Lise Meitner E a Fissão Nuclear: Caminhos Para Uma Narrativa Feminista

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Lise Meitner E a Fissão Nuclear: Caminhos Para Uma Narrativa Feminista UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DA BAHIA UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE FEIRA DE SANTANA FACULDADE DE EDUCAÇÃO PROGRAMA DE PÓS GRADUAÇÃO EM ENSINO, FILOSOFIA E HISTÓRIA DAS CIÊNCIAS ISABELLE PRISCILA CARNEIRO DE LIMA LISE MEITNER E A FISSÃO NUCLEAR: CAMINHOS PARA UMA NARRATIVA FEMINISTA SALVADOR 2019 ISABELLE PRISCILA CARNEIRO DE LIMA LISE MEITNER E A FISSÃO NUCLEAR: CAMINHOS PARA UMA NARRATIVA FEMINISTA Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós- graduação em Ensino, Filosofia e História das Ciências, da Universidade Federal da Bahia e Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Doutora em Ensino, Filosofia e História das Ciências. Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Maria Cristina Martins Penido SALVADOR 2019 Ficha catalográfica elaborada pelo Sistema Universitário de Bibliotecas (SIBI/UFBA), com os dados fornecidos pelo(a) autor(a). Lima, Isabelle Priscila Carneiro de Lise Meitner e a Fissão Nuclear: caminhos para uma narrativa feminista / Isabelle Priscila Carneiro de Lima. -- Salvador - Bahia., 2019. 181 f. Orientadora: Maria Cristina Martins Penido. Tese (Doutorado - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ensino, Filosofia e História das Ciências) -- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Faculdade de Educação, 2019. 1. Lise Meitner. 2. Narrativa Feminista. 3. História da Ciência. 4. Fissão Nuclear. 5. Física. I. Penido, Maria Cristina Martins. II. Título. ISABELLE PRISCILA CARNEIRO DE LIMA LISE MEITNER E A FISSÃO NUCLEAR: CAMINHOS PARA UMA NARRATIVA FEMINISTA Tese apresentada como requisito parcial para a obtenção do grau de Doutora em Ensino, Filosofia e História das Ciências, pelo Programa de Pós-graduação em Ensino, Filosofia e História das Ciências, da Universidade Federal da Bahia e Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana. Aprovada em: 04 de dezembro de 2019. Maria Cristina Martins Penido – Orientadora Doutora em Educação – USP Universidade Federal da Bahia Moema de Rezende Vergara Doutora em História Social da Cultura – PUC-RIO Olival Freire Junior Doutor em História Social – USP Izaura Santiago da Cruz Doutora em Ensino, Filosofia e História das Ciências – UFBA Ana Paula Bispo da Silva Doutora em Física - UNICAMP Lima, I. P. C. Lise Meitner e a Fissão Nuclear: caminhos para uma narrativa feminista. Tese (Doutorado em Ensino, Filosofia e História das Ciências) – Faculdade de Educação da Universidade Federal da Bahia. Salvador, p. 181. RESUMO No início do século XX, as Universidades europeias ainda não estavam abertas à participação de mulheres. Mesmo em meio a um preconceito de gênero explícito, Lise Meitner (1878-1968) almejava entrar nesses espaços e viver uma carreira científica. Meitner era uma jovem austríaca, de família judia, que enfrentou um sistema social e educacional machista, racista e patriarcal. Um sistema que tentou, por elementos formais e não formais, impedir o seu ingresso, permanência e ascensão nas Universidade de Viena e Berlim. Por outro lado, encontrou mecanismos que lhe permitiram acessar espaços, ainda que na condição de ouvinte, como laboratórios, salas de aulas, e se tornar uma das mais importantes Físicas da época. É notório que muitas passagens da trajetória da personagem são marcadas pelo preconceito de gênero e o sexismo presente nas instituições em que predominava a presença de homens. A partir desse contexto, este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar, discutir e analisar aspectos da trajetória acadêmica de Meitner, numa perspectiva da crítica feminista, usando gênero como uma categoria de análise. Aspectos que são particulares às trajetórias acadêmicas científicas de mulheres no contexto da Alemanha no início do século XX. Para isso, coletamos os dados biográficos a partir de fontes primárias e secundárias, como cartas, artigos de autoria de Lise Meitner e personagens contemporâneos, biografias escritas sobre a personagem, reportagens da época, etc. A análise dos aspectos da trajetória foi realizada tomando por base os referenciais teóricos sobre o conceito de gênero, feminismos e a crítica feminista à ciência, a exemplo de Scott (1995), Rago (1998), Harding (1991; 1996), Schiebinger (2001), Keller (2006), etc. Uma vez feitas as análises parciais, conseguimos reunir alguns aspectos que refletem a condição das mulheres em suas trajetórias acadêmicas científicas. Entre esses resultados estão: a entrada tardia nas universidades, a impossibilidade de acessar espaços de trabalho, proibição de publicação de trabalhos, ausência de cargos, falta de salário, de reconhecimento igualitário. Esses resultados nos permitem compreender o lugar da mulher nesses espaços e o quanto eles são decisivos para que compreendamos o porquê dessas mulheres não alcançarem os mesmos lugares que os seus colegas. São elementos como esses que podem justificar a pouca presença de mulheres em espaços acadêmicos, a pouca adesão de meninas aos cursos de ciências e a perpetuação de práticas sexistas nas salas de aula, nos laboratórios, nas universidades de um modo geral. Palavras-chaves: Lise Meitner – trajetória acadêmica – gênero – mulheres na ciência – feminista. Lima, I. P. C. Lise Meitner e a Fissão Nuclear: caminhos para uma narrativa feminista. Tese (Doutorado em Ensino, Filosofia e História das Ciências) – Faculdade de Educação da Universidade Federal da Bahia. Salvador, p. 181. ABSTRACT At the beginning of the twentieth century, European universities were not yet open to women's participation. Even living with explicit gender bias, Lise Meitner (1878- 1968) intended to enter in these places and to have a scientific career. Meitner was a young Austrian from a Jewish family who faced an educational system that was the result of a patriarchal and racist society. A system that tried, by formal and non- formal elements, to prevent their entry, permanence, and ascension at the University of Vienna and Berlin. On the other hand, she found mechanisms that allowed her to access spaces, even as non-regular, such as laboratories, classrooms, and to become one of the most influential physicists of the time. It is notorious that gender bias and sexism present in the institutions where the presence of men predominated affect the passages of the scientist's trajectory. From this context, this paper proposes to present, discuss, and analyze aspects of Meitner's academic trajectory, from a feminist critique perspective, using gender as a category of analysis. These aspects are particular to women in academic paths in the early '20s in Germany. For this, we collect biographical data from primary and secondary sources such as letters, articles by Lise Meitner and contemporary scientists, Meitner's biographies, reports from that time. The analysis of the trajectory aspects was carried out based on the theoretical references on the concept of gender, feminism and feminist critique of science, such as Scott (1995), Rago (1998), Harding (1991; 1996), Schiebinger ( 2001), Keller (2006). With the analyses, we can gather some aspects that reflect the condition of women in their scientific, academic trajectories. Among these results are the late entrance into universities, inability to access workspaces, the prohibition of publication of works, absence of positions, lack of salary, equal recognition. These results allow us to understand women's situations in these spaces. They are decisive for us to know why these women do not reach the same places as their peers. These elements can justify the low presence of women in academic spaces, the low interest of girls to science courses, and the perpetuation of sexist practices in the classroom, in the laboratory, in universities in general. Keywords: Lise Meitner – Academic Trajectory – Gender – Women in Science – Feminist – History of Science Agradecimentos Agradeço à minha família, minhas amigas, colegas de trabalho, à minha orientadora, professoras, membros da banca de avaliação... Pelas orientações, pela paciência, pela escuta, pelas conexões, pelas risadas, pelas cervejas, pelos chás e por tudo mais que me trouxe calma e tranquilidade. Obrigada à FAPESB pelo financiamento da minha pesquisa. Obrigada ao Instituto Americano de Física (AIP) pelo auxílio financeiro e pela oportunidade de conhecer o Instituto e usufruir dos seus arquivos. Minha profunda gratidão a todas as pessoas que me ajudaram a tornar mais leve o processo de escrita dessa tese. Lista de Ilustrações Figura 1: Frequência e percentual das imagens nas categorias por representação de gênero. Dados da pesquisa realizadas por Silva e Rosa (2015). .................... 35 Figura 2: Representação gráfica do número de publicações que relacionam nas suas temáticas gênero e história da física por ano, nos periódicos listados anteriormente. ...................................................................................................... 67 Figura 3: Representação gráfica do número de publicações que relacionam nas suas temáticas gênero e história da física por ano, nos eventos listados anteriormente. ...................................................................................................... 69 Figura 4: Foto das placas que homenageiam Schroedinger e Meitner por fazerem parte da história do Akademischen Gymnasium, na cidade de Viena. ................. 81 Figura 5: Lise Meitner e Otto Hahn no laboratório em que ela podia trabalhar. ... 90 Figura 6: KWI de Química, o atual Hahn-Meitner Bau. Prédio em que Lise Meitner e Otto Hahn desenvolveram suas pesquisas sobre física nuclear. .................... 101 Figura 7: Lise Meitner ministrando aulas depois de obter permissão para tal. ... 107 Figura 8: Meitner, a segunda
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