Pendahuluan Tarekat Merupakan Bagian Dari Ilmu Tasawuf

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Pendahuluan Tarekat Merupakan Bagian Dari Ilmu Tasawuf View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by E-Journal System IAIN Bengkulu (Institut Agama Islam Negeri) TAREKAT MU’TABAROH DI INDONESIA (Studi Tarekat Shiddiqiyyah dan Ajarannya) Armin Tedy* Abstrak Sufisme dan Tarekat merupakan wacana dan praktik keagamaan yang cukup popular di Indonesia. Bahkan akhir-akhir ini kecenderungan sufistik telah menjangkau kehidupan masyarakat kelas menengah sampai masyarakat kelas atas (elite) dengan angka pertumbuhan yang cukup signifikan terutama di daerah perkotaan. Tampaknya gejala gaya hidup ala sufistik mulai digandrungi sebagian orang yang selama ini dianggap bertentangan dengan kondisi dan gaya hidup mereka (perkotaan). Gejala ini bisa jadi sebagai bentuk pemenuhan unsur spiritual yang belum juga terpenuhi oleh ibadah rutin. Memang seluk-beluk tarekat tidak bisa dijabarkan dengan mudah karena setiap tarekat-tarekat tersebut memiliki filsafat dan cara pelaksanaan amal ibadah masing-masing. Oleh karena itu, penulis mencoba menguraikan serta menjelaskan tentang tarekat secara umum dan mencoba masuk pada tarekat Shiddiqiyyah. Kata Kunci : Tarekat, Mu’tabaroh, Shiddiqiyyah dan Ajaran Pendahuluan Tarekat sebagai bentuk proses Tarekat merupakan bagian dari penguatan nilai spiritual bagi para ilmu tasawuf. Namun tak semua orang penganutnya yang dalam hal ini disebut yang mempelajari tasawuf terlebih lagi Murid, dengan masuknya seorang murid belum mengenal tasawuf akan faham pada tarekat beserta bimbingan spiritual sepenuhnya tentang tarekat. Banyak orang yang diberikan oleh mursyid kepada yang memandang tarekat secara sekilas murid, maka disitulah letak proses akan menganggapnya sebagai ajaran yang pembinaan spiritual bagi murid, sehingga diadakan di luar Islam (bid’ah), padahal murid selalu terbimbing yang pada tarekat itu sendiri merupakan akhirnya akan muncul sebuah dampak pelaksanaan dari peraturan-peraturan yang positif akan berubahnya nilai-nilai syari’at Islam yang sah. Namun perlu spiritualitas pada diri seorang murid. kehati-hatian juga karena tidak sedikit tarekat-tarekat yang dikembangkan dan Al-Qur’an sendiri sangat dicampuradukkan dengan ajaran-ajaran menekankan nilai-nilai moralitas yang yang menyeleweng dari ajaran Islam yang baik (al-Akhlak al-Karimah), proses benar. Oleh sebab itu, perlu diketahui pembenahan jiwa yang dalam hal ini bahwa ada pengklasifikasian antara melalui dzikir, yang mana dzikir adalah tarekat muktabarah (yang dianggap sah) bagian perintah dalam al-Qur’an yang dan ghairu muktabarah (yang tidak dalam penyebutannya tidak sedikit atau dianggap sah). berulang-ulang, bahkan dalam al-Qur’an sendiri menyebutkan bahwa dzikir adalah sebuah cara untuk memperoleh *Penulis adalah Dosen FUAD IAIN Bengkulu El-Afkar Vol. 6 Nomor 1, Januari- Juni 2017 ketenangan jiwa, dari ketenangan jiwa maupun amalan (muroqobah, zikir wirid inilah yang menjadi tujuan inti orang dan sebagainya) yang dihubungkan bertarekat. dengan sederat guru sufi dan organisasi yang tumbuh di sekitar metode sufi.1 Memang seluk-beluk tarekat tidak bisa dijabarkan dengan mudah karena setiap Ditinjau dari segi historis, kapan dan tarekat-tarekat tersebut memiliki filsafat tarekat mana yang mula-mula timbul dan cara pelaksanaan amal ibadah sebagai suatu lembaga, sulit diketauhi masing-masing. Oleh karena itu, penulis dengan pasti. Namun Harun Nasution mencoba menguraikan serta menjelaskan menyatakan bahwa setelah Al-Ghozali tentang tarekat secara umum dan menghalalkan tasawuf yang sebelumnya mencoba masuk pada tarekat dikatakan sesat, tasawuf berkembang di Shiddiqiyyah. dunia Islam, tetapi perkembangannya melalui tarekat. Tarekat adalah organisasi A. Sejarah Perkembangan Tarekat dari pengikut sufi-sufi besar yang Tarekat pada awalnya merupakan bertujuan unuk melestarikan ajaran-ajaran salah satu bagian dari ajaran tasawuf. Para tasawuf gurunya. Tarekat ini memakai sufi mengajarkan ajaran pokok tasawuf, suatu tempat pusat kegiatan yang disebut yaitu syariat, terekat, hakikat, dan Ma’rifat, ribat (disebut juga zawiyah, hangka, atau yang pada akhirnya. Masing-masing pekir). Ini merupakan tempat para murid ajaran tersebut berkembang menjadi satu berkumpul melestarikan ajaran aliran yang berdiri sendiri. Sebagaimana tasawufnya, ajaran tasawuf walinya dan yang diungkapkan dalam hadis, yang ajaran tasawuf syaikhnya.2 maknannya bahwa syariat adalah perkataanku, tarekat adalah perbuatanku, Menurut Hamzah Ya’qub, dan hakikat adalah batinku. Menurut timbulnya tarekat disebabkan beberapa Muhammad al-Aqqas, tasawuf berasal faktor, yaitu sinyalemen Rasullullah Saw. Islam karena sudah ada dasarnya dalam Mengemukakan bahwa Islam akan ayat-ayat AL-Quran, sehingga diakui terpecah-pecah menjadi beberapa firqah- sebagai ajaran yang benar. firqah yang jumlahnya lebih banyak kaum Yahudi dan Nasrani, sebagaimana bunyi Martin Van Bruiness melakukan hadis yang diriwayatkan oleh Abu penelitian yang menyatakan bawah Dawud. tarekat sebagai suatu intuisi belum ada sebelum abad ke-8 H/14 M berarti Sinyalemen Rasulullah di atas bahwah tarekat merupakan sebuah ajaran beserta maknanya memang telah terbukti, baru yang tidak ada dalam ajaran Islam yaitu dengan timbulnya aliran-aliran yang asli. Namun demikian, bila dilihat kalam, mazhab fiqih dan aliran tasawuf secara mendalam ternyata ajaran-ajaran dengan nama tarekat. Penulis memahami pokoknya memiliki keterkaitan akar yang kalau seandainya ungkapan Rosul ini kuat sampai kepada Rasulullah. Kata yang akan dijadikan faktor timbulnya tarekat yang secara harfiyah berarti jalan tarekat, rasanya kurang tepat sebab hadis mengacu kepada sistem latihan meditasi Nabi ini merupakan prediksi Rosul 32 Armin Tedy TAREKAT MU’TABAROH DI INDONESIA (Studi Tarekat Shiddiqiyyah dan Ajarannya) terhadap umat Islam yang membawa Syattariyyah, Samamiyyah, tarekat suatu ajaran yang membentuk persatuan tijaniyah, dan tarekat Qadirriyah wa serta kesatuan umat dengan ajaran yang Naqsabandiyyah. Sedangkan lokal yaitu dibawanya. Dengan demikian, prediksi ini tarekat Shiddiqiyyah. tidak ada kolerasinya dengan faktor yang 1. Tarekat Qadiriyyah menyebabkan timbulnya tarekat. Tarekat ini didirikan oleh syeikh Adanya pengaruh dari luar, seperti Abdul Qodir Al-Jailani, kadang-kadang agama kristen dengan paham menjauhi disebut AL-Jilli. Syekh Abdul Qodir kehidupan dunia dan mengasingkan seorang alim dan zahid, diangkap dunia dan mengasingkan diri dalam biara- qutubul’aqtab, mula pertama ahli fikih biara, agama budha dengan paham yang terkenal dalam mazhab Hambali, nirwana, agama hindu dengan paham kemudian beralih kegemarannya kepada kecendrungan meninggal dunia dan ilmu tarekat dan hakikat menunjukan mendekati tuhan. Penulis kurang setuju keramat dan tanda-tanda yang berlainan balau dikatakan bahwa ada kesamaan dengan kebiasaan sehari-hari. Orang antara tarekat dalam Islam dengan ajaran dapat membaca sejarah hidup keanehan- yang ada di agama lain; lalu disimpulkan keanehan dalam kitab yang dinamakan bahwa tarekat Islam itu muncul karena Munakib Syeikh Abdul Qodir jailani, asli faktor dari luar Islam. Tarekat yang tertulis dalam bahasa Arab, yang dibaca muncul dalam Islam murni bersumber oleh rakyat pada waktu-waktu tertentu, dari ajaran yang disampaikan oleh konon untuk mendapatkan berkah. Rasulullah. Pernyataan, apakah mukjizat dan keramat itu terdapat dasar-dasar B. Macam-macam tarekat pemikirannya dalam Islam.3 Menurut Muhammad As-Sanusi al- 2. Tarekat Syaziliyyah Idris bahwa tarekat di dunia ini Tarekat syaziliyah tidak bisa mempunyai 40 tarekat yaitu: Tarekat dilepaskan hubungan dengan Muhammaddiyyah, Shiddiqiyyah, pendirinnya, yakni Abu al-Hasan al- Uwaysiyyah, junaidiyyah, Halajiyah, Syatdzili. Selanjutnya nama terekat ini Qodiriyah, Madyaniyah, Rifa’iyyah, dinisbatkan kepada nama Syaziliyah Utabiyyah, Hatimiyyah, Suhrawardiyyah, yang mempunyai ciri khusus yang Ahmaddiyyah, Syaziliyyah, Wafaiyyah, berbeda dengan tarekat-tarekat yang Zaruqiyyah, Jazuliyah dan tarekat-tarekat lain. yang lain. Secara lengkap nama pendirinya Di Indonesia ini sendiri terdapat adalah Al bin Abdullah bin Abd.4 Al- bermacam-macam nama tarekat dan Jabbar Abu al- syadziliyah. Silsilanya organisasi-organisasi baik tarekat yang keturunannya mempunyai hubungan internasional maupun tarekat yang lokal, dengan orang-orang garis keturunan tarekat internasianal yang muhtahbara Hasan bin Ali bin Abi Thalib, dan yaitu tarekat Qadiriyah, Syaziliyah, dengan demikian berarti juga keturunan Naqsabandiyyah, Khalwatiyah, siti fatimah, anak perempuan Nabi 33 El-Afkar Vol. 6 Nomor 1, Januari- Juni 2017 Muhammad SAW. Al-Shadzili sendiri Keduannya dikenal dengan nama pernah menuliskan silsilah keturunanya Tarekat Khalwatiyah Yusuf dan sebagai berikut: Ali bin Abdulllah bin Khalwatiyah Samman. Pengikut kedua Abd Jabbar bin Yusuf bin Ward bin cabang tarekat ini keseluruhan bathal bin Ahmad bin Muhammad bin mencakup 5% dari penduduk provinsi Isya bin Muhammad bin Muhammad yang berumur di atas 15 tahun. bin Hasan bin Abi Thalib. Menurut ibn 5. Tarekat Syattariyyah Atha’illah, ada perbedaan pendapat Tarekat Syattariyyah di Sumatera mengetauhi nasab Abu al-Hasan al- Barat telah menjadi salah satu pilar Syazili. terpenting dalam penyebaran ajaran 3. Tarekat Naqsabandiyah neosufisme, sehingga sangat berperan Pendiri tarekat Naqsabandiyah dalam pembentukan struktur adalah seorang pemuda tasaawuf masyarakat Muslimnya. Ulama-ulama terkenal yakni, Muhammad Baha al-Din setempat yang mengembangkan Tarekat al-Uwaisi al-bukhari Naqsabandi (717 Sattariyyah di wilayah ini, mulai dari h/138 M-791 H/1389 M). Dilahirkan syaikh Burhannuddin
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