpower’. Both France and Britain had to adjust and attempt to influence the emergence of a new Europe, divided by the Iron Curtain, but also slowly going through a period of economic and political integration in the West.

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